小品詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(1)
小品詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(2)
介詞in, on和at表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)和狀態(tài)的常用短語
人體部位和英語習(xí)語
一些短語的由來
成對(duì)的英語短語
小品詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(1)
在英語中，有動(dòng)詞和小品詞（up, down, in, out, on, off, over, away）構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語很多，有時(shí)很難猜出它們的意義，筆者收集了常見的動(dòng)詞短語, 通過分析小品詞的意義，對(duì)這一類的短語進(jìn)行分類，找出它們的規(guī)律，以便更好地掌握它們, 注意有些短語意義很接近, 這要結(jié)合例句和上下文掌握它們的用法。
1. up
1) 向上（toward or into a higher position）
lift ~ 舉起 climb ~ 爬上 come ~ 上升 get ~ 起來 stand ~ 站起來 pick ~ 檢起 draw ~ 升起
grow ~ 長(zhǎng)大 hand ~ 拖起 put ~ 舉起 send ~ 使上升 rise ~ 升起 look ~ 抬起頭 zip ~ 拉上
hold ~ 舉起 pile ~ 堆起 dig ~ 挖出 take ~ 拿起 build ~ 樹立 set ~ 建立
2) 完成，結(jié)束(expressing completeness and finality)
finish ~ 完成 drink ~ 喝干 eat ~ 吃光 burn ~ 燒光 wash ~ 洗凈 use ~ 用光 fill ~ 裝滿
pay ~ 付清 settle ~ 解決 lick ~ 甜凈 sum ~ 總結(jié)， open ~ 透露 end ~ 結(jié)束 let ~ 中止, 減少
draw ~ 停止 close ~ 停止，關(guān)閉 swallow ~ 吞沒 beat ~ 痛打 cover ~ 掩蓋 break ~ 結(jié)束，分解
wind ~ 結(jié)束
3) 離開，消滅(expressing separation and destroy)
break ~ 拆開，驅(qū)散cut ~ 切碎 split ~ 分裂 divide ~ 分割 smash ~ 搗毀 blow ~ 炸毀 wither ~ 枯死
tear ~ 撕碎 give ~ 放棄 fold ~ 垮臺(tái) dry ~ 枯竭，干涸crack ~ 撞壞 clutter ~ 使散亂 litter ~ 亂丟雜物
4) 增加，變強(qiáng)(to a state of greater activity, force, strength, power and degree.
(1). mount ~ 增加pick ~ 振作，加快pluck ~ 振作 turn ~ 開打，開大, 出現(xiàn) shake ~ 震驚 steam ~ 使發(fā)怒
stir ~ 激起，攪起ease ~ 放松 warm ~ 興奮 speak ~ 大聲說 heat ~ 變熱 total ~ 加總 tense ~ 緊張
gather ~ 收集 speed ~ 加速 screw ~ 振作 build ~ 增大 show ~ 顯現(xiàn) cheer ~ 振作起來stir ~ 刺激
work ~ 激動(dòng)，刺激
(2). 用在帶"-en"后綴的動(dòng)詞后（used after the verbs with suffix of -en）
brighten ~ 發(fā)亮 fatten ~ 發(fā)胖 freshen ~使新鮮 harden ~變硬 sharpen ~ 變快 smarten ~ 變精明
strengthen ~ 加強(qiáng)sweeten ~ 變甜 tighten ~ 使緊密 toughen ~ 使強(qiáng)壯soften ~ 變軟
5). 變好，改善( as to be better and proper)bring ~ 撫育 check ~ 核對(duì) clear ~ 清理，晴天clean ~ 整理
do ~ 整理 patch ~ 修理 polish ~ 擦亮, 改進(jìn)light ~ 點(diǎn)亮 tune ~ 調(diào)整 tidy ~ 整理 rub ~ 擦亮
train ~ 訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng) make ~ 化裝, 和解, 彌補(bǔ)buy ~ 囤積 figure ~ 計(jì)算 fix ~ 修理,整理 take ~ 從事
6) 關(guān)住，鎖緊，固定住(firmly, tightly and closely)
shut ~ 關(guān)閉 lock ~ 鎖住 tie ~ 栓住 chain ~ 鎖住 nail ~ 釘住 fasten ~ 系住 pin ~ 釘住 bind ~ 裝訂
bar ~ 關(guān)住 block ~ 堵塞 choke ~ 堵塞 save ~ 存起來 store ~ 貯藏 stock ~ 儲(chǔ)存 cover ~ 掩蓋 wrap ~ 包住
lay ~ 儲(chǔ)存 hold ~ 延誤 keep ~ 堅(jiān)持
7) 向說話人的方向（to the place where the speaker is）
go ~ run ~ rush ~ drive ~ walk ~ catch ~ swim ~ march ~ come ~
2. down
1) 向下的位置（to or into a lower position）
cast ~ 扔下 cut ~砍倒 get ~ 下來 hand ~ 傳下來 knock ~ 撞倒 lay ~ 放下 let ~ 放下 pour ~ 傾盆而下
pull ~ 拉下 set ~ 放下 sit ~ 坐下 step ~ 走下來 throw ~ 扔下 turn ~ 拆下 take ~ 取下 blow ~ 吹倒
bring ~ * hang ~ 垂下 sink ~ 沉落 slip ~ 失足 squat ~ 蹲下 swallow ~ 吞下 stoop ~ 伏身
splash ~ 飛濺而下 touch ~ 降落 bend ~ 彎下 bow ~ 鞠躬 kneel ~ 跪下 lie ~ 躺下 strip ~ 脫下
2) 減少（強(qiáng)度，量和體積）(a decrease in intensity, amount, bulk)
dwindle ~ 減少 die ~ 變?nèi)?，逐漸停止go ~ 平靜下來 mark ~ 削減 hold ~ 壓低 burn ~ (火)減弱, 燒壞
slow ~ 慢下來 burn ~ 燒掉 wash ~ 沖淡 clean ~ 弄干凈 rub ~ 擦干凈 bring ~ 降低 keep ~ 縮減
trim ~ 裁減 water ~ 沖淡 thin ~ 減少 run ~ 用光衰弱 wear ~ 削減，磨損come ~ 下跌 knock ~ 降價(jià)
3) 停止，減弱(to a state of less activity, force, strength and power)
