The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide， the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect， ”a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain， even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler， director of Montefiore Medical Center， contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very， very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
George Annas， chair of the health law department at Boston University， maintains that， as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose， the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery，” he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients， although they risked their death. If you’re a physician， you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide.”
On another level， many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician- assisted suicide， the National Academy of Science （NAS） released a two-volume report， Approaching Death： Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices， to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies， to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care， and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering，” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”
56. From the first three paragraphs， we learn that ________.
（A）doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain
（B）it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
（C）the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
（D）patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text？
（A）Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
（B）Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
（C）The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
（D）A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report， one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.
（A）prolonged medical procedures
（B）inadequate treatment of pain
（C）systematic drug abuse
（D）insufficient hospital care
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” （line 4， paragraph 7）？
（A）Bold.
（B）Harmful.
（C）Careless.
（D）Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.
（A）manage their patients incompetently
（B）give patients more medicine than needed
（C）reduce drug dosages for their patients
（D）prolong the needless suffering of the patients
答案及試題解析
BCBAD
56.
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
本題的答題依據(jù)是第二段中的“there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，即從法規(guī)上講，在醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺是不合法的。
57. [C]
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
這是一道總括性的題，需要以文章中的多處信息為線索。這些信息較多地集中在文章的前三段：盡管在醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺是不合法的，但是高法院認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生的本意是為了減輕病人的痛苦，那么他們使用大劑量的鎮(zhèn)痛藥就是允許的。
58. [B]
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度很好。
本題的答題依據(jù)是第七段的第二句話中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了該短語(yǔ)的意思，這道題也就迎刃而解了。
59. [A]
此題稍難，但區(qū)分度好。
選擇四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的考生人數(shù)比較平均。這道題考查考生根據(jù)上下文判斷詞義的能力。一方面考生對(duì)“aggressive”這個(gè)詞的基本意思要有所了解，同時(shí)要運(yùn)用上下文的信息。
60. [D]
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度不大理想。
有29.6％的考生選擇A項(xiàng)。本題的答題依據(jù)是文章的后一段。在這一段中，Annas對(duì)大量的醫(yī)生置病人的痛苦于不顧，無(wú)端地延長(zhǎng)病人不必要的痛苦這種行為提出了批評(píng)，認(rèn)為這種行為構(gòu)成了“虐待病人”，并認(rèn)為這樣的醫(yī)生應(yīng)該予以吊銷行醫(yī)執(zhí)照。有29.4％（guangxian注：本段開(kāi)頭認(rèn)為是29.6％，孰是孰非只有天知道。）的考生選擇A的主要原因是受到了后一句話中的 “that are incompetently managed”的影響。
翻譯句子
1、 Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide， the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”， a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
[參考譯文]：盡管它裁決并沒(méi)有憲法權(quán)利來(lái)支持醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為，高法院實(shí)際上支持了被稱為“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則；這個(gè)已有幾個(gè)世紀(jì)歷史的道德原則認(rèn)為一個(gè)可能有兩個(gè)效果的行為——一個(gè)想要達(dá)到的好的效果和一個(gè)已經(jīng)預(yù)見(jiàn)到的有害的效果——是被允許的，如果行為的實(shí)施者想要的只是好的效果的話。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是although引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句后面加一個(gè)主句，其主干是 the court supported the medical principle of “double effect”，后面是一個(gè)對(duì) double effect進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的同位語(yǔ)，里面又有一個(gè)holding引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于搞清基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)。在開(kāi)始閱讀時(shí)可以先不看對(duì)double effect進(jìn)行修飾的成分。
