2. 直接解題
1. With which of the following statements would the author probably（可能）agree?
A. single mums produce（培育） stronger sons
B. single mums do not produce daughters
C. two-parent families produce less attractive children
D two-parent families produce more beautiful offspring（后代）
答案: Ｃ?！?BR> 分析：問題問“作者可能會同意下列哪種說法？”注意到有３個被選項(xiàng)中都出現(xiàn)了比較級結(jié)構(gòu)，因此推測答案可能出自它們之中， 同時(shí)注意關(guān)注文章中出現(xiàn)比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，這樣找到答案相關(guān)句：（第一段）Single mums are better at raising（撫育） their kids than two parents – at least in the bird world. 該句說“單親母親比雙親能更好地?fù)嵊⒆印?， 該句與被選項(xiàng)無關(guān)，所以接著看后面的句子： Mother zebra finches（斑胸草雀） have to work harder and raise fewer chicks （剛出生的小鳥）on their own（獨(dú)自地）, but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.該劃線部分的結(jié)構(gòu)說“它們（母斑胸草雀）能培育出更具有吸引力的雄性后代，而這些后代更可能找到配偶?！?，根據(jù)該句內(nèi)容判斷C（由雙親家庭培育出的孩子具有的吸引力較小些）
2． According to (根據(jù))the passage, in what way does family conflict （沖突）affect （影響）the quality of the offspring 后代?
A. the young males get less care（關(guān)心）
B. the young females will decrease（減少） in weight（重量）
C. the offspring will become lazy （懶惰的）fathers or mothers in the future（在未來）
D. the offspring will not get mature （成熟的）easily
答案: A。
分析：利用問題句中反映細(xì)節(jié)信息的結(jié)構(gòu)family conflict和the quality of the offspring 作為答案線索，這樣找到答案相關(guān)句：
(第2段) The findings shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there’s always a conflict of interests（與family conflict呼應(yīng)）, which can have a detrimental（有害的） effect on the quality of the offspring. 該劃線句說“父母在身邊就總會有利益的沖突，而這會給后代的質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生壞的影響”，借助該句內(nèi)容不能進(jìn)行答案的判斷，所以借助看后面的句子：
In evolutionary （進(jìn)化的）terms, the best strategy （策略）for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else （其他人）to care for （照料）their offspring, so they can concentrate on （關(guān)注/專心）breeding（繁殖） again. So it’s normal （通常的）for parents to try to pass the buck to (把責(zé)任推卸給..)each other（彼此）. But Ian Hartley from the university of Lancaster and his team wondered （想知道）how family solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.
To find out, they measured how much effort Zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each mum had two – supposedly the same amount of work.
（第5段）But single mums, they found, put in about 25 percent more effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited（剝削）, mothers with a partner hold back from （不愿...）working too hard if their father is being lazy, and it’s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer（遭受到） some of the cost of their conflict,” says Hartley.劃線句說“后代們?yōu)樗鼈兏改傅臎_突付出了一些代價(jià)”， 劃線句的前句也提到了付出代價(jià)，該句說“如果父親們懶惰，為了避免受到剝削，母親們不愿努力工作， 而正是它們的后代們?yōu)榇硕冻龃鷥r(jià)”， 如果父母都不努力工作（鳥類努力工作的目的就是照顧小鳥），那么孩子們受到的關(guān)懷就會少了，因此判斷A 是答案。
3 What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?
A． cause and effect
B. experiment（實(shí)驗(yàn)） and result
C. problem and solution
D. topic（話題） and comment（評論）
答案: B．
分析：問題問及第4段和第5段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。注意關(guān)注段落特殊位置處的句子
（第4段）To find out, they measured （測度）how much effort （精力）Zebra finch parents put （投入）into raising（撫養(yǎng)） their babies. They compared（比較） single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each mum had two – supposedly the same amount of work.該段段首句說“為了弄清楚這這個問題，他們測量了斑胸草雀仔撫養(yǎng)孩子上投入了多少精力”，而接下來的一句說“他們把單親母親和父母雙親進(jìn)行比較，...”這是在具體描述實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的內(nèi)容。
（第5段）But single mums, they found, put in（投入） about 25 percent more effort than females rearing（撫養(yǎng)） with their mate（配偶）. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if their father is being lazy, and it’s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer some of the cost of their conflict,” says Hartley.該段段首句說“但是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)單親母親在撫育孩子上投入的精力比有配偶的母親投入的精力多25%” ，這是研究者們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，而該段最后一句也是這些研究者特出的結(jié)論：后代為它們父母的沖突付出了一些代價(jià)， 因此判斷這兩個段落之間的關(guān)系是“實(shí)驗(yàn)和結(jié)論”之間的關(guān)系。
4 According to Hartley, which of the following NOT influenced by sexual(性別的) conflict?
A. the evolution(演變) of the offspring’s behavior
B. the look(樣子) of the offspring’s faces
C. the number of eggs produced by one offspring at a time(每次)
D the offspring’s body size(體型)
答案: D。
分析: 問題內(nèi)容仍然涉及到?jīng)_突，順著上一題的答案位置往下找，注意到被選項(xiàng)涉及到具體的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，利用被選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)短語結(jié)構(gòu)作為答案線索（A: behavior; B: face; C: eggs; D: body size）
“The offspring suffer some of the cost their conflict,” says Hartley.