close ~ 關(guān)閉 drop ~ 突然停止 break ~ 壞了，中止run ~ 停止 settle ~ 平靜下來 cool ~ 冷靜下來
turn ~ 拒絕 die ~ 停止 lay ~ 失望 put ~ 鎮(zhèn)壓 4) 緊緊地，牢牢地(firmly, tightly) fasten ~ 系牢
chain ~ 鏈住，栓住clamp ~ 夾住 nail ~ 釘住 pin ~ 扣牢 hammer ~ 釘上 tie ~ 栓住 bind ~ 捆綁
draw ~ 停下來 5) 寫下，記下(on paper or in writing) write ~ 寫下 copy ~ 抄下 note ~ 記下
take ~ 記下 put ~ 記下 get ~ 記下 have ~ 寫下
3 on 1) 繼續(xù)(continuously)
carry ~ drive ~ fight ~ hold ~ keep ~ live ~ sleep ~ sing ~ walk ~ go ~ hurry ~ move ~
read ~ follow ~ struggle ~ insist ~ 堅(jiān)持
2) 連上，固定住，(in or into a state of being connected)
act ~ 對(duì)…起作用catch ~ 抓牢 come ~ 跟隨 count ~ 依賴 draw ~ 帶上，穿上fasten ~ 糾纏，抓牢
fit ~ 固定 get ~ 接近 paste ~ 粘住 turn ~ 打開 switch ~ 打開 pin ~ 釘住 put ~ 穿上 try ~ 試穿
pull ~ 穿上 hang ~ 不掛斷 build ~ 建立于 leave ~ 留住 take ~ 穿下 rely ~ 依靠 depend ~ 依靠
3) 向前，向上(forward, onward)
add ~ 加上 mark ~ 標(biāo)上 paint ~ 漆上 press ~ 向前 pass ~ 傳遞 send ~ 轉(zhuǎn)送 stamp ~ 蓋章于
get ~ 上車 hand ~ 傳送
4) 開始某活動(dòng)(in or into an active operation)
work ~ 從事 fall ~ 攻擊 hit ~ 突然向起 bring ~ 引起 get ~ 取得進(jìn)展 look ~ 旁觀, 觀看call ~ 拜訪
figure ~ 打算,希望 fix ~ 決心 get ~ 進(jìn)步, 友好相處pick ~ 批評(píng) plan ~ 打算 decide ~ 決定
reflect ~ 思考, 反思remark ~ 評(píng)論，議論settle ~ 決定 spur ~ 鼓勵(lì) urge ~ 督促
4. off
1) 離開(indicating departure)blow ~ 吹掉 drive ~ 擊退 get ~ 下車，動(dòng)身lift ~ 離開地面 make ~ 逃走
move ~ 離去 pack ~ 打發(fā)走 see ~ 送行 ship ~ 運(yùn)往 start ~ 動(dòng)身 send ~ 送行，解雇call ~ 叫走
let ~ 放出 take ~ 起飛 touch ~ 發(fā)射 give ~ 發(fā)出 clear ~ 走開 carry ~ 奪走
2) 去掉，斷開(indicating removal or disconnection)
cut ~ 切斷 tear ~ 扯掉 take ~ 拿走 chip ~ 切下 come ~ 脫落 cross ~ 除去 drop ~ 跌落 fall ~ 脫落
flick ~ 彈掉 peel ~ 剝掉 pull ~ 撕開 rub ~ 擦掉 scrape ~ 掛去 shave ~ 剃去 wash ~ 洗掉
shake ~ 抖落 throw ~ 扔開 rip ~ 扯開 turn ~ 關(guān)掉 strip ~ 脫去 switch ~ 關(guān)掉 take ~ 脫掉
shut ~ 關(guān)掉 wear ~ 磨損 go ~ 爆炸 break ~ 中斷
3) 完成，停止(indicating completion)
finish ~ 結(jié)束 pay ~ 付清 break ~ 停止，中斷send ~ 結(jié)束 leave ~ 停止 pass ~ 終止，停止
sign ~ 停止播音 wear ~ 消失， write ~ 注銷，購(gòu)銷bring ~ 完成 call ~ 取消 lay ~ 停止, 解雇
4) 著地(down to the ground)
fall ~ 落下 jump ~ 跳下 knock ~ 擊倒 slip ~ 滑倒
5. in
1) 進(jìn)入，向里(into, inside, indoors)
barge ~ 闖入 beat ~ 打進(jìn) break ~ 闖入,插嘴breathe ~ 吸入 burst ~ 闖入，打斷drop ~ 偶然拜訪
fall ~ 跌入 get ~ 插入，收進(jìn) knock ~ 打入 lead ~ 導(dǎo)入 let ~ 進(jìn)入，嵌入 move ~ 遷入 step ~ 走進(jìn)
settle ~ 遷入 smuggle ~ 偷偷運(yùn)進(jìn)cut ~ 插嘴 call ~ 來訪 draw ~ （火車）進(jìn)站intervene ~ 介入
involve ~ 卷入
2) 包圍，關(guān)閉(to be surrounded, or enclosed)
close ~ 包圍，封閉lock ~ 禁閉 shut ~ 關(guān)進(jìn) wall ~ 圍住
3) 加入，記入(to be added, or included)
book ~ 登記 check ~ 簽到 count ~ 記入 fill ~ 填入 hand ~ 交上 take ~ 吸收 send ~ 呈交
6. out
1) 向外（away from the inside, outside）
keep ~ 使在外 take ~ 拿出 put ~ 放出，伸出come ~ 長(zhǎng)出， bring ~拿出 bar ~關(guān)在外 breathe ~ 呼吸出
eat ~ 出去吃 get ~ 弄出 go ~ 出去 lay ~ 擺開，展示lock ~ 關(guān)在外面 look ~ 向外看 move ~ 搬出
point ~指出 pour ~ 訴說 pull ~ 拉出 ship ~ 運(yùn)出 stick ~伸出 spit ~ 吐出 beat ~ 敲出 knock ~ 敲出
dine ~ 外出吃飯 drive ~ 駕車外出 leak ~ 漏出 draw ~ 拉出 see ~ 送出門去 draw ~ 出站 let ~ 放出, 釋放
2) 結(jié)束，消失，取消(to or at an end, not to be there or not to exist)
burn ~ 燒盡，燒斷clear ~ 清除 dust ~ 清除 fade ~ 消失 put ~ 撲滅 run ~ 用完 use ~ 耗盡
give ~ 耗盡 comb ~ 淘汰 kick ~ 逐出 wipe ~ 消滅 die ~ 滅絕 rub ~ 擦掉 blot ~ 除去
blow ~ 吹熄 bleach ~ 漂白 carry ~ 完成，執(zhí)行l(wèi)eave ~ 省去 see ~ 完成 go ~ 熄滅
come ~ 罷工，結(jié)果cut ~ 刪去，停止hold ~ 堅(jiān)持到底 sell ~ 買完 tire ~ 筋疲力盡 wear ~ 磨損
3) 大聲（in a loud voice, aloud）
