Passage 6問題解決型（與歷史有關(guān)）
史實：有人物有時間——提出現(xiàn)象（如果后面講原因——現(xiàn)象解釋型；如果后面講如何改變——問題解決型——本文）In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords地主, from the shogun將軍 (shogun: n.<日>幕府時代的將軍) to the humblest samurai武士 (samurai: n.(封建時代的)日本武士,日本陸軍軍官), found themselves under financial stress. 總結(jié)大原因In part, this stress can be attributed to（原因） the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but（后面的原因更重要） the stress was also due to（原因） factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers刺激了購買欲. 第一個小原因：武士問題Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness不用，閑置 by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that*3B（小結(jié)論）（略帶同情的正評價） their tastes and habits grew expensive. 第二個小原因：收入增加跟不上支出增加Overlords’ income, despite（轉(zhuǎn)折） the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from 玩忽職守laxity among their tax collectors*6 (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding*6C) as from 高生活水平their higher standards of living, 第三個小原因：災(zāi)難（轉(zhuǎn)折后更重要的部分）a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt*5 to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.第一個大原因：支出的增加
第二個大原因：不能增加收入It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited*5E有限制的, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. 問題的解決Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. 第一種解決方案Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline（-） because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. 第二種解決方案Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible（-）. 第三種解決方案Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous（-）. 承上啟下This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth*8B, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants*8. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans（主題詞）, known as goyo-kin御用金; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield（+）. Unfortunately（-）, they pushed up prices*9A. Thus, regrettably*9, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.
1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from主題題（內(nèi)容性）
(A) an economic history史實 of Japan
(B) the memoirs不是某個人的回憶錄 of a samurai warrior
(C) a modern novel是史實，不是虛構(gòu)的小說 about eighteenth-century Japan
(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western沒提到 counterpart（A）
(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales不是民間故事
2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?類比題（還有similar to和parallel也是類比題：抓住本質(zhì)特征）
(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.
(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.
(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.
(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease. 收入跟不上支出增加（D）
(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.
3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?態(tài)度題
(A) Warmly approving
(B) Mildly sympathetic*3B略帶同情的正評價
(C) Bitterly disappointed
(D) Harshly disdainful（B）
(E) Profoundly shocked
4. According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that（送分題）
(A) spending had outdistanced income收入跟不上支出增加
(B) trade had fallen off
(C) profits from mining had declined
(D) the coinage had been sharply debased（A）
(E) the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns
5. The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt*5（第一段結(jié)尾，用第二段開頭做題） for which of the following reasons?直接事實題
(A) Agricultural production had increased.
(B) Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
(C) The Japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changing economy.
(D) The domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.（E）
(E) There was a limit*5E to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
6. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector*6（20行左右）（括號——本題，引號，破折號內(nèi)容會出題）
(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese
(C) remained within families*6C職位世襲
(D) existed only in castle-towns（C）
(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time
7. Which of the following could best be substituted for the word “This”（放在三個已經(jīng)不行的方法之后） in line 47 without changing the meaning of the passage?
(A) The search of Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns for solvency（干擾選項）
(B) The importance of commerce in feudal Japan
(C) The unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth century Japan
(D) The difficulty of increasing government income by other means其他方法不行（D）
(E) The difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself in extricating themselves from debt
8. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants*8（最后一段） for help in financing the state?
(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
(B) Most of the country’s wealth*8B appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.
(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.
(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.（B）
(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.
9. According to the passage, the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable*9(60行) because those actions直接事實題
(A) raised the cost of living by pushing up prices*9A
(B) resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold
(C) were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
(D) did not succeed in reducing government spending（A）
(E) acted as a deterrent to trade
史實：有人物有時間——提出現(xiàn)象（如果后面講原因——現(xiàn)象解釋型；如果后面講如何改變——問題解決型——本文）In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords地主, from the shogun將軍 (shogun: n.<日>幕府時代的將軍) to the humblest samurai武士 (samurai: n.(封建時代的)日本武士,日本陸軍軍官), found themselves under financial stress. 總結(jié)大原因In part, this stress can be attributed to（原因） the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but（后面的原因更重要） the stress was also due to（原因） factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers刺激了購買欲. 第一個小原因：武士問題Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness不用，閑置 by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that*3B（小結(jié)論）（略帶同情的正評價） their tastes and habits grew expensive. 第二個小原因：收入增加跟不上支出增加Overlords’ income, despite（轉(zhuǎn)折） the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from 玩忽職守laxity among their tax collectors*6 (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding*6C) as from 高生活水平their higher standards of living, 第三個小原因：災(zāi)難（轉(zhuǎn)折后更重要的部分）a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt*5 to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.第一個大原因：支出的增加
第二個大原因：不能增加收入It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited*5E有限制的, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. 問題的解決Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. 第一種解決方案Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline（-） because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. 第二種解決方案Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible（-）. 第三種解決方案Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous（-）. 承上啟下This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth*8B, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants*8. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans（主題詞）, known as goyo-kin御用金; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield（+）. Unfortunately（-）, they pushed up prices*9A. Thus, regrettably*9, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.
1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from主題題（內(nèi)容性）
(A) an economic history史實 of Japan
(B) the memoirs不是某個人的回憶錄 of a samurai warrior
(C) a modern novel是史實，不是虛構(gòu)的小說 about eighteenth-century Japan
(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western沒提到 counterpart（A）
(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales不是民間故事
2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?類比題（還有similar to和parallel也是類比題：抓住本質(zhì)特征）
(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.
(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.
(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.
(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease. 收入跟不上支出增加（D）
(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.
3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?態(tài)度題
(A) Warmly approving
(B) Mildly sympathetic*3B略帶同情的正評價
(C) Bitterly disappointed
(D) Harshly disdainful（B）
(E) Profoundly shocked
4. According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that（送分題）
(A) spending had outdistanced income收入跟不上支出增加
(B) trade had fallen off
(C) profits from mining had declined
(D) the coinage had been sharply debased（A）
(E) the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns
5. The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt*5（第一段結(jié)尾，用第二段開頭做題） for which of the following reasons?直接事實題
(A) Agricultural production had increased.
(B) Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
(C) The Japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changing economy.
(D) The domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as government revenues increased.（E）
(E) There was a limit*5E to the amount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
6. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector*6（20行左右）（括號——本題，引號，破折號內(nèi)容會出題）
(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese
(C) remained within families*6C職位世襲
(D) existed only in castle-towns（C）
(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time
7. Which of the following could best be substituted for the word “This”（放在三個已經(jīng)不行的方法之后） in line 47 without changing the meaning of the passage?
(A) The search of Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns for solvency（干擾選項）
(B) The importance of commerce in feudal Japan
(C) The unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth century Japan
(D) The difficulty of increasing government income by other means其他方法不行（D）
(E) The difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself in extricating themselves from debt
8. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants*8（最后一段） for help in financing the state?
(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
(B) Most of the country’s wealth*8B appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.
(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.
(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.（B）
(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.
9. According to the passage, the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable*9(60行) because those actions直接事實題
(A) raised the cost of living by pushing up prices*9A
(B) resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold
(C) were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
(D) did not succeed in reducing government spending（A）
(E) acted as a deterrent to trade