Science， in practice， depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place？ Why didn't they fall out of the sky？ The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens， the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things， you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals， but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists， particularly younger ones， you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned， looked at the graphs， and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that，” the men from the budget office have said， “but what do you think？ Is it worthwhile going on？ What do you think we might expect？” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to， of course， is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself， but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.
（A）inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
（B）science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
（C）scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
（D）unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68. The author asserts that scientists ________.
（A）shouldn't replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought
（B）shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
（C）should write more concise reports for technical journals
（D）should be confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young scientists ________.
（A）have a keen interest in prediction
（B）often speculate on the future
（C）think highly of creative thinking
（D）stick to “scientific method”
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.
（A）may not be as profitable as they are expected
（B）can be measured in dollars and cents
（C）rely on conformity to a standard pattern
（D）are mostly underestimated by management
答案及試題解析
ABDA
67.（A）意為：好奇心比科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)更重要。
第一段第一句指出，在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)（的進(jìn)步）更多地依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（指做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理準(zhǔn)備狀況，而更少地依賴于科學(xué)所設(shè)置的實(shí)驗(yàn)。本段其他部分所舉的牛頓的例子用于說明這一句闡明的道理；第二段又對(duì)這一個(gè)例子進(jìn)行了更具體的總結(jié)概括，指出了為捕捉未預(yù)料到的現(xiàn)象而做好心理準(zhǔn)備的重要性。
B意為：當(dāng)進(jìn)行有成果的研究時(shí)，科學(xué)就會(huì)進(jìn)步。
C意為：很少有科學(xué)家忘記研究的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容。
D意為：在科學(xué)研究中，不可預(yù)測(cè)性不如預(yù)測(cè)重要。根據(jù)第二段第五、六句，不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果沒有不可預(yù)測(cè)性，就無所謂研究。
68.（B）意為：不應(yīng)該忽視對(duì)不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象的推測(cè)。
第二段指出，不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果沒有不可預(yù)測(cè)性，就無所謂研究。科學(xué)家們?cè)跒榭茖W(xué)雜志寫作千篇一律的報(bào)告時(shí)往往忘記這一點(diǎn)，但是歷充滿了這樣的例子（指像牛頓一樣通過預(yù)測(cè)沒有預(yù)料到的現(xiàn)象獲得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)的例子）。
A意為：不應(yīng)該用想像思維代替“科學(xué)方法”。第三段指出，在與某些科學(xué)家——特別是年輕一點(diǎn)的科學(xué)家交談時(shí)，你也許會(huì)得到達(dá)樣一個(gè)印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”可以代替想象思維?？梢?，有些科學(xué)家是遵循“科學(xué)方法”的，但是，在他們寫作論文時(shí)卻經(jīng)常忽視了。
C意為：應(yīng)該為科學(xué)雜志撰寫更簡(jiǎn)明的報(bào)告。根據(jù)文章第三、四段，科學(xué)家在撰寫論文時(shí)經(jīng)常忽視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中的不可預(yù)測(cè)性因素，寫出的論文給人以錯(cuò)誤的印象，似乎科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)總是能取得預(yù)期的結(jié)果?？梢?，這里不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)明不簡(jiǎn)明的問題。
D意為：應(yīng)該對(duì)自己的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有信心。第三段舉的例子旨在說明：科學(xué)家對(duì)待科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的態(tài)度和他們寫作論文的方式很不一致，因此容易引起其他人的誤解。
69.（D）意為：堅(jiān)持“科學(xué)方法”。參考第68題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)A的解釋。
A意為：對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)很感興趣。
B意為；經(jīng)常預(yù)測(cè)未來。
C意為：崇尚創(chuàng)造性思維。
文章只在第三段第一句提到了年輕科學(xué)家的態(tài)度。
70.（A）意為：可能不像預(yù)料的那樣有利可圖。
第四段第三句指出，假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志登載的論文所顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)完成，那么，管理者如果期望實(shí)驗(yàn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生可以用美元和美分測(cè)量的結(jié)果就會(huì)是完全符合邏輯的。言外之意，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中總是會(huì)存在一些難以預(yù)測(cè)的現(xiàn)象，因此所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果有時(shí)難以預(yù)測(cè)到，因此，不能肯定地說某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)必定會(huì)產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
B意為：可以用美元和美分測(cè)量。
C意為：依賴于與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性。第四段最后一句話的意思是：假如像他們的論文所反映的那樣科學(xué)家們也想看到規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么，如果管理者們歧視研究者中的“怪人”，而喜歡善于合作的、具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，這也是無可指責(zé)的。言外之意，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中可能存在很多不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象，如果實(shí)驗(yàn)者有充分的心理準(zhǔn)備，及時(shí)把握住這些現(xiàn)象，突破傳統(tǒng)的思維方式，就可能獲得更有價(jià)值的發(fā)明。
D意為：大都被管理者低估了。
翻譯句子
1、Science， in practice， depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.