sing ~ cry ~ shout ~ call ~ ，喊，申斥 spell ~ speak ~ scream ~ read ~ yell ~ sob ~ burst ~ 咆哮
4) 分發(fā)，傳開(to a number of people or in all directions)
give ~ 分發(fā) spread ~ 傳開 set ~ 出發(fā) hand ~ 分發(fā) share ~ 分配 divide ~ 分配 call ~ 出動(dòng)
start ~ 出發(fā) send ~ 發(fā)送 break ~ 爆發(fā)，逃脫serve ~ 分發(fā)口糧 drop ~ 離開,退出
5) 搞清，弄明白(in or into notice and clearness)
find ~ 找出 figure ~ 算出，解決make ~ 弄清 count ~ 點(diǎn)清 come ~ 出版，出現(xiàn)catch ~ 看出 carry ~ 完成，
bear ~ 證明 bring ~ 發(fā)表，說出fill ~ 使完全, 添滿write ~ 寫出
7. over
1) 向下(downwards from an upright position)
knock ~ 撞倒 turn ~ 翻轉(zhuǎn) fall ~ 臉朝下跌倒trip ~ 拌倒 bend ~ 伏身 look ~ 從…上面看
2) 自始至終，通過, 重復(fù)(from beginning to end, through, again and again)
look ~ 調(diào)查 think ~ 考慮 see ~ 查看 run ~ 匆匆看 talk ~ 商量 call ~ 點(diǎn)名 read ~ 讀一遍
go ~ 復(fù)習(xí) do ~ 重復(fù) glance ~ 瀏覽 skip ~ 略過 ponder ~ 思考
3) 向上，向外，(indicating motion upwards or outwards)
run ~ 溢出 spill ~ 溢出 boil ~ 因沸溢出 throw ~ 嘔吐
小品詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(2)
4) 經(jīng)過(from one side to the other, across a space or distance)
jump ~ climb ~ come ~ go ~ swim ~ pass ~ walk ~ move ~ fly ~ run ~
5) 結(jié)束，完成(finished, at an end)
get ~ 結(jié)束，熬過 stand ~ 延期 stop ~ 逗留 hang ~ 延期 throw ~ 拋棄 go ~ 看完 leave ~ 剩下
6) 轉(zhuǎn)變，改變(indicating transference and change)
hand ~ 移交 take ~ 接管 buy ~ 收買 come ~ 過來 get ~ 戰(zhàn)勝，克服 gain ~ 爭(zhēng)取過來 win ~ 爭(zhēng)取過來
switch ~ 轉(zhuǎn)交 turn ~ 變動(dòng)，交付 make ~ 移交
7)由于 (because of)
cry ~ 因…哭 laugh ~ 笑… fuss ~ 因…著急
8. away
1) 離開(to a distance, to another place)
go ~ 走開 run ~ 跑開 walk ~ 走開 ride ~ 開走 move ~ 移開 take ~ 拿走 carry ~ 運(yùn)走 clear ~ 收走
draw ~ 拉走 get ~ 逃走，離開 put ~ 收起來 break ~ 逃脫 come ~ 離開 keep ~ 不準(zhǔn)接近
2) 減少，減弱(indicating loss, lessening, weakening)
burn ~ 燒盡 brush ~ 刷掉 die ~ 消失 drain ~ 流走 melt ~ 融化 pass ~ 消失 rub ~ 擦掉 wash ~ 沖走
wipe ~ 擦掉 boil ~ 汽化
3) ( indicating separation, apart)
cut ~ 切掉 give ~ 贈(zèng)送 put ~ 拋棄，收起
介詞in, on 和at表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)和狀態(tài)的常用短語
在英語中介詞的使用頻率比較高，而介詞in, on和at 又是介詞中使用頻率比較高的詞，筆者收集了介詞in, on 和at表示
時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)和狀態(tài)的常見的短語, 請(qǐng)注意一些短語用不同的介詞，意義不同，有些區(qū)別不大。
意義
介詞
常用短語
時(shí)間time
in
in 1999, in 20 century, in a flash(瞬時(shí)), in a lucky hour(在幸運(yùn)時(shí)刻), in a minute, in a second, in a short time, in a while, in a wink(一瞬間) in advance(預(yù)先), in an emergency(在緊急地時(shí)候), in an evil hour(在不幸地時(shí)刻), in an instant, in ancient times, in broad day(在大白天), in course of, (在…期間), in December, in due course(及時(shí)地), in future, in good season(及時(shí)地), in no time(馬上), in one's childhood, in one's spare time, in one's teens, in one's youth, in recent years, in season(適時(shí)), in seconds(在很短的時(shí)間), in some cases(有時(shí)候), in spring, in the afternoon, in the beginning, in the daytime, in the end, in the evening, in the future, in the long run(最后), in the meantime, in the morning, in the nick of time(在緊急關(guān)頭), in the night, in the past, in the thick of (在最激烈的時(shí)刻), in the thick of(在最激烈的時(shí)刻), in this period, in those days, in time of war, in time，
on
on a certain day, on a sudden(突然), on a winter morning, on Christmas Day, on night shift, on one's birthday, on schedule(按時(shí)), on Sunday, on that date, on the eve of, on the following day, on the instant(馬上), on the moment(立刻), on the Monday morning, on the New Year's Eve, on the next morning, on the point of(正在…時(shí)候), on the spur of the moment(立刻) on this day, on this occasion, on time,
