Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being， but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs， and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition， far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics， Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality， ability， courage or humanity are completely ignored，” says Toshiki Kaifu， chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence， including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry， many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”。
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan，” says educator Yoko Muro， “it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life， but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes （travels to and from work） and crowded living conditions， but as the old group and family values weaken， the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade， the Japanese divorce rate， while still well below that of the United States， has increased by more than 50 percent， and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner's eyes， the postwar Japan was________.
（A）under aimless development
（B）a positive example
（C）a rival to the West
（D）on the decline
64. According to the author， what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society？
（A）Women's participation in social activities is limited.
（B）More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
（C）Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
（D）The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author？
（A）Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
（B）Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
（C）More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
（D）Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.
（A）the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
（B）the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US
（C）the Japanese endure more than ever before
（D）the Japanese appreciate their present life
答案及試題解析
BDCA
63.（B）意為：正面的例子。
第一段第一句指出，戰(zhàn)后，日本的生產(chǎn)率與和諧的社會(huì)狀態(tài)是美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕的，其發(fā)展目標(biāo)明確（主句的直譯意思是：無(wú)目標(biāo)性一直不是日本的特點(diǎn)）。
A意為：處于無(wú)目標(biāo)的發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)下。
C意為：是西方國(guó)家的勁敵。
D意為：正在走下坡路。
64.（D）意為：生活方式受西方價(jià)值觀的影響。
第一段指出，日本人越來(lái)越多地目睹著一場(chǎng)傳統(tǒng)的工作道德價(jià)值觀的淪喪。十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看作是生存（being）的重要?jiǎng)恿?；但是，日本目前在很大程度上滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發(fā)展目標(biāo)了。
在第二、三段，文章探討了造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，這（that指上一段提到的現(xiàn)象）也許更多地是與日本人的生活方式有關(guān)（have…… to do with意為：與……有關(guān)）。
A意為：婦女參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：隨著戰(zhàn)后進(jìn)入高生育時(shí)期，并隨著婦女進(jìn)入過(guò)去男人占統(tǒng)治地位的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，青少年的機(jī)會(huì)受到限制，他們已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)為爬上嚴(yán)格的社會(huì)階層——如進(jìn)入好學(xué)?；颢@得好工作——所做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲提出質(zhì)疑。
B意為：更多的工人對(duì)自己的工作感到不滿。
C意為：過(guò)多地注重基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練。根據(jù)第三段，雖然外國(guó)人經(jīng)常稱贊日本教育對(duì)基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練的強(qiáng)調(diào)，日本的教育卻傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械的學(xué)習(xí)，而忽視丁創(chuàng)造力和自我表達(dá)的培養(yǎng)?？梢?jiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)的教育是好的，但是忽視創(chuàng)造力和自我表達(dá)的培養(yǎng)也是不對(duì)的。這里，強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)是教育的目的，強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械的學(xué)習(xí)是日本實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的的方法；目標(biāo)并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)（不會(huì)導(dǎo)致道德水平的下降），錯(cuò)誤的是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的方法。
65.（C）意為：應(yīng)該更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。
參閱第64題題解。
A意為：日本的教育受到贊賞，因?yàn)樗兄谀贻p人爬上社會(huì)階梯。日本的教育受到外國(guó)人贊賞的原因是它強(qiáng)調(diào)整礎(chǔ)教育。參閱第64題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)（C）的解釋。
B意為：日本教育既強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)械的學(xué)習(xí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力。參閱第64題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)（C）的解釋。
D意為：失學(xué)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)考試的反感。根據(jù)Toshiki Kaifu的看法，對(duì)這種東西（指上一句提到的強(qiáng)調(diào)考試，忽視個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性教育）的反感使孩子們棄學(xué)，變得難以管教?？梢?jiàn)，選擇項(xiàng)（D）顛倒了因果。參閱第三段。
66.（A）意為：年輕人更難以忍受生活中的困難。
根據(jù)Yoko Muro的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)日本人來(lái)說(shuō)，問(wèn)題一直不是一個(gè)他們能否享受工作和生活的問(wèn)題，而是一個(gè)他們有多大的承受力的問(wèn)題。例如，城市居民長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直承受著上下班時(shí)間長(zhǎng)和生活環(huán)境擁擠的折磨，但是，隨著舊的價(jià)值觀被擯棄，（與之相關(guān)的）困難開始表面化了（tell意為：產(chǎn)生影響；顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)）。這里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，現(xiàn)在年輕的日本人覺(jué)得這種犧牲太大，對(duì)此產(chǎn)生了逆反情緒。參閱第四段。
B意為：日本人的離婚率超過(guò)了美國(guó)人。根據(jù)第四段最后一句，日本人的離婚率仍然大大地（well）低于美國(guó)人。
C意為：日本人比以前需要忍受的東西更多了。
D意為：日本人喜歡自己目前的生活方式。
翻譯句子
1、Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
[參考譯文]毫無(wú)目標(biāo)極少能被認(rèn)為是戰(zhàn)后日本——一個(gè)生產(chǎn)力的迅猛發(fā)展及社會(huì)的安定和諧足以讓歐美各國(guó)眼紅的國(guó)家的典型特征。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]千萬(wàn)注意hardly是否定詞，相當(dāng)于not.