2、On another level， many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
[參考譯文]：在另一個(gè)層面上，很多醫(yī)療界的人承認(rèn)，關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論部分是因?yàn)椴∪说慕^望情緒，對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)延長(zhǎng)了死亡的身體痛苦。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句的主語(yǔ)是many，謂語(yǔ)是acknowledge承認(rèn)，后面有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，用的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而其中由by引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)后面又有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying來(lái)修飾前面的 patients.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于理清句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、The Supreme Court's decisions on physician- assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. [參考譯文]：高法院對(duì)醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為所做的決定會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)療界如何尋求解除瀕臨死亡的病人的痛苦這一問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生重要的影響。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主語(yǔ)是The Supreme Court's decisions，謂語(yǔ)是carry，賓語(yǔ)是important implications，后面有一個(gè)how引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞for的賓語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]該句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句對(duì)全文的理解很有幫助。
2、Nancy Dubler， director of Montefiore Medical Center， contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very， very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” [參考譯文]：Nancy Dubler，Montefiore醫(yī)療中心的主任，認(rèn)為這一原則將會(huì)保護(hù)這樣一些醫(yī)生，他們到目前為止還強(qiáng)烈堅(jiān)持他們不能夠給病人足量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑來(lái)控制他們的疼痛，如果這么做會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句的主語(yǔ)是Nancy Dubler，后面有一個(gè)修飾它的同位語(yǔ)，句子的謂語(yǔ)是contends，后面有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，其中從句的賓語(yǔ)又有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的很長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于理清句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)，另外對(duì)于一些詞的理解也很關(guān)鍵。Mediation本意是“調(diào)停，調(diào)和”，此處結(jié)合上下文，它更傾向于指代醫(yī)生用來(lái)緩解病人疼痛的藥物，因此好把它理解為“鎮(zhèn)痛劑”。
3、 It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end -of-life care.[參考譯文]：它把對(duì)疼痛的治療不足和盲目積極使用“有可能延長(zhǎng)死亡時(shí)間甚至讓死亡過(guò)程蒙羞的無(wú)效并且強(qiáng)迫性的醫(yī)療手段”視為生命臨終醫(yī)護(hù)的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句的主語(yǔ)it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，謂語(yǔ)的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 identifies something as something，賓語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)并列成分the undertreatment of pain和 the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”，后面的一個(gè)還有個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于理清句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)，并且要抓住復(fù)雜賓語(yǔ)中的核心部分。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1.The Supreme Court高法院[大綱詞匯]supreme adj.極度的，極大的，至高的，高的[詞義辨析]美國(guó)高法院是高司法機(jī)構(gòu)，它不僅有終審權(quán)，而且還可以對(duì)憲法作出解釋。
2.implication含意，暗示[大綱詞匯]implication n.牽連，含意，暗示[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)imply vt.暗示，意味 implicate vt.使?fàn)窟B其中，含意，暗示implicit adj.暗示的，含蓄的[經(jīng)典例句] The famous poet is known for his rich political implication in his poems.
3.permissible可允許的[大綱詞匯] permit v.許可，允許，準(zhǔn)許[經(jīng)典例句]Smoking is not permissible in the school.
4.constitutional憲法的[大綱詞匯]constitution n.憲法[詞義辨析]institution n.公共機(jī)構(gòu)，協(xié)會(huì)，制度
5.marphine嗎啡[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)heroin n.海洛因cocaine n.可卡因marijuana n.大麻[經(jīng)典例句]Morphine is used to kill the pain after the operation.
6.dosage劑量，用量[大綱詞匯]dosage n.劑量，配藥，用量[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)dose n.劑量，（一）劑，（一）服；v.（給…）服藥
7.contend主張[大綱詞匯]Contend 0.斗爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，主張[詞義辨析]content n.內(nèi)容，容量，目錄，滿足； adj.滿足的，滿意的intend vt.想要，打算[經(jīng)典例句] She contends that men and women should be equal.
8.shield保護(hù)，防護(hù)[大綱詞匯] shield n.防護(hù)物，盾；vt.保護(hù)，防護(hù)[經(jīng)典例句] The law should shield personal property.
9.mediation中介劑；鎮(zhèn)痛劑[大綱詞匯]mediation：仲裁，調(diào)停[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)mediate v.仲裁，調(diào)停，作為引起…的媒介meditation n.沉思，冥想
10.legitimate合法的[大綱詞匯]legitimate adj.合法的，合理的，正統(tǒng)的；v.合法[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) legal adj.法律的，法定的，合法的legislative adj.立法的，立法機(jī)關(guān)的[經(jīng)典例句] His son is the legitimate owner of his property.
