TEXT G First read the question. 53. How does the author evaluate the theories on the origin of language in the passage? A. They are only speculations, up to now we have no way to disprove them. B. They all have flaws, but if combined, they can successfully explain the origin of human language. C. None of them is satisfactory. D. They have some explanatory power except that they are out-of-date. Now go through TEXT G quickly to answer question 53. The Origins of Language Apart from the rote miming of parrots and myna birds, no animal can speak a human-like language. Many animals make complex sounds, of course, among them dolphins and chimpanzees, but only in humans do these sound represent objects and events in an arbitrary yet symbolic way. Though the words vary from dialect to dialect, they have specific meanings in each case and are solely the inventions of the human mind. Since preserving the human voice was an innovation of modern times, the sounds voiced by our distant ancestors left no tangible trace. But by studying the size and shape of fossil hominid brains scientists can obtain a clue to the neural machinery that is necessary for the development and organization of language. The development of language was a slow and laborious process that seems to have begun with the forerunners of modern man, Homo erectus, some 1.5 million years ago. Studies of the cranial capacity of early man indicate that his brain possessed a left hemisphere (which in modern man is the seat of language) slight large than the right hemisphere. Homo erectus also had a well-developed frontal section of the brain, now known as Brocas Area, which coordinates the muscles of the mouth and throat that we use when we speak. Thus, early man was not hampered by a lack of speech apparatus; in fact, he possessed an anatomical structure capable of producing the entire spectrum of vocal effects available to us today. Whether or not he actually used it is unknown. In the total absence of any clue to the speech patterns of prehistoric man, scholars can offer only speculation about how language originated. Several theories have been in and out of vogue. The Bow-Wow Theory, as named and proposed by the German-born British philologist Friedrich Max Muller in 19th century, posits that language grew our of mans attempts to imitate natural sounds, as an infant calls a locomotive a choo-choo or a cow a moo. According to this suggestion, mans first utterances were onomatopoetic or echoic words that emulated the sounds of what was happening around him —— for example, thunder, bump, sneeze, splash, slosh, sizzle, moan, and mumble. The Pooh-pooh Theory holds that speech originated from the spontaneous exclamations and interjections of early humans: cries of fear, surprise, anger, pain, disgust, despair, and joy. The Yo-He-Ho theory suggests that language evolved form reflex utterances —— grunts, gasps, glottal contractions —— evoked by strenuous physical exertion, such as hacking up a carcass after a successful hunt or dragging a heavy log through underbrush. The Sing-Song Theory contends that human speech arose form primitive rhythmic chants associated with ritualistic dance. Standing alone, each of these theories has flaws, and even combined, their composite effect cannot account for the full complexity of human language. This is particularly true because language as we know it is more the product of the human mind than it is the product of the human vocal cords. At one time linguists believed that language originated merely to facilitate communication so that one individual could relate to another what the he or she should be doing next in the practical matters of daily life. Today, however, it is widely thought that language originated so that early man could think more effectively. For without the acquisition of words, and the structure of language to string them together in logical and meaningful order, there can be no such thing as complex human thought. This is evident in human languages most supreme attribute: its limitless creativity. Even today language grows at a rapid pace with the use of what words coined from technology or derivatives of old words attached to trends. Alone of all the creatures on earth, humans can say things that have never been said —— and still be understood. Animals can only repeat the same limited utterances over and over again, as their progenitors have done for millions of years. Mans accomplishment has bestowed on him the capacity to create something new ever time he speaks.
53. How does the author evaluate the theories on the origin of language in the passage?
A) They are only speculations, up to now we have no way to disprove them.
B) They all have flaws, but if combined, they can successfully explain the origin of human language.
C) None of them is satisfactory.
D) They have some explanatory power except that they are out-of-date.