at
at a time(在某時(shí)), at a wedding(婚禮), at all times(一直), at any moment, at any time, at Christmas, at dark (天黑時(shí)), at dawn(在黎明), at daybreak, at dinner-time, at dusk(在黃昏), at Easter, at first sight,(一見到), at first, at last, at midnight, at night, at nightfall, at noon, at present, at six clock, at sunrise, at sunset, at that moment, at that time, at the age of, at the beginning of , at the correct time, at the end of, at the last minute, at the moment, at the present stage at the same time, at the stage(眼下) at the start, at the time being, at the time of, at the very start, at this point(此時(shí)), at this season, at this time of day, at times(有時(shí)）
地點(diǎn)place
in
in a car, in a queue, in advance of (在…前面), in all the direction, in appearance, in corners(在角落里) in doors, in front (of), in good light(在光線好的地方), in heaven, in place(position)(在適當(dāng)?shù)匚恢?, in places(處處), in port(在港內(nèi)), in public places, in shore(靠岸), in society, in the air(在空中) in the bank, in the book(書的內(nèi)容里), in the centre(在中央), in the countryside, in the distance(在遠(yuǎn)處那邊), in the east of(在…東部) in the east, in the fields, in the film, in the front rank(在前列), in the front row, in the lab, in the letter(信的內(nèi)容), in the middle of, in the moonlight, in the newspaper(報(bào)紙的內(nèi)容里), in the open air(在戶外), in the open(在野外), in the picture, in the rain, in the room, in the shade of, in the sky, in the suburbs of, in the sunshine, in the tree, in the universe, in the vicinity of(在附近), in the warm(在暖和的地方) in the world, in(on) the bus, in(on) the street,
on
on board (在船上) on camera(出現(xiàn)在電視上), on campus, on deck(在甲板上), on earth, on high(在高處), on land, on the bank, on the beach, on the borders, on the ceiling, on the coast, on the committee, on the corner(在拐角處), on the east of(在…的東面) on the farm, on the first floor, on the football field, on the (play)ground, on the horizon, on the island, on the left/right,. on the market, on the page 12, on the railway line, on the river, on the road, on the roof, on the sea, on the shore, on the side of, on the team, on the track(在軌道上), on the water(在水面上), on top of, on(in) the wall,
at
at a bookshop, at a distance(在遠(yuǎn)處), at that place, at the airport, at the back of, at the base of, at the bottom of, at the centre (of)(在中心), at the corner, at the crossroads, at the desk(在書桌旁), at the door, at the edge of, at the end of, at the foot of, at the front, at the gate, at the head of, at the meeting, at the mine(在礦山), at the party, at the place, at the pub, at the rear of, at the seaside, at the station, at the stop, at the top of, at the window, at(in) the cinema, at(in) the library, at(in) the office, at(in) the village, at(on) the weekend
狀態(tài)state
in
