Passage 9 新老觀點對比型（賣方定價）
Most（老觀點，但往下瀏覽很難找到轉折，只好從開頭往下讀） economists in the United States seem captivated迷戀 by the spell魅力 of the free market. Consequently（因此）, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with符合 the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter進一步說 (for that matter: so far as that is concerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers*4C seems pernicious*4有害的. Accordingly（因此）, it requires a major act of will需要下很大決心 to think of price-fixing賣方定價（如果自己的理解和文章的定義有差異，以文章定義為準） (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact（轉折，新觀點出現）, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies*1E*5 because the industrial system itself provides允許, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires*5B.（新觀點，主題句，以下是新觀點論據） Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence（因此）, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That（主語從句） each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories（老觀點的論據）. But（轉折，講新觀點的論據） each large firm*8 will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect*8A it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.第一個論據：企業(yè)在決策時要考慮到不能極大地減價——為了維持穩(wěn)定的市場需求，需要賣方定價
第二個論據：其他資本主義國家也搞賣方定價Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries*6 other than the United states. （以下講資本主義國家的共同特點）These economies employ intentional*6E有意識的，故意的 price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion*6E公開的方式. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there（虛擬語氣，=if there were不得不看） something peculiarly efficient about（=applicable to） the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have. （虛擬語氣用了一種欲擒故縱的反證法，經常用于閱讀和寫作中）
第三個論據：社會主義也有賣方定價Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970’s*7, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility*7D in adjusting prices that（定語從句，修飾flexibility） a more informal evolution has accorded（給，=given） the capitalist system. （把蘇聯和資本主義作類比）Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market（老觀點）. But（轉折，回歸新觀點，說明前一句還不能說明問題，下面的內容才是重要的） Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than兩者都不 are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題
(A) refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societies
(B) suggest methods by which economists and members of the government of the United States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms
(C) show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible but also mutually beneficial
(D) explain the various ways in which industrialized societies can fix prices in order to stabilize the free market（E）
(E) argue that price-fixing*1E, in one form or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society*1E主題句同義變換
2. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions about price-fixing?信息題（有定位）
I. What are some of the ways in which prices can be fixed?Cartel，蘇聯政府給企業(yè)靈活性來定價，等等
II. For what products沒提到過 is price-fixing likely to be more profitable that the operation of the free market?
III. Is price-fixing more common沒比過 in socialist industrialized societies or in non-socialist industrialized societies?
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
3. The author’s attitude toward “Most economists in the United States”（老觀點）(line 1) can best be described as態(tài)度題
(A) spiteful and envious怨恨的，嫉妒的（人身攻擊）
(B) scornful and denunciatory輕蔑的，攻擊的（人身攻擊）
(C) critical and condescending批評的，謙遜的（本題出得不太好）
(D) ambivalent矛盾的（過于中庸的，無態(tài)度的） but deferential恭敬的（C）
(E) uncertain（無態(tài)度的） but interested
4. It can be inferred from the author’s argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious”*4 (line 7) because直接事實題（問到直接因果關系）：老觀點有什么理由
(A) people do not have confidence in large firms
(B) people do not expect the government to regulate prices
(C) most economists believe that consumers as a group should determine prices*4C問到文中沒有的因果關系，把原話再說一遍
(D) most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies（C）
(E) most economists believe that no one group should determine prices
5. The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal*5 arises from the author’s statement that price-fixing is直接事實題：新觀點有什么理由
(A) a profitable result of economic development
(B) an inevitable result*5B of the industrial system做法同上題
(C) the result of a number of carefully organized decisions
(D) a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies（B）
(E) a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by government and industry
6. According to the author, price-fixing in non-socialist countries*6（第二個論據） is often直接事實題
(A) accidental but productive
(B) illegal but useful
(C) legal and innovative
(D) traditional and rigid（E）
(E) intentional and widespread*6E
7. According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s*7?
(A) Soviet firms show greater profit.
(B) Soviet firms have less control over the free market.
(C) Soviet firms are able to adjust to technological advances.
(D) Soviet firms have some authority*7D to fix prices.政府給了企業(yè)定價的權利（D）
(E) Soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.
8. With which of the following statements regarding the behavior of large firms*8（論據一） in industrialized societies would the author be most likely to agree?信息題（有定位）
(A) The directors of large firms will continue to anticipate*8A the demand for products.維持穩(wěn)定的市場需求
(B) The directors of large firms are less interested in achieving a predictable level of profit than in achieving a large profit.
(C) The directors of large firms will strive to reduce the costs of their products.
(D) Many directors of large firms believe that the government should establish the prices that will be charged for products.（A）
(E) Many directors of large firms believe that the price charged for products is likely to increase annually.
9. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with主題題（寫法性）
(A) predicting the consequences of a practice
(B) criticizing a point of view新老觀點對比型（找批評criticize、糾正correct、挑戰(zhàn)challenge、駁斥refute的說法）
(C) calling attention to recent discoveries
(D) proposing a topic for research（B）
(E) summarizing conflicting opinions
Most（老觀點，但往下瀏覽很難找到轉折，只好從開頭往下讀） economists in the United States seem captivated迷戀 by the spell魅力 of the free market. Consequently（因此）, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with符合 the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter進一步說 (for that matter: so far as that is concerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers*4C seems pernicious*4有害的. Accordingly（因此）, it requires a major act of will需要下很大決心 to think of price-fixing賣方定價（如果自己的理解和文章的定義有差異，以文章定義為準） (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact（轉折，新觀點出現）, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies*1E*5 because the industrial system itself provides允許, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires*5B.（新觀點，主題句，以下是新觀點論據） Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence（因此）, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That（主語從句） each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories（老觀點的論據）. But（轉折，講新觀點的論據） each large firm*8 will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect*8A it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.第一個論據：企業(yè)在決策時要考慮到不能極大地減價——為了維持穩(wěn)定的市場需求，需要賣方定價
第二個論據：其他資本主義國家也搞賣方定價Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries*6 other than the United states. （以下講資本主義國家的共同特點）These economies employ intentional*6E有意識的，故意的 price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion*6E公開的方式. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there（虛擬語氣，=if there were不得不看） something peculiarly efficient about（=applicable to） the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have. （虛擬語氣用了一種欲擒故縱的反證法，經常用于閱讀和寫作中）
第三個論據：社會主義也有賣方定價Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970’s*7, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility*7D in adjusting prices that（定語從句，修飾flexibility） a more informal evolution has accorded（給，=given） the capitalist system. （把蘇聯和資本主義作類比）Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market（老觀點）. But（轉折，回歸新觀點，說明前一句還不能說明問題，下面的內容才是重要的） Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than兩者都不 are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題
(A) refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societies
(B) suggest methods by which economists and members of the government of the United States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms
(C) show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible but also mutually beneficial
(D) explain the various ways in which industrialized societies can fix prices in order to stabilize the free market（E）
(E) argue that price-fixing*1E, in one form or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society*1E主題句同義變換
2. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions about price-fixing?信息題（有定位）
I. What are some of the ways in which prices can be fixed?Cartel，蘇聯政府給企業(yè)靈活性來定價，等等
II. For what products沒提到過 is price-fixing likely to be more profitable that the operation of the free market?
III. Is price-fixing more common沒比過 in socialist industrialized societies or in non-socialist industrialized societies?
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only（A）
(E) I, II, and III
3. The author’s attitude toward “Most economists in the United States”（老觀點）(line 1) can best be described as態(tài)度題
(A) spiteful and envious怨恨的，嫉妒的（人身攻擊）
(B) scornful and denunciatory輕蔑的，攻擊的（人身攻擊）
(C) critical and condescending批評的，謙遜的（本題出得不太好）
(D) ambivalent矛盾的（過于中庸的，無態(tài)度的） but deferential恭敬的（C）
(E) uncertain（無態(tài)度的） but interested
4. It can be inferred from the author’s argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious”*4 (line 7) because直接事實題（問到直接因果關系）：老觀點有什么理由
(A) people do not have confidence in large firms
(B) people do not expect the government to regulate prices
(C) most economists believe that consumers as a group should determine prices*4C問到文中沒有的因果關系，把原話再說一遍
(D) most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies（C）
(E) most economists believe that no one group should determine prices
5. The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal*5 arises from the author’s statement that price-fixing is直接事實題：新觀點有什么理由
(A) a profitable result of economic development
(B) an inevitable result*5B of the industrial system做法同上題
(C) the result of a number of carefully organized decisions
(D) a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies（B）
(E) a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by government and industry
6. According to the author, price-fixing in non-socialist countries*6（第二個論據） is often直接事實題
(A) accidental but productive
(B) illegal but useful
(C) legal and innovative
(D) traditional and rigid（E）
(E) intentional and widespread*6E
7. According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s*7?
(A) Soviet firms show greater profit.
(B) Soviet firms have less control over the free market.
(C) Soviet firms are able to adjust to technological advances.
(D) Soviet firms have some authority*7D to fix prices.政府給了企業(yè)定價的權利（D）
(E) Soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.
8. With which of the following statements regarding the behavior of large firms*8（論據一） in industrialized societies would the author be most likely to agree?信息題（有定位）
(A) The directors of large firms will continue to anticipate*8A the demand for products.維持穩(wěn)定的市場需求
(B) The directors of large firms are less interested in achieving a predictable level of profit than in achieving a large profit.
(C) The directors of large firms will strive to reduce the costs of their products.
(D) Many directors of large firms believe that the government should establish the prices that will be charged for products.（A）
(E) Many directors of large firms believe that the price charged for products is likely to increase annually.
9. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with主題題（寫法性）
(A) predicting the consequences of a practice
(B) criticizing a point of view新老觀點對比型（找批評criticize、糾正correct、挑戰(zhàn)challenge、駁斥refute的說法）
(C) calling attention to recent discoveries
(D) proposing a topic for research（B）
(E) summarizing conflicting opinions