2、Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
[參考譯文]去年，當(dāng)擔(dān)任教育部長(zhǎng)職務(wù)的漱戶光夫爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)二戰(zhàn)后由美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引人的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族“尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)”的時(shí)候，輿論嘩然。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]本句主語(yǔ)是Mitsuo Setoyama，謂語(yǔ)是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”是全句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其中that引導(dǎo)的從句是argued的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是liberal reforms，謂語(yǔ)是had weakened，賓語(yǔ)是the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此處指“瞪起眼睛，情緒激憤”。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步人成年以及女性打人男性主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)使得青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)變得極為有限，他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國(guó)內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學(xué)校和體面工作的嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)階梯而做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]本句的主語(yǔ)是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，謂語(yǔ)是have limited，賓語(yǔ)是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句，該從句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]age是“時(shí)代”，表示這一代已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)的主力軍；baby boom指在戰(zhàn)后的“生育高峰，嬰兒潮”；questioning的意思是“質(zhì)問(wèn)，質(zhì)疑”；involved in指“與某事有關(guān)，由某事引起”。
2、With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， two-generation households.[參考譯文]隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)，出現(xiàn)了集中化：全國(guó)1 .19億公民，其中整整76%的人口定居城市；在這里，原來(lái)的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄，取而代之的是與外界疏于往來(lái)的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]has come centralization是一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，原形為centralization has come.Where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾cities.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句中須弄清一些詞匯的含義，如：centralization集中化；community禮俗社會(huì)；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1.aimlessness無(wú)目的[大綱詞匯] aim n.目的，目標(biāo)[衍生詞匯] aimless a.無(wú)目的的aimlessness n.無(wú)目的[經(jīng)典例句]The young generation tends to be affected by aimlessness.
2.harmony和睦[大綱詞匯]harmony n.協(xié)調(diào)，和諧；融洽[經(jīng)典例句]There are perfect harmony between the two brothers.
3.envy羨慕[大綱詞匯]envy v./n.羨慕；嫉妒[衍生詞匯]envious a.羨慕的，嫉妒的[經(jīng)典例句]His new house was the envy of his friends.
4. work-moral工作道德
5.being生存[大綱詞匯]being n.生物，人；存在，生存[經(jīng)典例句」No one can deprive others of their being.
6.man-dominated男人占優(yōu)勢(shì)的[大綱詞匯] dominate v.支配，統(tǒng)治，控制；占優(yōu)勢(shì)[經(jīng)典例句] Many feminists believe that we are still in a male-dominated society.
7.sacrifice犧牲[大綱詞匯] sacrifice n.犧牲，獻(xiàn)身，犧牲品；祭品，供物；v.（for，to）犧牲，獻(xiàn)出；獻(xiàn)祭[經(jīng)典例句]Parents will always make sacrifice to their children.
8.rigid嚴(yán)格的[大綱詞匯] rigid a.剛性的；刻板的；嚴(yán)厲的[經(jīng)典例句]Rigid traditions melt away.
9. social ladder社會(huì)階梯
10.dissatisfaction不滿[大綱詞匯] dissatisfy v.（with，at）使不滿，使不平[衍生詞匯]dissatisfaction n.不滿[經(jīng)典例句]We detected his dissatisfaction from his appearance.