[參考譯文]在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（即做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理是否有足夠的準(zhǔn)備。
2、Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”
[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人”，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。
奉送補(bǔ)充難句
①The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens， the moon and the planets.[參考譯文]蘋果向地面落下而不是落向樹上，這個(gè)事實(shí)回答了他一直問自己的那個(gè)有關(guān)天空中更大的果實(shí)——月亮和行星的問題。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)句子的主干是The fact answered the question.復(fù)雜之處在于主語fact跟了一個(gè)同位語從句，解釋的是fact的內(nèi)容，注意這個(gè)從句中and省略了與前面相同的主語謂語the apple fell；后面的賓語帶了一個(gè)定語從句，這個(gè)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that或者which省略了，about短語是對(duì)question的解釋，those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是the moon and the planets.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]找出這個(gè)句子的主干，再看主語和賓語的修飾性短語，再一個(gè)需要注意的是larger fruits of the heavens和后面the moon and the planets的復(fù)指關(guān)系。
②In talking to scientists， particularly younger ones， you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.[參考譯文]當(dāng)你的談話對(duì)象是科學(xué)家，尤其是年輕的科學(xué)家時(shí)，你可能會(huì)有這個(gè)印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”是富于想象的思維的替代品。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)句子的主干是you…… gather the impression……，但是它的主要內(nèi)容集中在impression后面的同位語從句中。在這個(gè)解釋impression的從句中有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu) find+n.+n.，意思是“覺得……是……”，在本句中是“覺得科學(xué)方法是一種替代品”，for后面的短語解釋了是什么的替代品。句子開始的介詞短語充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z，表示的是這種形象形成的時(shí)刻。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]可以撇開前面的狀語短語，只看主干，重要的是理解that從句中find后面跟兩個(gè)名詞的用法。
③If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.[參考譯文]如果試驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話，那么對(duì)管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)主從復(fù)合句中的前半部分是if引導(dǎo)的條件從句，這個(gè)從句中有一個(gè)as…… as……的結(jié)構(gòu)，比較施行中的和書面所說的試驗(yàn)的真實(shí)度（faithfully），注意后一個(gè)as后面跟的是一個(gè)句子，其中the report謂語是indicate；后半部分是主句，句中的it是形式主語，代替的是后面for…… to……的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是真正的主語。還需要注意的是results后面跟的形容詞短語說明的是results的衡量方式。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]準(zhǔn)確理解as…… as……結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清faithfully這個(gè)副詞修飾的是動(dòng)詞planned and carried out，再就是主句中形式主語的用法，要找到作為真正主語的不定式短語。
④It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準(zhǔn)備做什么、怎么做的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該因?yàn)楸仨氁恢谎鄱⒅浙y機(jī)，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語用的是形式主語it，真正的主語是for后面的部分。believe后面跟的是一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，主干是scientists…… should not be distracted by……，其中的主語scientists跟了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這個(gè)定語從句的賓語分別是where和how引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)從句。by后面名詞跟了一個(gè)of前導(dǎo)的動(dòng)名詞短語，后面還有一個(gè)while引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語，表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。注意動(dòng)詞詞組keep an eye on的用法。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]抓住believe后面賓語從句的意義，尤其是主語scientists的限定性從句以及by后面名詞短語的修飾作用。
⑤Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人”，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]首先注意這個(gè)句子是個(gè)倒裝句，原因是否定詞nor在句首，后面緊跟的是if引導(dǎo)的條件從句，注意其中有一個(gè)as…… as……的用法，中間跟的是形容詞desirable，比較的是科學(xué)家對(duì)regularity and conformity的希望和他們論文所反映的要求；這樣的構(gòu)成使得主句的主語和謂語is發(fā)生了倒裝，介詞for后面跟動(dòng)名詞短語的是blamed的理由，注意against和in favor of后面各跟了一種不同類型的researchers，最后需要注意的是thinkers后面跟的是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，起修飾作用。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]理解主句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是理解這句話的關(guān)鍵，在看這個(gè)句子的時(shí)候不要忽略了句首的nor，這個(gè)單詞否定了整個(gè)主句。此句的主干是Nor is management to be blamed.