11.homicide[記憶方法]homi-表示“人的”；而cide表示“殺”[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)suicide n.自殺patricide n.獄父regicide n.弒君
12.hospice n.收容所，濟(jì)貧院
13.therapy治療[大綱詞匯] therapy n.治療[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)medical care醫(yī)療treatment n.治療 [經(jīng)典例句]The new therapy is quite effective among young patients.
14.presumptively假定地[大綱詞匯]presume vt.假定，假設(shè)，認(rèn)為[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)presumption n.假定，以為，自以為是presumptive adj.假定的presuming adj.專橫的
15 .incompetently不能勝任地[大綱詞匯]competent adj.有能力的，勝任的[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)incompetent adj.沒(méi)有能力的，不能勝任的
全文翻譯
高法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命問(wèn)題的裁決，對(duì)于如何用藥物減輕病危者的痛苦這個(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)說(shuō)，具有重要的意義。
盡管裁決認(rèn)為，憲法沒(méi)有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利，然而高法庭實(shí)際上卻認(rèn)可了醫(yī)療界的“雙效”原則，這個(gè)存在了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德原則認(rèn)為，如果某種行為具有雙重效果（希望達(dá)到的好效果和可以預(yù)見(jiàn)得到的壞效果），那么，只要行為實(shí)施只是想達(dá)到好的效果，這個(gè)行為就是可以允許的。
近年來(lái)，醫(yī)生們一直在借用這項(xiàng)原則，為自己替病危患者注射大劑量的嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛的做法提供正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?，盡管他們知道，不斷增加的劑量終會(huì)殺死病人。蒙特非奧里醫(yī)療中心主任南希？都博勒認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)原則將消除部分醫(yī)生的疑慮，這些醫(yī)生在此之前一直強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為，如果給病人充分的藥品來(lái)止痛會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話工那就不能這樣做。
波士頓大學(xué)健康法律系主任喬治？安納斯堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開(kāi)藥，那么即使服用此藥會(huì)加速病人的死亡，醫(yī)生的行為也沒(méi)有違法?！斑@就像做手術(shù)，”他說(shuō)，“我們不能稱那些死亡為殺人是因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并沒(méi)有想殺死病人，盡管他們敢冒病人死亡的危險(xiǎn)。假定你是一名醫(yī)生，只要你并沒(méi)有想讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒你的病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。”
另一方面，許多醫(yī)療界人士承認(rèn)，致使醫(yī)助自殺這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒，對(duì)這些病人來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長(zhǎng)了臨終前肉體的痛苦。
就在高法庭對(duì)醫(yī)助自殺進(jìn)行裁決的前三周，全國(guó)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)公布了一份長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩卷的報(bào)告——臨近死亡：完善臨終護(hù)理。報(bào)告指出了醫(yī)院臨終關(guān)懷護(hù)理中存在的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：對(duì)病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無(wú)效而強(qiáng)制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)死亡期，甚至?xí)屗劳銎陔y堪”。
“醫(yī)療行業(yè)采取步驟，讓年輕醫(yī)生去晚期病人休養(yǎng)所培訓(xùn)，對(duì)各種大膽的鎮(zhèn)痛療法方面的知識(shí)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，為醫(yī)院護(hù)理制定一份符合美國(guó)醫(yī)療保障方案的付款條例，以及為評(píng)估和治療臨終痛苦制定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
安納斯說(shuō)，律師可以在要求把醫(yī)療界的這些善意的行為變成更好的護(hù)理行動(dòng)方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用?！安簧籴t(yī)生對(duì)病人所遭受的毫無(wú)必要的，可預(yù)見(jiàn)的痛苦無(wú)動(dòng)于衷”，乃至于已構(gòu)成“蓄意虐待病人”。他說(shuō)，行醫(yī)資格理事會(huì)“必須明確表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫(yī)生處理不力造成的，應(yīng)該因此吊銷其從醫(yī)資格”。
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide， the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect， ”a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain， even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler， director of Montefiore Medical Center， contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very， very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
George Annas， chair of the health law department at Boston University， maintains that， as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose， the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery，” he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients， although they risked their death. If you’re a physician， you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide.”
