(一)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的一致
時(shí)態(tài)的一致可以分為下面幾種情況:
1.簡單句:當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語動(dòng)詞共用同一個(gè)主語時(shí),一般謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要求保持一致。
2.并列句:由并列連接詞(有時(shí)可能省略掉連接詞)連接的兩個(gè)句子也要求時(shí)態(tài)上的一致,這類連接詞有and,as well as等。
由but連接的并列句,后面的句子往往有語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折,時(shí)態(tài)要視情況而定。
3.主從復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間時(shí)態(tài)的一致關(guān)系。
(1)在賓語從句中主句和從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)的一致關(guān)系,通常由主句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)。
A.若主句謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),如:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),一般將來時(shí),將來完成時(shí)等,從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
B.若主句謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)(一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),過去將來時(shí),過去將來完成時(shí)),從句謂語動(dòng)詞也必須是過去時(shí)態(tài)。
a.如果從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
b.當(dāng)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,從句要用過去完成時(shí)。
c.當(dāng)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后,從句要用過去將來時(shí)。
C.當(dāng)從句表示客觀事物或真理,或人們已經(jīng)公認(rèn)的道理時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)不受主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)的影響。即使主句謂語動(dòng)詞使用了過去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài),從句的時(shí)態(tài)仍然是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)。
D.當(dāng)從句表示并未出現(xiàn)或尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),必須用過去時(shí)態(tài)。
E.有些形容詞后面可跟有從句,這種從句一般可看作賓語從句,其謂語也應(yīng)與主句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。可跟這種賓語從句的形容詞有:
afraid,glad,sure,confident,sorry,certain,conscious,aware等。一致的原則與賓語從句相同。
例如:I'm confident that I‘ll pass the exam.我有信心通過考試。
He was lucky that he wasn't killed.他很幸運(yùn)沒有被殺死。
(2)在主語從句,表語從句和同位語從句中,主句和從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)一致關(guān)系所遵守的法則和賓語從句相同。
例如:It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained.看來這件小小的麻煩是由一個(gè)至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的。
It was known long ago that Professor Einstein played a key role in the development of the theory of relativity.人們早已知道,愛因斯坦教授對相對論的發(fā)展起了關(guān)鍵作用。
It was proved centuries ago that the speed of light is 186,000 miles a second.幾世紀(jì)前就證實(shí)了光的速度為每秒186,000英里。
The fact that man would soon be able to visit the moon built up new scientific interest in earth's nearest neighbor.人類不久可以游覽月球的事實(shí),引起了對地球最近鄰居的新的科學(xué)興趣。
(3)定語從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致關(guān)系
A.若定語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,則要求使用同樣的時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:The original manuscript of “The Theory of Relativity” was written by Einstein who was then an employee in a patent office.“相對論”的原稿是由當(dāng)時(shí)在一家專利辦公室工作的愛因斯坦寫的。
Almost every morning I receive invitation cards to visit exhibitions,on which are illustrations o
f the machines displayed.幾乎每天早晨我都要收到參觀展覽會(huì)的請柬,上面印著展出的機(jī)器的插圖。
B.主句與定語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作如果不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,時(shí)態(tài)則不要求一致。
例如:Have you seen the new golf clubs that Mr.Stevens gave Bill?你看過史蒂文斯先生給比爾的那些新高爾夫球棒了嗎?