奉送語言點(diǎn)詳解
1.supposedly據(jù)推測(cè)[大綱詞匯]suppose v.料想，猜想；假定，以為；（用于祈使句）讓，設(shè)[衍生詞匯]supposed a.假定的；想象中的supposedly ad.根據(jù)推測(cè)；據(jù)稱；大概，可能[經(jīng)典例句]The two articles were supposedly written by the same author.
2.gravity重力[大綱詞匯]gravity n.重力，引力；嚴(yán)肅，莊重[經(jīng)典例句] The crisis has lost none of its gravity.
3.orbital軌道的[大綱詞匯]orbit n.軌道； v.（使）沿軌道行[衍生詞匯]orbital a.軌道的orbital flights軌道飛行
4.predict預(yù)測(cè)[大綱詞匯]predict v.預(yù)言，預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)告unpredictable a.不可預(yù)測(cè)的，無法預(yù)言的，不定的unpredictability n.不可預(yù)測(cè)性[經(jīng)典例句]An astronomer predicted the return of this comet. He warned me of the unpredictable risks.
5.cut and dried單調(diào)乏味的[擴(kuò)充詞匯]cut and dried單調(diào)乏味的，缺乏新意的，呆板的[經(jīng)典例句]His speech is cut and dried because he has nothing new to say.
6.journal定期刊物[大綱詞匯]journal n.定期刊物，雜志，日?qǐng)?bào)；日志，日記[經(jīng)典例句]His thesis was published in a science journal.
7.substitute替代[大綱詞匯]substitute n.代用品，代替品； v.（for）代替，替換[經(jīng)典例句]He is the doctor's substitute during holiday times.
8.advisability可取性[大綱詞匯]advise v.勸告，忠告；建議；通知advice n.勸告，忠告，（醫(yī)生等的）意見advisable a.可取的，適當(dāng)?shù)腫衍生詞匯]advisability n.可取性；明智[經(jīng)典例句] He stated the advisability of the plan in his report.
9.graph圖表[大綱詞匯]graph n.圖表，曲線圖[經(jīng)典例句]The students were asked to write a report according to che given graph.
10.inconclusive非結(jié)論性的[大綱詞匯] conclude v.結(jié)束，終止；斷定，下結(jié)論；締結(jié)，議定[衍生詞匯]inconclusive a.非結(jié)論性的，不確定的；不能使人信服的[經(jīng)典例句]The judge ruled the evidence inconclusive.
11.worthwhile值得的[大綱詞匯]worthwhile a.值得的[經(jīng)典例句] It is worthwhile seeing the movie.
12.what this amount to is that這么說的全部意思是…
[大綱詞匯]amount n.數(shù)量，總額； v.（to）合計(jì)，總共達(dá)，等于[經(jīng)典例句]This amounts to doing the whole thing all over again.
13.put forward提出[大綱詞匯]put forward提出[經(jīng)典例句]You can't overrule this decision unless you put forward a new plan.
14.unquestioned無爭(zhēng)議的[大綱詞匯]question v.詢問，審問；懷疑； n.問題[衍生詞匯]unquestioned a.未經(jīng)質(zhì)詢的，未被查問的；無爭(zhēng)議的[經(jīng)典例句]His virtues were unquestioned.
15.consistency一致[大綱詞匯] consistent a.（with）前后一致的，始終如一的[衍生詞匯]consistency n.前后一致，始終如一[經(jīng)典例句]Her rude behavior was not in consistency with her usual polite nature.
16.auditor審計(jì)員[擴(kuò)充詞匯1]auditor n.審計(jì)員audit v.查賬，審計(jì)
17.distract打擾[大綱詞匯]distract v.分神，打擾；迷惑，擾亂[經(jīng)典例句]The advertisements by the side of the road sometimes distract the attention of motorists.
