Passage 3 問題解決型（地質(zhì)學文章）
提出問題No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view*1*4*6（-） supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature*1E under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising 理論一convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt*3*7A（比喻） (conveyor belt: n. 傳送帶) and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct（小+）: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a 優(yōu)點back-coupling互相掛鉤，互為因果, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.
On the other hand, the theory is implausible（大-） because（原因） convection does not normally occur along 缺點一lines*6A, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets (an abrupt bend in an object by which one part is turned aside out of line) or changes in direction, as the ridge is. 缺點二：不能適用于某個板塊Also（第二個原因） it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean*5D. This plate is growing on both sides*5, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if（欲擒故縱的反證法） the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the 理論二sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. 缺點：不能適用于另一個板塊Again it is difficult to see（-） how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.
Another possibility is that the 理論三sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive（+） because（原因） it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment*2*7B. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that（+） a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of（問題解決了） such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea*2B*7, and perhaps the North Sea.（跑題的延伸性內(nèi)容）
1. According to the traditional view*1（第一個觀點） of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?直接事實題
(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors
(B) Spreading of ocean trenches
(C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges
(D) Sinking of ocean basins（E）
(E) Differences in temperature*1E under oceans and continents
2. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments*2（最后一段） would be found in the
(A) Indian Ocean
(B) Black Sea*2B
(C) Mid-Atlantic
(D) South Atlantic（B）
(E) Pacific
3. The author refers to a “conveyor belt*3” in line 13 in order to舉例作用題（備選選項：illustrate和give an example of開頭的選項）
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling
(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
4. The author regards the traditional view*4（大-小+） of the origin of the oceans with態(tài)度題（混合評價的表達方法：由but和and連接的兩個不同方向的評價詞；由修飾詞限定的評價詞——本題）
(A) slight apprehension恐懼（極端）
(B) absolute indifference（過于中庸）
(C) indignant anger憤慨的憤怒（人身攻擊）
(D) complete（程度過強） disbelief
(E) guarded skepticism
5. According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides*5?直接事實題（細節(jié)，極難定位，沒時間可舍）
(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan
(B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge
(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge
(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge*5D
(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan
6. Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would most support the traditional view*6 of ocean formation?改善題（找理論一的缺點，取非）
(A) Convection usually occurs along lines*6A.
(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.
(C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.
(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.
7. According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea*7（最后一段） can best be compared to a信息題（有定位）ACDE無
(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt*7A（第一段）
(B) slowly settling foundation（Sediment*7B）
(C) rapidly expanding balloon
(D) violently erupting volcano
(E) slowly eroding mountain
8. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?主題題（內(nèi)容性，三出現(xiàn)做法：重要關鍵詞必須出現(xiàn)，細節(jié)和新內(nèi)容不能出現(xiàn)）
(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World（范圍過大）
(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation
(C) The Traditional View of the Oceans（細節(jié)）
(D) Convection and Ocean Currents（細節(jié)）（B）
(E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the World（細節(jié)）
提出問題No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view*1*4*6（-） supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature*1E under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising 理論一convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt*3*7A（比喻） (conveyor belt: n. 傳送帶) and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct（小+）: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a 優(yōu)點back-coupling互相掛鉤，互為因果, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.
On the other hand, the theory is implausible（大-） because（原因） convection does not normally occur along 缺點一lines*6A, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets (an abrupt bend in an object by which one part is turned aside out of line) or changes in direction, as the ridge is. 缺點二：不能適用于某個板塊Also（第二個原因） it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean*5D. This plate is growing on both sides*5, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if（欲擒故縱的反證法） the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the 理論二sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. 缺點：不能適用于另一個板塊Again it is difficult to see（-） how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.
Another possibility is that the 理論三sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive（+） because（原因） it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment*2*7B. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that（+） a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of（問題解決了） such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea*2B*7, and perhaps the North Sea.（跑題的延伸性內(nèi)容）
1. According to the traditional view*1（第一個觀點） of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?直接事實題
(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors
(B) Spreading of ocean trenches
(C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges
(D) Sinking of ocean basins（E）
(E) Differences in temperature*1E under oceans and continents
2. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments*2（最后一段） would be found in the
(A) Indian Ocean
(B) Black Sea*2B
(C) Mid-Atlantic
(D) South Atlantic（B）
(E) Pacific
3. The author refers to a “conveyor belt*3” in line 13 in order to舉例作用題（備選選項：illustrate和give an example of開頭的選項）
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling
(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
4. The author regards the traditional view*4（大-小+） of the origin of the oceans with態(tài)度題（混合評價的表達方法：由but和and連接的兩個不同方向的評價詞；由修飾詞限定的評價詞——本題）
(A) slight apprehension恐懼（極端）
(B) absolute indifference（過于中庸）
(C) indignant anger憤慨的憤怒（人身攻擊）
(D) complete（程度過強） disbelief
(E) guarded skepticism
5. According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides*5?直接事實題（細節(jié)，極難定位，沒時間可舍）
(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan
(B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge
(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge
(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge*5D
(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan
6. Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would most support the traditional view*6 of ocean formation?改善題（找理論一的缺點，取非）
(A) Convection usually occurs along lines*6A.
(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.
(C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.
(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.
7. According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea*7（最后一段） can best be compared to a信息題（有定位）ACDE無
(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt*7A（第一段）
(B) slowly settling foundation（Sediment*7B）
(C) rapidly expanding balloon
(D) violently erupting volcano
(E) slowly eroding mountain
8. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?主題題（內(nèi)容性，三出現(xiàn)做法：重要關鍵詞必須出現(xiàn)，細節(jié)和新內(nèi)容不能出現(xiàn)）
(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World（范圍過大）
(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation
(C) The Traditional View of the Oceans（細節(jié)）
(D) Convection and Ocean Currents（細節(jié)）（B）
(E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the World（細節(jié)）