11.counterpart對(duì)應(yīng)的人[大綱詞匯] counterpart n.對(duì)應(yīng)的人（物）[經(jīng)典例句] The organization has established contacts with its counterparts in more than twenty countries.
12.basic基本原則[大綱詞匯]basic a.基礎(chǔ)的，基本的[擴(kuò)充詞義] basic n.[pl.]基本原理，基本原則，基本規(guī)律，基本因素[經(jīng)典例句]He has mastered the basics of cooking.
13.self-expression自我表現(xiàn)[擴(kuò)充詞匯]self-expression n.（在言行、文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品方面的）自我表現(xiàn)，個(gè)性表現(xiàn)[經(jīng)典例句]The art teacher encouraged self-expression in the children.
14.show up體現(xiàn)[大綱詞匯]show up使呈現(xiàn)，使醒目；出席，到場(chǎng)[經(jīng)典例句]The advantage of the technology will show up in the long run.
15.frustration失敗[大綱詞匯]frustrate v.挫敗，阻撓，使灰心[衍生詞匯]frustration n.挫敗，阻撓；受挫；失敗，失意[經(jīng)典例句]He got drunk due to frustration over his work.
16.incident事件[大綱詞匯] incident n.事件，事變[經(jīng)典例句]The incident of plane crash will not change our plan.
17.assault攻擊[大綱詞匯]assault n./v.攻擊，襲擊[經(jīng)典例句] We made an assault on the enemy fort.
18.amid在…之中[擴(kuò)充詞匯]amid prep.在…中間，在…之中[經(jīng)典例句] He sat amid the ruins of his house.
19.outcry強(qiáng)烈*[擴(kuò)充詞匯] outcry n.喊叫，呼號(hào)；強(qiáng)烈*，吶喊[經(jīng)典例句]The newspaper editorials caused a public outcry against their indifference.
20.raise eyebrows豎起眉毛表示懷疑[大綱詞匯]eyebrow n.眉毛[擴(kuò)充詞匯]raise eyebrows豎起眉毛表示懷疑、驚奇[經(jīng)典例句]The manager raised his eyebrow to his plan.
21. liberal reform自由主義改革[大綱詞匯]liberal a.慷慨的，大方的；豐富的，富足的；自由的，思想開明的[經(jīng)典例句]He is not satisfied with the liberal translation of his work.
22.occupation職業(yè)[大綱詞匯] occupation n.占領(lǐng)，占據(jù)；占用；職業(yè)，工作[經(jīng)典例句]Young people are trained in vocational schools for their future occupation.
23.weaken削弱[大綱詞匯]weak a.虛弱的，軟弱的；差的，不夠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的；淡薄的，稀的[衍生詞匯]weaken v.使虛弱，使單薄[經(jīng)典例句]The difficulties didn't weaken his decision to finish the work.
24.have more to do with和…有更大關(guān)系[大綱詞匯] have（something）to do with和…有（點(diǎn)）關(guān)系[經(jīng)典例句]His failure had a lot to do with his conceit.
25.endure承受[大綱詞匯] endure v.忍受，持久，持續(xù)endurance n.忍耐（力），持久（力），耐久（力）[經(jīng)典例句]She can no long endure his prejudice.
26.centralization集中[大綱詞匯]central a.中心的，中央的，中樞的；主要的[衍生詞匯]centralize v.使集中centralization n.集中，集于中心[經(jīng)典例句]The centralization of power will lead to dictatorship.
27.commute乘公交車輛上下班[大綱詞匯]commute v./n.乘公交車輛上下班，經(jīng)常乘車（或船等）往返于兩地[經(jīng)典例句]It is an hour's commute to the university.
28.divorce離婚[大綱詞匯]divorce n./v.離婚，分離[經(jīng)典例句] The couple has separated and a divorce is inevitable.
29.on the decline衰落[大綱詞匯] decline v./n.下傾，下降，下垂，衰落，斜面，傾斜； v.拒絕，謝絕[擴(kuò)充詞匯] on the decline衰落[經(jīng)典例句] The Roman Empire was on the decline at the beginning of the first century.
30.exceed超過(guò)[大綱詞匯] exceed v.超過(guò)，勝過(guò)；越出[經(jīng)典例句] The output this month exceeded what we anticipated.