On another level， many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician- assisted suicide， the National Academy of Science （NAS） released a two-volume report， Approaching Death： Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices， to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies， to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care， and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering，” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”
56. From the first three paragraphs， we learn that ________.
（A）doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain
（B）it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
（C）the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
（D）patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text？
（A）Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
（B）Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
（C）The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
（D）A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report， one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.
（A）prolonged medical procedures
（B）inadequate treatment of pain
（C）systematic drug abuse
（D）insufficient hospital care
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” （line 4， paragraph 7）？
（A）Bold.
（B）Harmful.
（C）Careless.
（D）Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.
（A）manage their patients incompetently
（B）give patients more medicine than needed
（C）reduce drug dosages for their patients
（D）prolong the needless suffering of the patients
答案及試題解析
BCBAD
56.
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
本題的答題依據(jù)是第二段中的“there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，即從法規(guī)上講，在醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺是不合法的。
57. [C]
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
這是一道總括性的題，需要以文章中的多處信息為線索。這些信息較多地集中在文章的前三段：盡管在醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺是不合法的，但是高法院認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生的本意是為了減輕病人的痛苦，那么他們使用大劑量的鎮(zhèn)痛藥就是允許的。
58. [B]
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度很好。
本題的答題依據(jù)是第七段的第二句話中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了該短語(yǔ)的意思，這道題也就迎刃而解了。
59. [A]
此題稍難，但區(qū)分度好。
選擇四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的考生人數(shù)比較平均。這道題考查考生根據(jù)上下文判斷詞義的能力。一方面考生對(duì)“aggressive”這個(gè)詞的基本意思要有所了解，同時(shí)要運(yùn)用上下文的信息。
60. [D]
此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度不大理想。
有29.6％的考生選擇A項(xiàng)。本題的答題依據(jù)是文章的后一段。在這一段中，Annas對(duì)大量的醫(yī)生置病人的痛苦于不顧，無(wú)端地延長(zhǎng)病人不必要的痛苦這種行為提出了批評(píng)，認(rèn)為這種行為構(gòu)成了“虐待病人”，并認(rèn)為這樣的醫(yī)生應(yīng)該予以吊銷行醫(yī)執(zhí)照。有29.4％（guangxian注：本段開(kāi)頭認(rèn)為是29.6％，孰是孰非只有天知道。）的考生選擇A的主要原因是受到了后一句話中的 “that are incompetently managed”的影響。
翻譯句子
1、 Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide， the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”， a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
[參考譯文]：盡管它裁決并沒(méi)有憲法權(quán)利來(lái)支持醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為，高法院實(shí)際上支持了被稱為“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則；這個(gè)已有幾個(gè)世紀(jì)歷史的道德原則認(rèn)為一個(gè)可能有兩個(gè)效果的行為——一個(gè)想要達(dá)到的好的效果和一個(gè)已經(jīng)預(yù)見(jiàn)到的有害的效果——是被允許的，如果行為的實(shí)施者想要的只是好的效果的話。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是although引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句后面加一個(gè)主句，其主干是 the court supported the medical principle of “double effect”，后面是一個(gè)對(duì) double effect進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的同位語(yǔ)，里面又有一個(gè)holding引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于搞清基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)。在開(kāi)始閱讀時(shí)可以先不看對(duì)double effect進(jìn)行修飾的成分。
2、On another level， many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
[參考譯文]：在另一個(gè)層面上，很多醫(yī)療界的人承認(rèn)，關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論部分是因?yàn)椴∪说慕^望情緒，對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)延長(zhǎng)了死亡的身體痛苦。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句的主語(yǔ)是many，謂語(yǔ)是acknowledge承認(rèn)，后面有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，用的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而其中由by引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)后面又有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying來(lái)修飾前面的 patients.