in progress(在進(jìn)行中), in a dilemma(處于進(jìn)退兩難的境地), in a hurry, in a tight corner(處于困難中), in action(在行動(dòng)中), in an emergency, (處于緊急情況中), in anxiety, in astonishment, in bad mood(心情不好), in bad temper(心情不好，生氣), in bed, in blossom(bloom) (在開花 ), in bonds(在拘留中), in chains(在囚禁中), in charge(看管), in church, in class, in collision(在沖突中), in commission (在服役), in condition(健康情況良好), in confusion (在混亂中), in control (of), in court(出庭), in custody(拘留), in danger, in debt(負(fù)債), in deep water(s)(處于困境), in demand(有需求) in despair, in difficult, in dispute(在爭(zhēng)論), in doubt, in employment, in exile(在流放), in fear and trembling(提心吊膽), in flight(飛行), in flood, in full blossom(開著花), in good condition, in good health, in high spirits, in horror, in hospital, in isolation. in love, in motion, in need (of) in operation(在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)), in order(狀態(tài)良好), in panic, in peace(平安)(at peace和平), in peril(處于危險(xiǎn)), in place, in power, in practice(在實(shí)踐中), in preparation, in process(在進(jìn)行中), in production, in progress(前進(jìn)，進(jìn)行中), in pursuit(在追趕中), in question(正被討論), in rehearsal(在彩排), in retirement(退休), in retreat(在撤退) in sail(張著帆) in secret, in service, in session(在會(huì)議中), in short supply, in silence, in sorrow, in stock(有庫存) in store(儲(chǔ)藏著) in succession, in surprise, in suspension(懸浮中) in tears(流著淚) in the field(在作戰(zhàn)), in the press(在印刷), in the red(負(fù)債), in the same boat(處境相同), in the works(在計(jì)劃中), in thought, in trade, in triumph, in trouble, in use, in view(被考慮), in wonder, in work(有工作), in work, in(at) college, in(at) school, in(at) university,
on
on a diet(在節(jié)食), on a picnic, on a trip, on a vacation trip, on a visit, on a voyage, on a walk, on approval, on bended knees(跪著) on business, on call (待命) on credit(賒帳), on display, on drill(在訓(xùn)練), on duty, on exhibition, on fire, on foot, on good terms(友好), on guard, on hire(出租) on holiday, on leave, on loan(出借), on offer(出售中), on one's day(在最興旺的日子), on one's guard(警惕) on one's honeymoon, on one's knees, on one's mind(惦念), on one's own time(在非工作時(shí)間), on one's round(出診) on order(已訂購(gòu)), on parade(在*), on patrol(巡邏) on sale(待售) on sale, on show, on stream(在生產(chǎn)中) on the air(在廣播), on the alert(提防), on the ebb(在退潮), on the feed(在進(jìn)食), on the fly(在飛行中), on the increase/decrease(在增長(zhǎng)/下降中), on the job(工作著) on the listen(在注意聽), on the lurk(暗中行動(dòng)), on the march(行軍中), on the move(在活動(dòng)中) on the phone(在打電話) on the quiet(秘密地) on the rise(在上漲), on the run(跑這), on the spot(在危險(xiǎn)中，當(dāng)場(chǎng)), on the strike, on the turn(在轉(zhuǎn)變中) on the watch(守侯著), on the way(在途中), on the way, on tour, on trial, on vacation, on view(展覽著), on watch(值班),
at
at a disadvantage(處不利地位), at a lecture, at a run(跑著), at breakfast, at call(隨叫隨到), at church, at dinner, at ease(悠閑自得), at feed, at gaze, at grass， at graze,(在吃草) at hand(在手邊), at high/low(處于高潮/低潮中), at issue(在爭(zhēng)論中), at large(未被捕), at leisure (空閑著), at meals, at peace, at play, at rest, at school, at stake(處在危險(xiǎn)中), at study, at table(在吃飯), at the bar(受到公開審問), at the meeting, at the piano, at the wheel(在駕車), at war, at work，
本文發(fā)表在《英語考試向?qū)А冯s志上。
人體部位和英語習(xí)語
摘選、注釋
1. Head
The head is thought to be the most important part of the human body. So a leader is often compared to a head (首腦).
Thus we have Head of State or the head of a delegation.
The head is where the brain is located. It is naturally associated with ideas and intelligence. Very often, we need
other people's ideas and opinions when we want to do something well. The is because two heads are better
than one (三個(gè)臭皮匠頂個(gè)諸葛亮).
2. Eye
The eyes are extremely precious to us. That is why we say" Mind your eye (當(dāng)心)! when we reminding someone to be careful.