（第6段）The cost does not show in any obvious（明顯的） decease in size or weight, but in how attractive （有吸引力的）they are to the opposite sex（異型）.該句說“（沖突所帶來的）代價(jià)不是表現(xiàn)在體型或體重上出現(xiàn)明顯的減少，而是表現(xiàn)在它們對異性吸引力” ... 因此判斷D（后代的體型）是答案。其實(shí)文章最后一段中直接涉及到前3個選項(xiàng)：
(最后一段)More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley’s statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behavior, clutch size (窩卵數(shù))and even appearance. 該句說“Hartley得出的結(jié)論更另人驚訝：他說沖突可能會對行為的進(jìn)化，窩卵數(shù)， 甚至外表產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的影響”， 因此判斷A，B，C 都不是答案。
5 According to the passage, people believe that a female’s reproductive（繁殖的） strategy（策略） is influenced by
A. an evolutionary （進(jìn)化的）driving force
B. a conflict of interests
C. ecological（生態(tài)的） factors
D the quality of the offspring
答案: C．
分析：利用問題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)reproductive strategy 作為答案線索，這樣在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句：（最后一段）A female’s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account （把...考慮在內(nèi)）as well（也）.這兩個句子說“雌性的生殖策略杯通常認(rèn)為是受到打獵和食物供給的影響，Kilner說‘來自父母的沖突也應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)’ ”。 文章第2段中提到“The findings shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary（進(jìn)化的） driving force as ecological（生態(tài)的） factors such as hunting and food supply.”（這些研究表明家庭沖突與諸如打獵和食物供給這些生態(tài)因素一樣是重要的進(jìn)化推動力。）該句表明hunting and food supply是ecological factors因此判斷C是答案。
1. With which of the following statements would the author probably（可能）agree?
A. single mums produce（培育） stronger sons
B. single mums do not produce daughters
C. two-parent families produce less attractive children
D two-parent families produce more beautiful offspring（后代）
答案: Ｃ?！?BR> 分析：問題問“作者可能會同意下列哪種說法？”注意到有３個被選項(xiàng)中都出現(xiàn)了比較級結(jié)構(gòu)，因此推測答案可能出自它們之中， 同時(shí)注意關(guān)注文章中出現(xiàn)比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，這樣找到答案相關(guān)句：（第一段）Single mums are better at raising（撫育） their kids than two parents – at least in the bird world. 該句說“單親母親比雙親能更好地?fù)嵊⒆印?， 該句與被選項(xiàng)無關(guān)，所以接著看后面的句子： Mother zebra finches（斑胸草雀） have to work harder and raise fewer chicks （剛出生的小鳥）on their own（獨(dú)自地）, but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.該劃線部分的結(jié)構(gòu)說“它們（母斑胸草雀）能培育出更具有吸引力的雄性后代，而這些后代更可能找到配偶?！?，根據(jù)該句內(nèi)容判斷C（由雙親家庭培育出的孩子具有的吸引力較小些）
2． According to (根據(jù))the passage, in what way does family conflict （沖突）affect （影響）the quality of the offspring 后代?
A. the young males get less care（關(guān)心）
B. the young females will decrease（減少） in weight（重量）
C. the offspring will become lazy （懶惰的）fathers or mothers in the future（在未來）
D. the offspring will not get mature （成熟的）easily
答案: A。
分析：利用問題句中反映細(xì)節(jié)信息的結(jié)構(gòu)family conflict和the quality of the offspring 作為答案線索，這樣找到答案相關(guān)句：
(第2段) The findings shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there’s always a conflict of interests（與family conflict呼應(yīng)）, which can have a detrimental（有害的） effect on the quality of the offspring. 該劃線句說“父母在身邊就總會有利益的沖突，而這會給后代的質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生壞的影響”，借助該句內(nèi)容不能進(jìn)行答案的判斷，所以借助看后面的句子：
In evolutionary （進(jìn)化的）terms, the best strategy （策略）for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else （其他人）to care for （照料）their offspring, so they can concentrate on （關(guān)注/專心）breeding（繁殖） again. So it’s normal （通常的）for parents to try to pass the buck to (把責(zé)任推卸給..)each other（彼此）. But Ian Hartley from the university of Lancaster and his team wondered （想知道）how family solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.