全文翻譯
戰(zhàn)后日本的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所稱羨，因此漫無(wú)目標(biāo)很難說(shuō)是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但現(xiàn)在日本大體上已經(jīng)滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，年輕人卻不知道他們下一步的目標(biāo)在哪里。
戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期的到來(lái)及婦女進(jìn)入男性主宰的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑在進(jìn)好學(xué)校，找好工作，攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯的過(guò)程中所做出的沉重的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。在最近一次調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)與62.7％的美國(guó)學(xué)生相比較，只有24.5％的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他10個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多。
雖然日本的教育因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而經(jīng)常受到外國(guó)人的贊揚(yáng)，但是它往往強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)，而不重視創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)?！霸诳挤种械貌坏襟w現(xiàn)的那些東西——個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視，”執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席Toshiki Kaifu說(shuō)，“對(duì)這類事情灰心喪氣，致使孩子輟學(xué)、放蕩不羈?！比ツ耆毡景l(fā)生了2125起校園暴力事件，其中包括929起襲擊老師事件。在一片*聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖回復(fù)到戰(zhàn)前，強(qiáng)調(diào)道德教育；去年，當(dāng)時(shí)任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出責(zé)難，他申辯說(shuō)二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。
但是，那也許與日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大?！霸谌毡荆苯逃襓oko Muro說(shuō)，“問(wèn)題絕對(duì)不是你是否喜歡自己的工作和生活，而僅僅是你能承受多大的負(fù)荷?！彪S著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，居住集中化也跟著來(lái)了，在日本1億1900萬(wàn)人當(dāng)中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社區(qū)和幾世同堂的大家庭已經(jīng)成為過(guò)去，而取而代之的是單門獨(dú)戶的兩代之家。城市里的日本人長(zhǎng)期忍受著漫長(zhǎng)的上下班來(lái)回路程和擁擠不堪的居住條件，隨著舊的群體家庭道德觀的削弱，令人不舒服的結(jié)果開始顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在過(guò)去10年中，日本的離婚率，盡管仍遠(yuǎn)在美國(guó)之下，已經(jīng)上升了 50％，而自殺事件則上升了近1/4.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition， far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics， Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality， ability， courage or humanity are completely ignored，” says Toshiki Kaifu， chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence， including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry， many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”。
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan，” says educator Yoko Muro， “it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life， but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes （travels to and from work） and crowded living conditions， but as the old group and family values weaken， the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade， the Japanese divorce rate， while still well below that of the United States， has increased by more than 50 percent， and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner's eyes， the postwar Japan was________.
（A）under aimless development
（B）a positive example
（C）a rival to the West
（D）on the decline
64. According to the author， what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society？
（A）Women's participation in social activities is limited.
（B）More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
（C）Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
（D）The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author？
（A）Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
（B）Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
（C）More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
（D）Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.
（A）the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
（B）the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US
（C）the Japanese endure more than ever before
（D）the Japanese appreciate their present life
答案及試題解析
BDCA
63.（B）意為：正面的例子。
第一段第一句指出，戰(zhàn)后，日本的生產(chǎn)率與和諧的社會(huì)狀態(tài)是美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕的，其發(fā)展目標(biāo)明確（主句的直譯意思是：無(wú)目標(biāo)性一直不是日本的特點(diǎn)）。
A意為：處于無(wú)目標(biāo)的發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)下。
C意為：是西方國(guó)家的勁敵。
D意為：正在走下坡路。
64.（D）意為：生活方式受西方價(jià)值觀的影響。
第一段指出，日本人越來(lái)越多地目睹著一場(chǎng)傳統(tǒng)的工作道德價(jià)值觀的淪喪。十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看作是生存（being）的重要?jiǎng)恿?；但是，日本目前在很大程度上滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發(fā)展目標(biāo)了。
在第二、三段，文章探討了造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，這（that指上一段提到的現(xiàn)象）也許更多地是與日本人的生活方式有關(guān)（have…… to do with意為：與……有關(guān)）。
A意為：婦女參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：隨著戰(zhàn)后進(jìn)入高生育時(shí)期，并隨著婦女進(jìn)入過(guò)去男人占統(tǒng)治地位的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，青少年的機(jī)會(huì)受到限制，他們已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)為爬上嚴(yán)格的社會(huì)階層——如進(jìn)入好學(xué)?；颢@得好工作——所做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲提出質(zhì)疑。