TEXT H First read the questions. 54. If you want to sell a used color TV, you can call ____. A. 62429991 B. 1371801367 C. 59766119 D. 64748821 55. If you are proficient in Chinese water painting and need a part-time job, you can contact ____. A. at boycolour@hotmail.com B. at GMoates@aol.com C. at andylg@beer.com D. at xueyini@public4.sta.net.cn Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 55 and 55. If anyone has a copy of the latest Macintosh OS 8.5 would you mind sending me a note: reastman@uninet.com.cn? I have the following items for sale: computer IBM233, with fax/modem RMB5000. Hayes 33.6 voice/fax/modem RMB300, mobile Ericson 788 RMB2000. Contact: Franlin mail: mosterd@online.sh.cn pager: 54887 X 1936000. Our company is sourcing of rubbish bags for export, we need to contact with manufactures, we need quotations, and samples. Contact: Peter. E-mail: mosterd@online.sh.cn. Fax: 58604681 TV: We are looking for a used color TV in good condition …… please call 59766119. BP for sell: A Motorala Adividor Beeper for sell, in Chinese Characters. 54888 station. Asking for 400RMB. Please Contact 1272341383 or hsu2597@hotmail.com. DEHUMIDIFIER: 1 Air Dehumidifier PHILIPS, HR 4163/A, 430 W Power. For further information/inspection, feel free to contact us by email alexstr@uninet.com.cn or through fax 6262 0542 rmb. Would consider part exchange Call 1371801367. Used piano wanted: We like to buy a used Piano (not an upright one). Color black or white including bench. Xiaomei on 6270-9342, fax 6270-9341 Ruediger-kabas@homail.com. We speak English, German, Mandarin and Shanghainese. Baby Stuff For sale: All high quality German or Italian products in very good condition: Babystoller, with top and removable carrier, changeable to push chair, sterilizer, toys & anything a newborn baby needs. Xiaomei at 6270-9342, fax 6270-9341 Ruediger-kabas@homail.com. We speak English, German, Mandarin and Shanghainese. For sale: "Life Fitness" available, both commercial and consumer using, treadmil, exercising cycle, stair climber and strength machine O all certificated by ISO 9001. Frank at 138-179-1604 or Fax 6472-8821. For sale: A Hewlett Packard C30 "Photo Smart" Digital Camera, with a MS "Picture It! 99" CD, a HP 1 MP Digital Camera Photo Finishing Software CD, and a 200 rebate offer on purchase of a HP scanner. Never used, all this and more for a mere US 430 (what I paid for it). 6471-6459 or omega@fudan.edu.cn Moving Sale: Polar Bear distiller, manual treadmill, VCRs, 17in. TV, fax, 2-color ink jet printers, scanner, 2 childrens laminate bed sets, chest freezer, fridge …… 5897-3311 or Fax 5897-3322. TEACHING English-Chinese: A local girl is seeking a native English speaker as language exchange partner. Lin at hanazen@hotmail.com. English-Chinese: A software engineer, 24, male, smart, energetic and humorous, is looking for a foreigner to practice English in exchange of Chinese. Native English speaker is preferred. He can teach you many things other than Chinese. Email: andylg@beer.com. Japanese-Chinese: Seeking a native Japanese speaker who wants to practice his/her Mandarin with a Chinese girl. Yanmingli@hotmail.com. English-Chinese: Im looking for a language exchange partners to improve my English and your Chinese. Vannisa Bp: 53996 X 147185. English Teacher wanted: Shanghai lady, 25, is looking for an experienced native English speaking teacher for English lesson. British is better. Reasonable pay. Jasmine at jcXjB@hotmail.com Need a nice and patient girl to teach you Chinese? Call BP: 58315831 X 872262. I bet you will speak Chinese better than Shanghai people. Yoga/Chinese Water painting Tutor wanted: Contact me at xueyini@pulic4.sta.net.cn or 5874-8064. Only request you can speak a little English and the salary is quite reasonable. Painting Tutor: A young artist, speaking English, want to be your painting tutor to each sketch, watercolor and stylish art. boycolor@hotmail.com. Tai Chi Lessons wanted: Any information on where or when. Individual instructors are welcome. Email: GMoates@aol.com, or phone, Home: 6278-3435, Mobile: 137-184-4416. Free Lessons: on how to iron shirts, how to cook western style Chinese food, how to use Chinese taxi drivers to teach destinations, etc, for Englishman in Gubei. English language in return. 6270-5438 or green@dircon.co.uk. Introduction to Acupuncture & Chinese Medicine: Part-time course at the Shanghai University (TCM). Includes clinical practice and basic theories with certificate on completion. Contact by 20 June. Ingrid at 6472-1105 or charlottejane@yahoo.com.
54. If you want to sell a used color TV, you can call ____.
A) 62429991
B) 1371801367
C) 59766119
D) 64748821
55. If you are proficient in Chinese water painting and need a part-time job, you can contact ____.
A) at boycolour@hotmail.com
B) at GMoates@aol.com
C) at andylg@beer.com
D) at xueyini@public4.sta.net.cn
53. How does the author evaluate the theories on the origin of language in the passage?
A) They are only speculations, up to now we have no way to disprove them.
B) They all have flaws, but if combined, they can successfully explain the origin of human language.
C) None of them is satisfactory.
D) They have some explanatory power except that they are out-of-date.