Not only human beings and animals have eyes, many things also have" eyes"- the eyes of a ship, the eye of a needle, the eye of a typhoon, and so on.
3. Ear
The ear is the organ of hearing. A piece of light music is easy on the ear. (悅耳動(dòng)聽). We are usually all ears (專心聆聽) for bit news.
When they think somebody is overhearing, English people use either of the two proverbs: Walls have ears (隔墻有耳) and
Pitchers have ears (壺罐有耳). They also think that little pitchers have big ears（小孩子耳朵尖）. Nice boys and girls respect other
people. They will not secretly listen to others' private conversations.
4. Nose
The English phrase "face to face (面對(duì)面)" and its Chinese counterpart（對(duì)應(yīng)） are exactly the same. But English people, to express
the same idea, can say nose to nose instead. There is no such substitute in Chinese.
The word nose appears in many idioms. Here are two which are quite similar to their Chinese equivalents: lead somebody
by the nose (牽著某人的鼻子走) and turn up one's nose at somebody or something (對(duì)某人或某物嗤之一鼻）.
English people can say as plain as the nose in one's face (一清二楚) to mean "very obvious". May be to them, the nose is
the most conspicuous part of the face.
5. Lip
We have two lips: the upper lip and the lower lip. If one's two lips are closed, one cannot speak. So it goes without saying
that "don't open your lips (不要開口)" means " don't speak".
His lips are sealed. Are his lips really stuck together by wax or glue? No, his lips are sealed when asked about something
that he must keep secret. Sometimes a top secret is betrayed because it has escaped someone's lips (脫口而出). Then the
incident may become a piece of news that is on everybody's lips (眾口相傳).
6. Tongue
We all know we cannot speak without the tongue. So the tongue is closely related to speech. To hold one's tongue (保持沉默)
means "to keep silent". A person who has too much tongue (太多嘴) is disliked by all, for he is too talkative. Mother tongue is not the tongue of a
mother: it is a person's native language.
"Don't you have a moth below your nose (你鼻子底下不是有張嘴嗎)?" The Chinese say so to blame a person who did not say
what he should have said. But this not the right way to express the idea in English. English people would say, "You have a
tongue in your head, haven't you?"
7. Face
Face has to do with the idea of respect and dignity both in Chinese and English. You lose your face (丟面子) if you fail again and
again, but a decisive victory will save your face (挽回面子) after all your failures.
When you feel unhappy, you pull a long face (拉長(zhǎng)臉). The idea is conveyed in Chinese in the same way. But "about face (向后轉(zhuǎn))" does
not refer to the face. It is a military order to turn round and face in the opposite direction. It is the exact equivalent of " about turn".
8. Shoulder
The shoulders can bear heavy things. Your father has a great responsibility for the family on his shoulder. When faced with
difficulty, the family should stand shoulder to shoulder (肩并肩) to overcome it. You should not turn a cold shoulder (不理睬) to your
family members. Nor should you give your friends the cold shoulder (冷落朋友). Both expressions mean treating others coldly.
9. Back
A good host is hospitable to his guests. But, if guest is tiresome, the host is glad to see his back (他離開).
If your friend has done something really well, you may give him a pat on the back (輕輕拍背部) to show your appreciation.
If you turn your back on somebody (不理睬他人), you mean you do not like making friends with that person.
10. Heart
The heart is an extremely important organ inside the chest. It usually stands for something important or the centre of
something, for example, the heart of the matter (問題的核心) or the heart of mystery.
Many other expressions make use of the word heart. A lover can be called a sweet heart (情人). The Purple Heart
(紫心徽章) is a medal given as an honor to American soldiers wounded in battle.
If your friend is in trouble, you may encourage him by saying "Don't lose heart (不要灰心)."
11. Stomach
The stomach is naturally related to one's appetite. If you dislike heavy food, you have no stomach for it (反胃). The
word is also related to one's interests or likings. If you find something boring or vulgar, you have no stomach for
it, either. Bad food turns your stomach. Similarly, your stomach turns at a bad joke.
Stomach can also be a verb. Look at this example: "How could you stomach (忍受) such rude words?" Apparently,
stomach here can be replaced by "tolerate".
12. Arm
Every person has two arms: the right arm and the left arm. The right arm is usually stronger, so we call a good
helper the right arm (得力助手).
We all know an arm is not very long. But when you keep someone at arm's length (保持距離), the distance is long
enough. For that means you don not like that person and you try your best to avoid him or her. We should indeed
keep the bad friends at arm's length.
13. Hand
Quite a number of phrases formed form the word hand are very similar to their Chinese counterparts. Here are
some obvious examples: a fresh hand (新手), short of hands (人手短缺), hand in hand (手拉手) and wash one's hands
of something (洗手不干了). But do not always take this for granted. Study these examples and you will understand.
He lives from hand to mouth (He has just enough money to live on). We gave them a big hand (We gave them lots of applause).
14. Finger
How many fingers does each of your hands have? Now let's name them in English from the smallest: the little finger, the ring finger
, the middle finger, the index finger and thumb.
Each finger has its own part to play. If your fingers are all thumbs (笨拙), that is too bad. That means you are very
clumsy.