18.keep an eye on留意[大綱詞匯]keep an eye on留意，照看[經(jīng)典例句]Please keep an eye on my daughter while I go out.
19.cash register現(xiàn)金出納機(jī)
20.regularity規(guī)律性[大綱詞匯]regularity n.規(guī)律性，規(guī)則性；整齊，勻稱regular a.有規(guī)律的，有規(guī)則的；整齊的，勻稱的；正規(guī)的，正式的[經(jīng)典例句]The same exam questions cropped up with unfailing regularity.
21.conformity一致性[大綱詞匯]conform v.（to）遵守，依照，符合順應(yīng)[衍生詞匯] conformity n.（with，to）遵照；相似，一致，符合[經(jīng)典例句]There is too much conformity in the design of these house.
22.discriminate against歧視[大綱詞匯]discriminate v.區(qū)別，辨別；（against）有差別地對(duì)待，歧視[衍生詞匯]discrimination n.歧視[經(jīng)典例句]It is unjust to discriminate against people of otber race.
23.odd ball怪人[擴(kuò)充詞匯]odd ball n.（在面貌、行為、習(xí)慣等方面）古怪的人
24.conventional慣例的[大綱詞匯]conventional a.慣例的，常規(guī)的[經(jīng)典例句]He is not very conventional in his behavior.
25.concise簡(jiǎn)潔的[大綱詞匯]concise a.簡(jiǎn)明的，簡(jiǎn)潔的[經(jīng)典例句]Please make your report accurate and concise.
26.underestimate低估[大綱詞匯]underestimate v.低估[經(jīng)典例句] He tends to underestimate his rivals.
奉送全文翻譯
在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（即做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理是否有足夠的準(zhǔn)備。艾薩克？牛頓爵士通過蘋果落地發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬有引力。多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，蘋果一直在許多地方落到地面，也有成千上萬的人看到過蘋果落地。多年來牛頓一直對(duì)月球和行星繞軌道運(yùn)行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它們處于現(xiàn)在的位置呢？它們?yōu)槭裁床宦涞教炜罩饽兀刻O果向下落到地面不是向上飛到樹上，這一事實(shí)回答了他長(zhǎng)期以來一直對(duì)天空中更大果實(shí)——月球和行星所存有的疑問。
多少人會(huì)考慮過蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性呢？牛頓考慮過，因?yàn)樗幌雽?duì)任何事情進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。他只是懷有好奇心。他的思想在準(zhǔn)備思考不可預(yù)測(cè)的事。不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個(gè)重要特征。如果沒有不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生就無所謂科學(xué)研究了。科學(xué)家們?cè)跒榭茖W(xué)雜志撰寫千篇一律的報(bào)告時(shí)常常忘記這一點(diǎn)，而歷這樣的例子卻比比皆是。
在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是年輕科學(xué)家交談時(shí)，你可能會(huì)有這樣一種印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維。我出席過一些科研會(huì)議，會(huì)上有人問一位科學(xué)家繼續(xù)某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是否是明智之舉。那位科學(xué)家皺了皺眉，又看了看圖表，然后說：“數(shù)據(jù)還是不夠充分?！鳖A(yù)算部門的人說：“這點(diǎn)我們知道，但你的意見如何？你覺得值得做下去嗎？你覺得我們可以期待什么呢？”這位科學(xué)家感到很震驚，他沒有料到人們會(huì)讓他做出預(yù)測(cè)。
當(dāng)然，這幾乎等于說：那位科學(xué)家成了他自己論文的受害者。他所提出的種種論斷是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不僅他自己相信了，而且也說服了工商界的管理者相信其正確性。假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報(bào)告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃去規(guī)劃和實(shí)施，那么，對(duì)管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。審計(jì)人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家們根本沒必要用一只眼盯著現(xiàn)金計(jì)數(shù)器的同時(shí)，還要用另一只眼睛盯著顯微鏡。如果像他們的論文所反映的那樣，科學(xué)家也想看到規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么如果管理人員歧視研究人員中的“標(biāo)新立異者”，而贊賞“善于合作”的具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，那也是無可指摘的。
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things， you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals， but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists， particularly younger ones， you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned， looked at the graphs， and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that，” the men from the budget office have said， “but what do you think？ Is it worthwhile going on？ What do you think we might expect？” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to， of course， is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself， but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.