B意為：更多的工人對(duì)自己的工作感到不滿。
C意為：過(guò)多地注重基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練。根據(jù)第三段，雖然外國(guó)人經(jīng)常稱贊日本教育對(duì)基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練的強(qiáng)調(diào)，日本的教育卻傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械的學(xué)習(xí)，而忽視丁創(chuàng)造力和自我表達(dá)的培養(yǎng)?？梢?jiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)的教育是好的，但是忽視創(chuàng)造力和自我表達(dá)的培養(yǎng)也是不對(duì)的。這里，強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)是教育的目的，強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械的學(xué)習(xí)是日本實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的的方法；目標(biāo)并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)（不會(huì)導(dǎo)致道德水平的下降），錯(cuò)誤的是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的方法。
65.（C）意為：應(yīng)該更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。
參閱第64題題解。
A意為：日本的教育受到贊賞，因?yàn)樗兄谀贻p人爬上社會(huì)階梯。日本的教育受到外國(guó)人贊賞的原因是它強(qiáng)調(diào)整礎(chǔ)教育。參閱第64題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)（C）的解釋。
B意為：日本教育既強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)械的學(xué)習(xí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力。參閱第64題對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)（C）的解釋。
D意為：失學(xué)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)考試的反感。根據(jù)Toshiki Kaifu的看法，對(duì)這種東西（指上一句提到的強(qiáng)調(diào)考試，忽視個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性教育）的反感使孩子們棄學(xué)，變得難以管教?？梢?jiàn)，選擇項(xiàng)（D）顛倒了因果。參閱第三段。
66.（A）意為：年輕人更難以忍受生活中的困難。
根據(jù)Yoko Muro的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)日本人來(lái)說(shuō)，問(wèn)題一直不是一個(gè)他們能否享受工作和生活的問(wèn)題，而是一個(gè)他們有多大的承受力的問(wèn)題。例如，城市居民長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直承受著上下班時(shí)間長(zhǎng)和生活環(huán)境擁擠的折磨，但是，隨著舊的價(jià)值觀被擯棄，（與之相關(guān)的）困難開始表面化了（tell意為：產(chǎn)生影響；顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)）。這里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，現(xiàn)在年輕的日本人覺(jué)得這種犧牲太大，對(duì)此產(chǎn)生了逆反情緒。參閱第四段。
B意為：日本人的離婚率超過(guò)了美國(guó)人。根據(jù)第四段最后一句，日本人的離婚率仍然大大地（well）低于美國(guó)人。
C意為：日本人比以前需要忍受的東西更多了。
D意為：日本人喜歡自己目前的生活方式。
翻譯句子
1、Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
[參考譯文]毫無(wú)目標(biāo)極少能被認(rèn)為是戰(zhàn)后日本——一個(gè)生產(chǎn)力的迅猛發(fā)展及社會(huì)的安定和諧足以讓歐美各國(guó)眼紅的國(guó)家的典型特征。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]千萬(wàn)注意hardly是否定詞，相當(dāng)于not.
2、Last year Mitsuo Setoyama， who was then education minister， raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
[參考譯文]去年，當(dāng)擔(dān)任教育部長(zhǎng)職務(wù)的漱戶光夫爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)二戰(zhàn)后由美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引人的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族“尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)”的時(shí)候，輿論嘩然。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]本句主語(yǔ)是Mitsuo Setoyama，謂語(yǔ)是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”是全句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其中that引導(dǎo)的從句是argued的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是liberal reforms，謂語(yǔ)是had weakened，賓語(yǔ)是the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此處指“瞪起眼睛，情緒激憤”。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步人成年以及女性打人男性主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)使得青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)變得極為有限，他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國(guó)內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學(xué)校和體面工作的嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)階梯而做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]本句的主語(yǔ)是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，謂語(yǔ)是have limited，賓語(yǔ)是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句，該從句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]age是“時(shí)代”，表示這一代已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)的主力軍；baby boom指在戰(zhàn)后的“生育高峰，嬰兒潮”；questioning的意思是“質(zhì)問(wèn)，質(zhì)疑”；involved in指“與某事有關(guān)，由某事引起”。
2、With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated， two-generation households.[參考譯文]隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)，出現(xiàn)了集中化：全國(guó)1 .19億公民，其中整整76%的人口定居城市；在這里，原來(lái)的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄，取而代之的是與外界疏于往來(lái)的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]has come centralization是一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，原形為centralization has come.Where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾cities.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句中須弄清一些詞匯的含義，如：centralization集中化；community禮俗社會(huì)；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1.aimlessness無(wú)目的[大綱詞匯] aim n.目的，目標(biāo)[衍生詞匯] aimless a.無(wú)目的的aimlessness n.無(wú)目的[經(jīng)典例句]The young generation tends to be affected by aimlessness.