15. Thumb
Chinese people turn up their thumbs to express appreciation. English people do so to express not only appreciation
but also approval. Chinese people never turn their thumbs down to mean anything. But English people do. They do
so to show depreciation disapproval. Thus in English you can say, "We turn thumbs up (贊成) to Jack's suggestion but
they turn thumbs down (不贊成) to it."
Similarly, you can warmly praise someone by saying "Thumbs up (真棒)!" and show your dissatisfaction by saying "Thumbs
down (差勁)!"
16. Skin
Most people will only think of the hair on our head when the word hair is mentioned. In fact, some animals and plants also have hair.
A horrible scene may make a person's hair stand on end (毛骨悚然). But a courageous person will not turn a hair (不畏懼)
even though he is in face of danger.
Sometimes, a friend of yours may be so angry that he may act foolishly. Then you had better give him this advice:
"Keep your hair on (別發(fā)脾氣)".
Selected from the book The Human Body by Huang Juanhua
一些短語的由來
摘選 注釋
1. What does the Rx on doctor's prescriptions mean?
Two things about prescriptions(處方) haven't changed since your great-grandparent's day: the handwriting is almost
impossible to read and there's always that mysterious "Rx" at the top. We don't know why doctors are unable to
master penmanship (書法)after all those years of education. But we do know something about that cryptic( 神秘的)Rx.
There are two schools of thought. One has it that Rx is short for the Latin word for recipe, since druggists used to make
medicines from raw ingredients(成分). The other answer is that Rx was a corruption(訛誤) either of the astrological( 占星的)
sign for Jupiter of the sign for the ancient Egyptian god Horus, calling on those gods for healing. Now if there was only an
ancient god for penmanship.
2. Why is the abbreviation for pound "lb.?"
If everything in the world were logical, this abbreviation would probably be "po." or "pd." But then "post office" and
"paid" would have to find new abbreviations. Actually, the abbreviation "lb." for pound isn't illogical, it just isn't English.
In ancient Rome, things were measured or weighed against standardized units. To weigh something, you put it in a
pan on a balancing scale(天平) and placed objects called "pondos" (from which we get the word "pounds") in the other
pan until everything balanced. The abbreviation "lb." comes not from the pondos used to calculate the weight, but from
the scale itself. The scale's Latin name is "libra", easily abbreviated "lb".
3. Why is kidding someone "pulling their leg?"
The expression originated a hundred years ago in Scotland, where it had the harsher(生硬的 )meaning of making a
complete fool of someone. The connection to pulling a person's leg is that it would throw them off balance and trip
them up, making them look bumbling(裝模作樣的), awkward, and foolish. Over time the meaning softened, becoming
more good-natured. But don't do it too much to anyone or, as another saying goes, you could leave them without a
leg to stand on.
4. Where do we get the expression, "go to town?"
In the nineteenth century, most people lived in the country. They went to town to have fun, get some culture, maybe
take care of business, go to church, socialize, or go shopping. It's what many of them did right after their once-a-week
bath. So the expression "go to town" came to mean something special, done in a big way, with lots of enthusiasm
and excitement, pulling out all the stops and sparing no expense.
5. Where do we get the expression, "dead as a doornail?"
In the past you didn't push anything to announce yourself: you pounded(敲打). Doors back then were thick and visitors
used a knocker (門環(huán))to bang on a metal plate on the door to get attention. Doornails held this target in place. If you
were popular and had a lot of callers--hopefully not all bill collectors--the doornails would take their share of
abuse(濫用). Eventually they got pretty mashed(磨壞的), giving rise to the expression, "dead as a . . ." Well, you know.
6. Why are those computer users called "hackers"?
Use of the word "hacker"(黑客)to describe a computer programmer (程序員)comes from the sports world, where it means "an
athlete who enthusiastically pursues a sport." Though most people use the word in reference to programmers who
wreak(發(fā)泄) technical havoc(大破壞) or gain illegal entry to computer systems, now it refers to anyone with an understanding
of computers can be called hacker. "Cracker(解密高手)," they say, is the correct word for malicious (懷惡意的)programmers.
7. Why is a dismissed employee said to be "sacked"?
In the 17th century, craftsmen and artisans(工匠) brought their own tools to work, storing them in a sack. If the boss wanted to dismiss
one of these workers, he would often give him his sack. The implication being that he should put his tools in the sack and leave the shop.
Today, you don't have to be an artisan or a craftsman to "get the sack." Even the boss can be "sacked."
8. What does S O S stand for?
Believe it or not, S O S, the international distress(遇難) signal, doesn't stand for anything. Some people think that it stands for
"Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls," but it's just not true. Those famous three letters don't stand for a thing. In fact,
they were only chosen to indicate distress because they're easy to communicate in Morse code: three dots, three
dashes, three dots.
9.Why do we bother to abbreviate "at" with @?
Email has made a celebrity(出名) out of this little symbol that looks like an "a" figure skating. But why abbreviate something as
short as "at?" Blame the medieval(中世紀(jì)) monks(道士). Inscribing(寫) everything by hand on scarce parchment(羊皮紙), they
took every short cut they could. But long after words like "ye" got dumped(倒) into the linguistic(語言學(xué)的) dustbin, @ just kept on going
. Its continued existence was insured when several early typewriter manufacturers trying to impress commercial clients, added it as a shift
-key character. Then, in 1971, when a programmer needed a character to separate names from addresses on early email, there it was.