（A）inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
（B）science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
（C）scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
（D）unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68. The author asserts that scientists ________.
（A）shouldn't replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought
（B）shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
（C）should write more concise reports for technical journals
（D）should be confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young scientists ________.
（A）have a keen interest in prediction
（B）often speculate on the future
（C）think highly of creative thinking
（D）stick to “scientific method”
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.
（A）may not be as profitable as they are expected
（B）can be measured in dollars and cents
（C）rely on conformity to a standard pattern
（D）are mostly underestimated by management
答案及試題解析
ABDA
67.（A）意為：好奇心比科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)更重要。
第一段第一句指出，在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)（的進(jìn)步）更多地依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（指做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理準(zhǔn)備狀況，而更少地依賴于科學(xué)所設(shè)置的實(shí)驗(yàn)。本段其他部分所舉的牛頓的例子用于說明這一句闡明的道理；第二段又對(duì)這一個(gè)例子進(jìn)行了更具體的總結(jié)概括，指出了為捕捉未預(yù)料到的現(xiàn)象而做好心理準(zhǔn)備的重要性。
B意為：當(dāng)進(jìn)行有成果的研究時(shí)，科學(xué)就會(huì)進(jìn)步。
C意為：很少有科學(xué)家忘記研究的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容。
D意為：在科學(xué)研究中，不可預(yù)測(cè)性不如預(yù)測(cè)重要。根據(jù)第二段第五、六句，不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果沒有不可預(yù)測(cè)性，就無所謂研究。
68.（B）意為：不應(yīng)該忽視對(duì)不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象的推測(cè)。
第二段指出，不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究的本質(zhì)內(nèi)容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果沒有不可預(yù)測(cè)性，就無所謂研究。科學(xué)家們?cè)跒榭茖W(xué)雜志寫作千篇一律的報(bào)告時(shí)往往忘記這一點(diǎn)，但是歷充滿了這樣的例子（指像牛頓一樣通過預(yù)測(cè)沒有預(yù)料到的現(xiàn)象獲得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)的例子）。
A意為：不應(yīng)該用想像思維代替“科學(xué)方法”。第三段指出，在與某些科學(xué)家——特別是年輕一點(diǎn)的科學(xué)家交談時(shí)，你也許會(huì)得到達(dá)樣一個(gè)印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”可以代替想象思維?？梢?，有些科學(xué)家是遵循“科學(xué)方法”的，但是，在他們寫作論文時(shí)卻經(jīng)常忽視了。
C意為：應(yīng)該為科學(xué)雜志撰寫更簡(jiǎn)明的報(bào)告。根據(jù)文章第三、四段，科學(xué)家在撰寫論文時(shí)經(jīng)常忽視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中的不可預(yù)測(cè)性因素，寫出的論文給人以錯(cuò)誤的印象，似乎科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)總是能取得預(yù)期的結(jié)果?？梢?，這里不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)明不簡(jiǎn)明的問題。
D意為：應(yīng)該對(duì)自己的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有信心。第三段舉的例子旨在說明：科學(xué)家對(duì)待科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的態(tài)度和他們寫作論文的方式很不一致，因此容易引起其他人的誤解。
69.（D）意為：堅(jiān)持“科學(xué)方法”。參考第68題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)A的解釋。
A意為：對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)很感興趣。
B意為；經(jīng)常預(yù)測(cè)未來。
C意為：崇尚創(chuàng)造性思維。
文章只在第三段第一句提到了年輕科學(xué)家的態(tài)度。
70.（A）意為：可能不像預(yù)料的那樣有利可圖。
第四段第三句指出，假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志登載的論文所顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)完成，那么，管理者如果期望實(shí)驗(yàn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生可以用美元和美分測(cè)量的結(jié)果就會(huì)是完全符合邏輯的。言外之意，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中總是會(huì)存在一些難以預(yù)測(cè)的現(xiàn)象，因此所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果有時(shí)難以預(yù)測(cè)到，因此，不能肯定地說某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)必定會(huì)產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
B意為：可以用美元和美分測(cè)量。
C意為：依賴于與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性。第四段最后一句話的意思是：假如像他們的論文所反映的那樣科學(xué)家們也想看到規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么，如果管理者們歧視研究者中的“怪人”，而喜歡善于合作的、具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，這也是無可指責(zé)的。言外之意，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中可能存在很多不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象，如果實(shí)驗(yàn)者有充分的心理準(zhǔn)備，及時(shí)把握住這些現(xiàn)象，突破傳統(tǒng)的思維方式，就可能獲得更有價(jià)值的發(fā)明。
D意為：大都被管理者低估了。
翻譯句子
1、Science， in practice， depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.