TEXT H First read the questions. 54. If you want to sell a used color TV, you can call ____. A. 62429991 B. 1371801367 C. 59766119 D. 64748821 55. If you are proficient in Chinese water painting and need a part-time job, you can contact ____. A. at boycolour@hotmail.com B. at GMoates@aol.com C. at andylg@beer.com D. at xueyini@public4.sta.net.cn Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 55 and 55. If anyone has a copy of the latest Macintosh OS 8.5 would you mind sending me a note: reastman@uninet.com.cn? I have the following items for sale: computer IBM233, with fax/modem RMB5000. Hayes 33.6 voice/fax/modem RMB300, mobile Ericson 788 RMB2000. Contact: Franlin mail: mosterd@online.sh.cn pager: 54887 X 1936000. Our company is sourcing of rubbish bags for export, we need to contact with manufactures, we need quotations, and samples. Contact: Peter. E-mail: mosterd@online.sh.cn. Fax: 58604681 TV: We are looking for a used color TV in good condition …… please call 59766119. BP for sell: A Motorala Adividor Beeper for sell, in Chinese Characters. 54888 station. Asking for 400RMB. Please Contact 1272341383 or hsu2597@hotmail.com. DEHUMIDIFIER: 1 Air Dehumidifier PHILIPS, HR 4163/A, 430 W Power. For further information/inspection, feel free to contact us by email alexstr@uninet.com.cn or through fax 6262 0542 rmb. Would consider part exchange Call 1371801367. Used piano wanted: We like to buy a used Piano (not an upright one). Color black or white including bench. Xiaomei on 6270-9342, fax 6270-9341 Ruediger-kabas@homail.com. We speak English, German, Mandarin and Shanghainese. Baby Stuff For sale: All high quality German or Italian products in very good condition: Babystoller, with top and removable carrier, changeable to push chair, sterilizer, toys & anything a newborn baby needs. Xiaomei at 6270-9342, fax 6270-9341 Ruediger-kabas@homail.com. We speak English, German, Mandarin and Shanghainese. For sale: "Life Fitness" available, both commercial and consumer using, treadmil, exercising cycle, stair climber and strength machine O all certificated by ISO 9001. Frank at 138-179-1604 or Fax 6472-8821. For sale: A Hewlett Packard C30 "Photo Smart" Digital Camera, with a MS "Picture It! 99" CD, a HP 1 MP Digital Camera Photo Finishing Software CD, and a 200 rebate offer on purchase of a HP scanner. Never used, all this and more for a mere US 430 (what I paid for it). 6471-6459 or omega@fudan.edu.cn Moving Sale: Polar Bear distiller, manual treadmill, VCRs, 17in. TV, fax, 2-color ink jet printers, scanner, 2 childrens laminate bed sets, chest freezer, fridge …… 5897-3311 or Fax 5897-3322. TEACHING English-Chinese: A local girl is seeking a native English speaker as language exchange partner. Lin at hanazen@hotmail.com. English-Chinese: A software engineer, 24, male, smart, energetic and humorous, is looking for a foreigner to practice English in exchange of Chinese. Native English speaker is preferred. He can teach you many things other than Chinese. Email: andylg@beer.com. Japanese-Chinese: Seeking a native Japanese speaker who wants to practice his/her Mandarin with a Chinese girl. Yanmingli@hotmail.com. English-Chinese: Im looking for a language exchange partners to improve my English and your Chinese. Vannisa Bp: 53996 X 147185. English Teacher wanted: Shanghai lady, 25, is looking for an experienced native English speaking teacher for English lesson. British is better. Reasonable pay. Jasmine at jcXjB@hotmail.com Need a nice and patient girl to teach you Chinese? Call BP: 58315831 X 872262. I bet you will speak Chinese better than Shanghai people. Yoga/Chinese Water painting Tutor wanted: Contact me at xueyini@pulic4.sta.net.cn or 5874-8064. Only request you can speak a little English and the salary is quite reasonable. Painting Tutor: A young artist, speaking English, want to be your painting tutor to each sketch, watercolor and stylish art. boycolor@hotmail.com. Tai Chi Lessons wanted: Any information on where or when. Individual instructors are welcome. Email: GMoates@aol.com, or phone, Home: 6278-3435, Mobile: 137-184-4416. Free Lessons: on how to iron shirts, how to cook western style Chinese food, how to use Chinese taxi drivers to teach destinations, etc, for Englishman in Gubei. English language in return. 6270-5438 or green@dircon.co.uk. Introduction to Acupuncture & Chinese Medicine: Part-time course at the Shanghai University (TCM). Includes clinical practice and basic theories with certificate on completion. Contact by 20 June. Ingrid at 6472-1105 or charlottejane@yahoo.com.
54. If you want to sell a used color TV, you can call ____.
A) 62429991
B) 1371801367
C) 59766119
D) 64748821
55. If you are proficient in Chinese water painting and need a part-time job, you can contact ____.
A) at boycolour@hotmail.com
B) at GMoates@aol.com
C) at andylg@beer.com
D) at xueyini@public4.sta.net.cn