To find out, they measured how much effort Zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each mum had two – supposedly the same amount of work.
（第5段）But single mums, they found, put in about 25 percent more effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited（剝削）, mothers with a partner hold back from （不愿...）working too hard if their father is being lazy, and it’s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer（遭受到） some of the cost of their conflict,” says Hartley.劃線句說“后代們?yōu)樗鼈兏改傅臎_突付出了一些代價(jià)”， 劃線句的前句也提到了付出代價(jià)，該句說“如果父親們懶惰，為了避免受到剝削，母親們不愿努力工作， 而正是它們的后代們?yōu)榇硕冻龃鷥r(jià)”， 如果父母都不努力工作（鳥類努力工作的目的就是照顧小鳥），那么孩子們受到的關(guān)懷就會少了，因此判斷A 是答案。
3 What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?
A． cause and effect
B. experiment（實(shí)驗(yàn)） and result
C. problem and solution
D. topic（話題） and comment（評論）
答案: B．
分析：問題問及第4段和第5段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。注意關(guān)注段落特殊位置處的句子
（第4段）To find out, they measured （測度）how much effort （精力）Zebra finch parents put （投入）into raising（撫養(yǎng)） their babies. They compared（比較） single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each mum had two – supposedly the same amount of work.該段段首句說“為了弄清楚這這個問題，他們測量了斑胸草雀仔撫養(yǎng)孩子上投入了多少精力”，而接下來的一句說“他們把單親母親和父母雙親進(jìn)行比較，...”這是在具體描述實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的內(nèi)容。
（第5段）But single mums, they found, put in（投入） about 25 percent more effort than females rearing（撫養(yǎng)） with their mate（配偶）. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if their father is being lazy, and it’s the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer some of the cost of their conflict,” says Hartley.該段段首句說“但是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)單親母親在撫育孩子上投入的精力比有配偶的母親投入的精力多25%” ，這是研究者們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，而該段最后一句也是這些研究者特出的結(jié)論：后代為它們父母的沖突付出了一些代價(jià)， 因此判斷這兩個段落之間的關(guān)系是“實(shí)驗(yàn)和結(jié)論”之間的關(guān)系。
4 According to Hartley, which of the following NOT influenced by sexual(性別的) conflict?
A. the evolution(演變) of the offspring’s behavior
B. the look(樣子) of the offspring’s faces
C. the number of eggs produced by one offspring at a time(每次)
D the offspring’s body size(體型)
答案: D。
分析: 問題內(nèi)容仍然涉及到?jīng)_突，順著上一題的答案位置往下找，注意到被選項(xiàng)涉及到具體的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，利用被選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)短語結(jié)構(gòu)作為答案線索（A: behavior; B: face; C: eggs; D: body size）
“The offspring suffer some of the cost their conflict,” says Hartley.
（第6段）The cost does not show in any obvious（明顯的） decease in size or weight, but in how attractive （有吸引力的）they are to the opposite sex（異型）.該句說“（沖突所帶來的）代價(jià)不是表現(xiàn)在體型或體重上出現(xiàn)明顯的減少，而是表現(xiàn)在它們對異性吸引力” ... 因此判斷D（后代的體型）是答案。其實(shí)文章最后一段中直接涉及到前3個選項(xiàng)：
(最后一段)More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley’s statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behavior, clutch size (窩卵數(shù))and even appearance. 該句說“Hartley得出的結(jié)論更另人驚訝：他說沖突可能會對行為的進(jìn)化，窩卵數(shù)， 甚至外表產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的影響”， 因此判斷A，B，C 都不是答案。
5 According to the passage, people believe that a female’s reproductive（繁殖的） strategy（策略） is influenced by
A. an evolutionary （進(jìn)化的）driving force
B. a conflict of interests
C. ecological（生態(tài)的） factors
D the quality of the offspring
答案: C．
分析：利用問題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)reproductive strategy 作為答案線索，這樣在文章中找到答案相關(guān)句：（最后一段）A female’s reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account （把...考慮在內(nèi)）as well（也）.這兩個句子說“雌性的生殖策略杯通常認(rèn)為是受到打獵和食物供給的影響，Kilner說‘來自父母的沖突也應(yīng)該被考慮在內(nèi)’ ”。 文章第2段中提到“The findings shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary（進(jìn)化的） driving force as ecological（生態(tài)的） factors such as hunting and food supply.”（這些研究表明家庭沖突與諸如打獵和食物供給這些生態(tài)因素一樣是重要的進(jìn)化推動力。）該句表明hunting and food supply是ecological factors因此判斷C是答案。