[參考譯文]在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（即做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理是否有足夠的準(zhǔn)備。
2、Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”
[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人”，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。
奉送補(bǔ)充難句
①The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens， the moon and the planets.[參考譯文]蘋果向地面落下而不是落向樹上，這個(gè)事實(shí)回答了他一直問自己的那個(gè)有關(guān)天空中更大的果實(shí)——月亮和行星的問題。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)句子的主干是The fact answered the question.復(fù)雜之處在于主語fact跟了一個(gè)同位語從句，解釋的是fact的內(nèi)容，注意這個(gè)從句中and省略了與前面相同的主語謂語the apple fell；后面的賓語帶了一個(gè)定語從句，這個(gè)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that或者which省略了，about短語是對(duì)question的解釋，those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是the moon and the planets.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]找出這個(gè)句子的主干，再看主語和賓語的修飾性短語，再一個(gè)需要注意的是larger fruits of the heavens和后面the moon and the planets的復(fù)指關(guān)系。
②In talking to scientists， particularly younger ones， you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.[參考譯文]當(dāng)你的談話對(duì)象是科學(xué)家，尤其是年輕的科學(xué)家時(shí)，你可能會(huì)有這個(gè)印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”是富于想象的思維的替代品。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)句子的主干是you…… gather the impression……，但是它的主要內(nèi)容集中在impression后面的同位語從句中。在這個(gè)解釋impression的從句中有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu) find+n.+n.，意思是“覺得……是……”，在本句中是“覺得科學(xué)方法是一種替代品”，for后面的短語解釋了是什么的替代品。句子開始的介詞短語充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z，表示的是這種形象形成的時(shí)刻。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]可以撇開前面的狀語短語，只看主干，重要的是理解that從句中find后面跟兩個(gè)名詞的用法。
③If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate， then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.[參考譯文]如果試驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話，那么對(duì)管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)主從復(fù)合句中的前半部分是if引導(dǎo)的條件從句，這個(gè)從句中有一個(gè)as…… as……的結(jié)構(gòu)，比較施行中的和書面所說的試驗(yàn)的真實(shí)度（faithfully），注意后一個(gè)as后面跟的是一個(gè)句子，其中the report謂語是indicate；后半部分是主句，句中的it是形式主語，代替的是后面for…… to……的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是真正的主語。還需要注意的是results后面跟的形容詞短語說明的是results的衡量方式。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]準(zhǔn)確理解as…… as……結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清faithfully這個(gè)副詞修飾的是動(dòng)詞planned and carried out，再就是主句中形式主語的用法，要找到作為真正主語的不定式短語。
④It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準(zhǔn)備做什么、怎么做的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該因?yàn)楸仨氁恢谎鄱⒅浙y機(jī)，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語用的是形式主語it，真正的主語是for后面的部分。believe后面跟的是一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，主干是scientists…… should not be distracted by……，其中的主語scientists跟了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這個(gè)定語從句的賓語分別是where和how引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)從句。by后面名詞跟了一個(gè)of前導(dǎo)的動(dòng)名詞短語，后面還有一個(gè)while引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語，表示同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。注意動(dòng)詞詞組keep an eye on的用法。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]抓住believe后面賓語從句的意義，尤其是主語scientists的限定性從句以及by后面名詞短語的修飾作用。
⑤Nor， if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect， is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”[參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人”，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]首先注意這個(gè)句子是個(gè)倒裝句，原因是否定詞nor在句首，后面緊跟的是if引導(dǎo)的條件從句，注意其中有一個(gè)as…… as……的用法，中間跟的是形容詞desirable，比較的是科學(xué)家對(duì)regularity and conformity的希望和他們論文所反映的要求；這樣的構(gòu)成使得主句的主語和謂語is發(fā)生了倒裝，介詞for后面跟動(dòng)名詞短語的是blamed的理由，注意against和in favor of后面各跟了一種不同類型的researchers，最后需要注意的是thinkers后面跟的是who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，起修飾作用。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]理解主句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是理解這句話的關(guān)鍵，在看這個(gè)句子的時(shí)候不要忽略了句首的nor，這個(gè)單詞否定了整個(gè)主句。此句的主干是Nor is management to be blamed.