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于理清句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1、The Supreme Court's decisions on physician- assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. [參考譯文]：高法院對(duì)醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為所做的決定會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)療界如何尋求解除瀕臨死亡的病人的痛苦這一問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生重要的影響。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主語(yǔ)是The Supreme Court's decisions，謂語(yǔ)是carry，賓語(yǔ)是important implications，后面有一個(gè)how引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞for的賓語(yǔ)。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]該句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句對(duì)全文的理解很有幫助。
2、Nancy Dubler， director of Montefiore Medical Center， contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very， very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” [參考譯文]：Nancy Dubler，Montefiore醫(yī)療中心的主任，認(rèn)為這一原則將會(huì)保護(hù)這樣一些醫(yī)生，他們到目前為止還強(qiáng)烈堅(jiān)持他們不能夠給病人足量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑來(lái)控制他們的疼痛，如果這么做會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句的主語(yǔ)是Nancy Dubler，后面有一個(gè)修飾它的同位語(yǔ)，句子的謂語(yǔ)是contends，后面有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，其中從句的賓語(yǔ)又有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的很長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于理清句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)，另外對(duì)于一些詞的理解也很關(guān)鍵。Mediation本意是“調(diào)停，調(diào)和”，此處結(jié)合上下文，它更傾向于指代醫(yī)生用來(lái)緩解病人疼痛的藥物，因此好把它理解為“鎮(zhèn)痛劑”。
3、 It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end -of-life care.[參考譯文]：它把對(duì)疼痛的治療不足和盲目積極使用“有可能延長(zhǎng)死亡時(shí)間甚至讓死亡過(guò)程蒙羞的無(wú)效并且強(qiáng)迫性的醫(yī)療手段”視為生命臨終醫(yī)護(hù)的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析]該句的主語(yǔ)it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，謂語(yǔ)的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 identifies something as something，賓語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)并列成分the undertreatment of pain和 the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”，后面的一個(gè)還有個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)]本句閱讀的重點(diǎn)在于理清句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)，并且要抓住復(fù)雜賓語(yǔ)中的核心部分。
語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)詳解
1.The Supreme Court高法院[大綱詞匯]supreme adj.極度的，極大的，至高的，高的[詞義辨析]美國(guó)高法院是高司法機(jī)構(gòu)，它不僅有終審權(quán)，而且還可以對(duì)憲法作出解釋。
2.implication含意，暗示[大綱詞匯]implication n.牽連，含意，暗示[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)imply vt.暗示，意味 implicate vt.使?fàn)窟B其中，含意，暗示implicit adj.暗示的，含蓄的[經(jīng)典例句] The famous poet is known for his rich political implication in his poems.
3.permissible可允許的[大綱詞匯] permit v.許可，允許，準(zhǔn)許[經(jīng)典例句]Smoking is not permissible in the school.
4.constitutional憲法的[大綱詞匯]constitution n.憲法[詞義辨析]institution n.公共機(jī)構(gòu)，協(xié)會(huì)，制度
5.marphine嗎啡[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)heroin n.海洛因cocaine n.可卡因marijuana n.大麻[經(jīng)典例句]Morphine is used to kill the pain after the operation.
6.dosage劑量，用量[大綱詞匯]dosage n.劑量，配藥，用量[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)dose n.劑量，（一）劑，（一）服；v.（給…）服藥
7.contend主張[大綱詞匯]Contend 0.斗爭(zhēng)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，主張[詞義辨析]content n.內(nèi)容，容量，目錄，滿足； adj.滿足的，滿意的intend vt.想要，打算[經(jīng)典例句] She contends that men and women should be equal.
8.shield保護(hù)，防護(hù)[大綱詞匯] shield n.防護(hù)物，盾；vt.保護(hù)，防護(hù)[經(jīng)典例句] The law should shield personal property.
9.mediation中介劑；鎮(zhèn)痛劑[大綱詞匯]mediation：仲裁，調(diào)停[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)mediate v.仲裁，調(diào)停，作為引起…的媒介meditation n.沉思，冥想
10.legitimate合法的[大綱詞匯]legitimate adj.合法的，合理的，正統(tǒng)的；v.合法[聯(lián)想記憶](méi) legal adj.法律的，法定的，合法的legislative adj.立法的，立法機(jī)關(guān)的[經(jīng)典例句] His son is the legitimate owner of his property.