2.harmony和睦[大綱詞匯]harmony n.協(xié)調(diào)，和諧；融洽[經(jīng)典例句]There are perfect harmony between the two brothers.
3.envy羨慕[大綱詞匯]envy v./n.羨慕；嫉妒[衍生詞匯]envious a.羨慕的，嫉妒的[經(jīng)典例句]His new house was the envy of his friends.
4. work-moral工作道德
5.being生存[大綱詞匯]being n.生物，人；存在，生存[經(jīng)典例句」No one can deprive others of their being.
6.man-dominated男人占優(yōu)勢(shì)的[大綱詞匯] dominate v.支配，統(tǒng)治，控制；占優(yōu)勢(shì)[經(jīng)典例句] Many feminists believe that we are still in a male-dominated society.
7.sacrifice犧牲[大綱詞匯] sacrifice n.犧牲，獻(xiàn)身，犧牲品；祭品，供物；v.（for，to）犧牲，獻(xiàn)出；獻(xiàn)祭[經(jīng)典例句]Parents will always make sacrifice to their children.
8.rigid嚴(yán)格的[大綱詞匯] rigid a.剛性的；刻板的；嚴(yán)厲的[經(jīng)典例句]Rigid traditions melt away.
9. social ladder社會(huì)階梯
10.dissatisfaction不滿[大綱詞匯] dissatisfy v.（with，at）使不滿，使不平[衍生詞匯]dissatisfaction n.不滿[經(jīng)典例句]We detected his dissatisfaction from his appearance.
11.counterpart對(duì)應(yīng)的人[大綱詞匯] counterpart n.對(duì)應(yīng)的人（物）[經(jīng)典例句] The organization has established contacts with its counterparts in more than twenty countries.
12.basic基本原則[大綱詞匯]basic a.基礎(chǔ)的，基本的[擴(kuò)充詞義] basic n.[pl.]基本原理，基本原則，基本規(guī)律，基本因素[經(jīng)典例句]He has mastered the basics of cooking.
13.self-expression自我表現(xiàn)[擴(kuò)充詞匯]self-expression n.（在言行、文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品方面的）自我表現(xiàn)，個(gè)性表現(xiàn)[經(jīng)典例句]The art teacher encouraged self-expression in the children.
14.show up體現(xiàn)[大綱詞匯]show up使呈現(xiàn)，使醒目；出席，到場(chǎng)[經(jīng)典例句]The advantage of the technology will show up in the long run.
15.frustration失敗[大綱詞匯]frustrate v.挫敗，阻撓，使灰心[衍生詞匯]frustration n.挫敗，阻撓；受挫；失敗，失意[經(jīng)典例句]He got drunk due to frustration over his work.
16.incident事件[大綱詞匯] incident n.事件，事變[經(jīng)典例句]The incident of plane crash will not change our plan.
17.assault攻擊[大綱詞匯]assault n./v.攻擊，襲擊[經(jīng)典例句] We made an assault on the enemy fort.
18.amid在…之中[擴(kuò)充詞匯]amid prep.在…中間，在…之中[經(jīng)典例句] He sat amid the ruins of his house.
19.outcry強(qiáng)烈*[擴(kuò)充詞匯] outcry n.喊叫，呼號(hào)；強(qiáng)烈*，吶喊[經(jīng)典例句]The newspaper editorials caused a public outcry against their indifference.
20.raise eyebrows豎起眉毛表示懷疑[大綱詞匯]eyebrow n.眉毛[擴(kuò)充詞匯]raise eyebrows豎起眉毛表示懷疑、驚奇[經(jīng)典例句]The manager raised his eyebrow to his plan.