奉送語言點(diǎn)詳解
1.supposedly據(jù)推測(cè)[大綱詞匯]suppose v.料想，猜想；假定，以為；（用于祈使句）讓，設(shè)[衍生詞匯]supposed a.假定的；想象中的supposedly ad.根據(jù)推測(cè)；據(jù)稱；大概，可能[經(jīng)典例句]The two articles were supposedly written by the same author.
2.gravity重力[大綱詞匯]gravity n.重力，引力；嚴(yán)肅，莊重[經(jīng)典例句] The crisis has lost none of its gravity.
3.orbital軌道的[大綱詞匯]orbit n.軌道； v.（使）沿軌道行[衍生詞匯]orbital a.軌道的orbital flights軌道飛行
4.predict預(yù)測(cè)[大綱詞匯]predict v.預(yù)言，預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)告unpredictable a.不可預(yù)測(cè)的，無法預(yù)言的，不定的unpredictability n.不可預(yù)測(cè)性[經(jīng)典例句]An astronomer predicted the return of this comet. He warned me of the unpredictable risks.
5.cut and dried單調(diào)乏味的[擴(kuò)充詞匯]cut and dried單調(diào)乏味的，缺乏新意的，呆板的[經(jīng)典例句]His speech is cut and dried because he has nothing new to say.
6.journal定期刊物[大綱詞匯]journal n.定期刊物，雜志，日?qǐng)?bào)；日志，日記[經(jīng)典例句]His thesis was published in a science journal.
7.substitute替代[大綱詞匯]substitute n.代用品，代替品； v.（for）代替，替換[經(jīng)典例句]He is the doctor's substitute during holiday times.
8.advisability可取性[大綱詞匯]advise v.勸告，忠告；建議；通知advice n.勸告，忠告，（醫(yī)生等的）意見advisable a.可取的，適當(dāng)?shù)腫衍生詞匯]advisability n.可取性；明智[經(jīng)典例句] He stated the advisability of the plan in his report.
9.graph圖表[大綱詞匯]graph n.圖表，曲線圖[經(jīng)典例句]The students were asked to write a report according to che given graph.
10.inconclusive非結(jié)論性的[大綱詞匯] conclude v.結(jié)束，終止；斷定，下結(jié)論；締結(jié)，議定[衍生詞匯]inconclusive a.非結(jié)論性的，不確定的；不能使人信服的[經(jīng)典例句]The judge ruled the evidence inconclusive.
11.worthwhile值得的[大綱詞匯]worthwhile a.值得的[經(jīng)典例句] It is worthwhile seeing the movie.
12.what this amount to is that這么說的全部意思是…
[大綱詞匯]amount n.數(shù)量，總額； v.（to）合計(jì)，總共達(dá)，等于[經(jīng)典例句]This amounts to doing the whole thing all over again.
13.put forward提出[大綱詞匯]put forward提出[經(jīng)典例句]You can't overrule this decision unless you put forward a new plan.
14.unquestioned無爭(zhēng)議的[大綱詞匯]question v.詢問，審問；懷疑； n.問題[衍生詞匯]unquestioned a.未經(jīng)質(zhì)詢的，未被查問的；無爭(zhēng)議的[經(jīng)典例句]His virtues were unquestioned.
15.consistency一致[大綱詞匯] consistent a.（with）前后一致的，始終如一的[衍生詞匯]consistency n.前后一致，始終如一[經(jīng)典例句]Her rude behavior was not in consistency with her usual polite nature.
16.auditor審計(jì)員[擴(kuò)充詞匯1]auditor n.審計(jì)員audit v.查賬，審計(jì)
17.distract打擾[大綱詞匯]distract v.分神，打擾；迷惑，擾亂[經(jīng)典例句]The advertisements by the side of the road sometimes distract the attention of motorists.