11.homicide[記憶方法]homi-表示“人的”；而cide表示“殺”[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)suicide n.自殺patricide n.獄父regicide n.弒君
12.hospice n.收容所，濟(jì)貧院
13.therapy治療[大綱詞匯] therapy n.治療[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)medical care醫(yī)療treatment n.治療 [經(jīng)典例句]The new therapy is quite effective among young patients.
14.presumptively假定地[大綱詞匯]presume vt.假定，假設(shè)，認(rèn)為[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)presumption n.假定，以為，自以為是presumptive adj.假定的presuming adj.專橫的
15 .incompetently不能勝任地[大綱詞匯]competent adj.有能力的，勝任的[聯(lián)想記憶](méi)incompetent adj.沒(méi)有能力的，不能勝任的
全文翻譯
高法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命問(wèn)題的裁決，對(duì)于如何用藥物減輕病危者的痛苦這個(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)說(shuō)，具有重要的意義。
盡管裁決認(rèn)為，憲法沒(méi)有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利，然而高法庭實(shí)際上卻認(rèn)可了醫(yī)療界的“雙效”原則，這個(gè)存在了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德原則認(rèn)為，如果某種行為具有雙重效果（希望達(dá)到的好效果和可以預(yù)見(jiàn)得到的壞效果），那么，只要行為實(shí)施只是想達(dá)到好的效果，這個(gè)行為就是可以允許的。
近年來(lái)，醫(yī)生們一直在借用這項(xiàng)原則，為自己替病危患者注射大劑量的嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛的做法提供正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?，盡管他們知道，不斷增加的劑量終會(huì)殺死病人。蒙特非奧里醫(yī)療中心主任南希？都博勒認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)原則將消除部分醫(yī)生的疑慮，這些醫(yī)生在此之前一直強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為，如果給病人充分的藥品來(lái)止痛會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話工那就不能這樣做。
波士頓大學(xué)健康法律系主任喬治？安納斯堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開(kāi)藥，那么即使服用此藥會(huì)加速病人的死亡，醫(yī)生的行為也沒(méi)有違法?！斑@就像做手術(shù)，”他說(shuō)，“我們不能稱那些死亡為殺人是因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并沒(méi)有想殺死病人，盡管他們敢冒病人死亡的危險(xiǎn)。假定你是一名醫(yī)生，只要你并沒(méi)有想讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒你的病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。”
另一方面，許多醫(yī)療界人士承認(rèn)，致使醫(yī)助自殺這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒，對(duì)這些病人來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長(zhǎng)了臨終前肉體的痛苦。
就在高法庭對(duì)醫(yī)助自殺進(jìn)行裁決的前三周，全國(guó)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)公布了一份長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩卷的報(bào)告——臨近死亡：完善臨終護(hù)理。報(bào)告指出了醫(yī)院臨終關(guān)懷護(hù)理中存在的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：對(duì)病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無(wú)效而強(qiáng)制性的醫(yī)療程序，這些程序可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)死亡期，甚至?xí)屗劳銎陔y堪”。
“醫(yī)療行業(yè)采取步驟，讓年輕醫(yī)生去晚期病人休養(yǎng)所培訓(xùn)，對(duì)各種大膽的鎮(zhèn)痛療法方面的知識(shí)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，為醫(yī)院護(hù)理制定一份符合美國(guó)醫(yī)療保障方案的付款條例，以及為評(píng)估和治療臨終痛苦制定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
安納斯說(shuō)，律師可以在要求把醫(yī)療界的這些善意的行為變成更好的護(hù)理行動(dòng)方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用?！安簧籴t(yī)生對(duì)病人所遭受的毫無(wú)必要的，可預(yù)見(jiàn)的痛苦無(wú)動(dòng)于衷”，乃至于已構(gòu)成“蓄意虐待病人”。他說(shuō)，行醫(yī)資格理事會(huì)“必須明確表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫(yī)生處理不力造成的，應(yīng)該因此吊銷其從醫(yī)資格”。