21. liberal reform自由主義改革[大綱詞匯]liberal a.慷慨的，大方的；豐富的，富足的；自由的，思想開明的[經(jīng)典例句]He is not satisfied with the liberal translation of his work.
22.occupation職業(yè)[大綱詞匯] occupation n.占領(lǐng)，占據(jù)；占用；職業(yè)，工作[經(jīng)典例句]Young people are trained in vocational schools for their future occupation.
23.weaken削弱[大綱詞匯]weak a.虛弱的，軟弱的；差的，不夠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的；淡薄的，稀的[衍生詞匯]weaken v.使虛弱，使單薄[經(jīng)典例句]The difficulties didn't weaken his decision to finish the work.
24.have more to do with和…有更大關(guān)系[大綱詞匯] have（something）to do with和…有（點(diǎn)）關(guān)系[經(jīng)典例句]His failure had a lot to do with his conceit.
25.endure承受[大綱詞匯] endure v.忍受，持久，持續(xù)endurance n.忍耐（力），持久（力），耐久（力）[經(jīng)典例句]She can no long endure his prejudice.
26.centralization集中[大綱詞匯]central a.中心的，中央的，中樞的；主要的[衍生詞匯]centralize v.使集中centralization n.集中，集于中心[經(jīng)典例句]The centralization of power will lead to dictatorship.
27.commute乘公交車輛上下班[大綱詞匯]commute v./n.乘公交車輛上下班，經(jīng)常乘車（或船等）往返于兩地[經(jīng)典例句]It is an hour's commute to the university.
28.divorce離婚[大綱詞匯]divorce n./v.離婚，分離[經(jīng)典例句] The couple has separated and a divorce is inevitable.
29.on the decline衰落[大綱詞匯] decline v./n.下傾，下降，下垂，衰落，斜面，傾斜； v.拒絕，謝絕[擴(kuò)充詞匯] on the decline衰落[經(jīng)典例句] The Roman Empire was on the decline at the beginning of the first century.
30.exceed超過(guò)[大綱詞匯] exceed v.超過(guò)，勝過(guò)；越出[經(jīng)典例句] The output this month exceeded what we anticipated.
全文翻譯
戰(zhàn)后日本的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所稱羨，因此漫無(wú)目標(biāo)很難說(shuō)是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但現(xiàn)在日本大體上已經(jīng)滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，年輕人卻不知道他們下一步的目標(biāo)在哪里。
戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期的到來(lái)及婦女進(jìn)入男性主宰的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑在進(jìn)好學(xué)校，找好工作，攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯的過(guò)程中所做出的沉重的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。在最近一次調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)與62.7％的美國(guó)學(xué)生相比較，只有24.5％的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他10個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多。
雖然日本的教育因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而經(jīng)常受到外國(guó)人的贊揚(yáng)，但是它往往強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)，而不重視創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)?！霸诳挤种械貌坏襟w現(xiàn)的那些東西——個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視，”執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席Toshiki Kaifu說(shuō)，“對(duì)這類事情灰心喪氣，致使孩子輟學(xué)、放蕩不羈?！比ツ耆毡景l(fā)生了2125起校園暴力事件，其中包括929起襲擊老師事件。在一片*聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖回復(fù)到戰(zhàn)前，強(qiáng)調(diào)道德教育；去年，當(dāng)時(shí)任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出責(zé)難，他申辯說(shuō)二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。
但是，那也許與日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大?！霸谌毡荆苯逃襓oko Muro說(shuō)，“問(wèn)題絕對(duì)不是你是否喜歡自己的工作和生活，而僅僅是你能承受多大的負(fù)荷?！彪S著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，居住集中化也跟著來(lái)了，在日本1億1900萬(wàn)人當(dāng)中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社區(qū)和幾世同堂的大家庭已經(jīng)成為過(guò)去，而取而代之的是單門獨(dú)戶的兩代之家。城市里的日本人長(zhǎng)期忍受著漫長(zhǎng)的上下班來(lái)回路程和擁擠不堪的居住條件，隨著舊的群體家庭道德觀的削弱，令人不舒服的結(jié)果開始顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在過(guò)去10年中，日本的離婚率，盡管仍遠(yuǎn)在美國(guó)之下，已經(jīng)上升了 50％，而自殺事件則上升了近1/4.