18.keep an eye on留意[大綱詞匯]keep an eye on留意，照看[經(jīng)典例句]Please keep an eye on my daughter while I go out.
19.cash register現(xiàn)金出納機(jī)
20.regularity規(guī)律性[大綱詞匯]regularity n.規(guī)律性，規(guī)則性；整齊，勻稱regular a.有規(guī)律的，有規(guī)則的；整齊的，勻稱的；正規(guī)的，正式的[經(jīng)典例句]The same exam questions cropped up with unfailing regularity.
21.conformity一致性[大綱詞匯]conform v.（to）遵守，依照，符合順應(yīng)[衍生詞匯] conformity n.（with，to）遵照；相似，一致，符合[經(jīng)典例句]There is too much conformity in the design of these house.
22.discriminate against歧視[大綱詞匯]discriminate v.區(qū)別，辨別；（against）有差別地對(duì)待，歧視[衍生詞匯]discrimination n.歧視[經(jīng)典例句]It is unjust to discriminate against people of otber race.
23.odd ball怪人[擴(kuò)充詞匯]odd ball n.（在面貌、行為、習(xí)慣等方面）古怪的人
24.conventional慣例的[大綱詞匯]conventional a.慣例的，常規(guī)的[經(jīng)典例句]He is not very conventional in his behavior.
25.concise簡(jiǎn)潔的[大綱詞匯]concise a.簡(jiǎn)明的，簡(jiǎn)潔的[經(jīng)典例句]Please make your report accurate and concise.
26.underestimate低估[大綱詞匯]underestimate v.低估[經(jīng)典例句] He tends to underestimate his rivals.
奉送全文翻譯
在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（即做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）的心理是否有足夠的準(zhǔn)備。艾薩克？牛頓爵士通過蘋果落地發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬有引力。多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，蘋果一直在許多地方落到地面，也有成千上萬的人看到過蘋果落地。多年來牛頓一直對(duì)月球和行星繞軌道運(yùn)行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它們處于現(xiàn)在的位置呢？它們?yōu)槭裁床宦涞教炜罩饽兀刻O果向下落到地面不是向上飛到樹上，這一事實(shí)回答了他長(zhǎng)期以來一直對(duì)天空中更大果實(shí)——月球和行星所存有的疑問。
多少人會(huì)考慮過蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性呢？牛頓考慮過，因?yàn)樗幌雽?duì)任何事情進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。他只是懷有好奇心。他的思想在準(zhǔn)備思考不可預(yù)測(cè)的事。不可預(yù)測(cè)性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個(gè)重要特征。如果沒有不可預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生就無所謂科學(xué)研究了。科學(xué)家們?cè)跒榭茖W(xué)雜志撰寫千篇一律的報(bào)告時(shí)常常忘記這一點(diǎn)，而歷這樣的例子卻比比皆是。
在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是年輕科學(xué)家交談時(shí)，你可能會(huì)有這樣一種印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維。我出席過一些科研會(huì)議，會(huì)上有人問一位科學(xué)家繼續(xù)某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是否是明智之舉。那位科學(xué)家皺了皺眉，又看了看圖表，然后說：“數(shù)據(jù)還是不夠充分?！鳖A(yù)算部門的人說：“這點(diǎn)我們知道，但你的意見如何？你覺得值得做下去嗎？你覺得我們可以期待什么呢？”這位科學(xué)家感到很震驚，他沒有料到人們會(huì)讓他做出預(yù)測(cè)。
當(dāng)然，這幾乎等于說：那位科學(xué)家成了他自己論文的受害者。他所提出的種種論斷是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不僅他自己相信了，而且也說服了工商界的管理者相信其正確性。假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報(bào)告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃去規(guī)劃和實(shí)施，那么，對(duì)管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。審計(jì)人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家們根本沒必要用一只眼盯著現(xiàn)金計(jì)數(shù)器的同時(shí)，還要用另一只眼睛盯著顯微鏡。如果像他們的論文所反映的那樣，科學(xué)家也想看到規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么如果管理人員歧視研究人員中的“標(biāo)新立異者”，而贊賞“善于合作”的具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，那也是無可指摘的。