10.Why do we call police officers cops or coppers?
Cop comes from the Latin, capere, meaning "to take". Cop, which entered English in the Middle Ages, meant to grab, capture, or snatch
something. A criminal can "cop" (swipe, steal) an object from a store, and the police can also grab, or cop him. This is also how we get the
phrase, "to cop a plea," to avoid a long sentence by taking advantage, or grabbing at, the chance to plead guilty to a lesser offense.
11.How did that military vehicle get to be called a tank?
Did you ever stop to think of how strange it is that we call that formidable fighting machine on treads, with its canon, machine guns and
armor, a "tank," as if it were filled with water? That's an amazingly benign name for such a powerful weapon. As it turns out, the name
was meant to sound incongruous( 不協(xié)調(diào)的)with the thing itself. It was used by the British as a code name for their new
armored vehicles in World War I. They wanted to preserve the element of surprise, and so they referred to it by this
innocuous(無害的) name, which surprisingly took hold and has lasted through the present.
From DICTIONARY OF WORD AND PHRASE ORIGINS
成對(duì)的英語短語
在英語當(dāng)中兩個(gè)近義和相對(duì)的詞用and或or連接構(gòu)成成對(duì)的英語短語，它們經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在一起，因此它們的位置固定下來，
有些同漢語的位置相同，有些同漢語不同，意義上有的和漢語相同，少量的同漢語有些差別，下面是筆者收集的一些此
類的短語。
1. 同漢語位置相同的短語
aches and pains痛苦 affable and kind和善
ancient and modern古今 arts and science文理
bag and baggage提包和行李 black and white黑白
bucket and spade 桶和鍬 brothers and sisters兄妹
bow and arrow弓和箭， bread and butter面包和黃油
crack and roar咆哮 cup and saucer杯子碟子
drunk and sober酒漢與清醒者 fair and square公正
far and away遠(yuǎn)離 far and near遠(yuǎn)近
fire and sword火與箭 first and foremost首先
first and last先后 fish and chips炸魚和薯?xiàng)l
free and easy輕松自在 friend and foe朋友和敵人
forward and backward 前后 fun and pleasure娛樂
wife and children妻子和兒童 good or ill好歹(善惡)
great and small大小 hale and hearty健壯
ham and egg火腿雞蛋 hammer and sickle錘子與鐮刀
hand an foot手腳 head and shoulder頭與肩
heart and soul心靈 heaven and earth天地
heavy and light重輕 high and low高低
hill and dale山谷 home and abroad 國(guó)內(nèi)外
horse and cart馬車 house and home家居
hue and cry喊叫 husband and wife夫妻
hustle and bustle熙熙攘攘， ifs and buts假設(shè)和轉(zhuǎn)折
in and out進(jìn)出 whole and all全體
import and export進(jìn)出口 internal and external內(nèi)外
judge and jury法官與陪審團(tuán), king and queen國(guó)王與皇后
ladies and gentlemen女士與先生 knife and pork刀叉
kith and kin親戚 land and sea陸海
law and order治安 lean and lanky瘦長(zhǎng)
leaps and bounds跳躍 light and shade光陰
long and short長(zhǎng)短 lord and lady貴族與小姐
male and female男女 man and beast人與獸
man and woman男女 meek and mild溫和
sweet and sour糖醋 more or less或多或少
mother and child母子 null and void無效
odds and ends零碎 officers and soldiers官與兵
old and trial久經(jīng)考驗(yàn) Oxford and Cambridge牛津劍橋
out and away出走 past and present過去與現(xiàn)在
weight and measures重量與尺寸 pick and choose選擇
pots and pans壇壇罐罐 puffing and blowing吐煙吹氣氣
profit and loss盈虧 pros and cons正反
rack and ruin損壞 right and wrong正誤
rough and tumble雜亂 rules and regulations規(guī)章制度
true or false真假 safe and sound安全
short and sweet少而精 skin and bone皮包骨
slow and sure慢而準(zhǔn) sooner and later早晚
sports and games運(yùn)動(dòng)與游戲 stocks and shares股票
stuff and nonsense胡說八道 tea and coffee清茶和咖啡
then and there當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)?thick and thin厚薄
this and that這那 thunder and light雷電
time and tide歲月 to and fro來回
town and country鄉(xiāng)村 twists and turns曲折
up and down上下 ups and downs盛衰
vice and virtue罪惡與美德 ways and means方法
wear and tear磨損 wind and weather風(fēng)與天
come and go 來去 poems and essays 詩文
2. 同漢語的位置不相同的短語
back and forth前后 bed and breakfast食宿
cap and gown(coat)衣帽 fire and water水火
flesh and blood骨肉 heat and cold冷熱
heavy and light輕重 iron and steel鋼鐵
land and water水陸 love and money金錢與愛情
might and main主力 night and day白晝
north and south南北 off and on開關(guān)
old and grey蒼老 old and new新舊
one and only pen and paper紙和筆
rain or shine陰晴 rich and poor,窮富
right and left左右 sword and shield劍與盾
twos and threes三三兩兩 you and I你我
young and old老少 pin and needle針毯
part and parcel重要部分 give and take合作與讓步
mock and satire 諷刺嘲笑 rain and wind 風(fēng)雨