I painted several pictures that are now on show in the museums.我畫了幾張畫,現(xiàn)在正在博物館里展出。
(4)狀語從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致關(guān)系
A.如果狀語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,則要求使用同樣的時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:Immanual Kant was so regular in his habits that until the day he died people were able to set their watches by his actions.伊邁努爾?康德的習(xí)慣那么有規(guī)律,以至直到他死以前人們都能按他的行動(dòng)來對表。
When Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States of America,he was completely involved in the problem of slavery.當(dāng)亞伯拉罕?林肯成為美國總統(tǒng)時(shí),他便陷入到奴隸問題的漩渦中去了。
B.由when,while,as引起的進(jìn)行時(shí),若主句表示的動(dòng)作比從句表示的動(dòng)作更引人注目,主句用過去時(shí)(或現(xiàn)在時(shí)),從句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))。若兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣注目,可以都使用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
例如:As I was walking along Main Street,a car mounted the pavement and crashed into a shop.當(dāng)我正沿著大街走時(shí),一輛汽車越過人行道,沖進(jìn)一家店鋪里去了。
While the child was playing with his toys,his parents were reading books.孩子在玩玩具,他父母在看書。
When I was returning home from school,a parade of demonstrators walked along the streets.當(dāng)我從學(xué)校回家時(shí),一隊(duì)**者從街上走過。
C.如果狀語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,則要使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
注意: 使用after與before連接的狀語從句之間的區(qū)別在于:
a.使用after時(shí),從句用完成時(shí);使用before時(shí),主句用完成時(shí)。
b.因?yàn)閍fter與before兩個(gè)連詞本身已表示動(dòng)作有先后,所以由這兩個(gè)連詞引起的狀語從句也可以使用與主句一樣的時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:The director had explained the details many times before the workers took the job.工頭在工人們開始工作前把細(xì)節(jié)給他們講了好多遍。
Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land forms that remain long after the glacier has disappeared.每一主要冰河期都產(chǎn)生特殊的地形,這種地形一直保留到冰川消失之后很久。
He did not know any English before he went to England.在去英國以前,他一點(diǎn)兒英語都不懂。
After she finished her work,she hurried to the nursery to pick up her child.干完工作后,她匆匆趕到托兒所接孩子。
(二)主語、謂語的一致
主謂一致指的是謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致。處理主謂一致問題,可依據(jù)三項(xiàng)原則:語法上一致、意義上一致和就近一致。根據(jù)這些原則,總結(jié)如下:
1.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
(1)以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例如:To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。
Reading without comprehension is no good.只讀不理解是不好的。
It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。
(2)事件、國家、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、書刊及其他作品的名稱(專有名詞)用作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
例如:The United States was formed in 1776.美國于1776年成立。
The New York Times still has a wide circulation.紐約時(shí)報(bào)發(fā)行量仍然很大。
Roots is a novel about a black family.《根》是一部關(guān)于(美國)黑人家庭的小說。
(3)表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、度量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)形式主語,習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。
例如:Two weeks was too long.兩周太長了。
Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是個(gè)小數(shù)目。
Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。
(4)表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.語言學(xué)是人類語言中的一個(gè)分枝。
(5)有些名詞形式是復(fù)數(shù),意義為單數(shù),作主語時(shí),要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例如:The chaos was stopped by the police.混亂被警察阻止了。
The news is a great encouragement to us.這新聞對我們來說是一個(gè)很大的鼓舞。
Her present whereabouts is still unknown.她目前的行蹤仍然不明。
(6)主語是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟as well as (以及),no less than (不少于……,多 達(dá)),rather than(而不是),more than(不止是,超過),but(除了),except(除……外),besides( 加之,還有),with(和……一起,和……一塊兒),along with(跟……一起),accompanied by ( 由……陪同),combined with(加上),in addition to(除……以外),including(包括),together with(與……一起)等,謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。
(7)某些不定代詞,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等,當(dāng)他們作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Each of the boys has an apple.每個(gè)孩子都有蘋果。
Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用電話。
Everything around us is matter.我們周圍一切都是物質(zhì)。
但是口語中當(dāng)either或neither后+of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作定語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:Is (Are)either of the boys ready?兩個(gè)男孩都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?
Neither of the novels is (are)interesting.哪一本小說都沒意思。
(8)集合名詞作主語表示整體概念時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)謂語形式。
例如:The government is made up of senior members of the four main rightwing parties.
這屆政府由四個(gè)主要右翼黨的高級官員組成。
H
is family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大。
The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education.
我們學(xué)校的教員都反對教育體制的激烈改革。
The crowd was deeply stirred by his speech.他的演說深深地打動(dòng)了聽眾。
(9)用and連接的成分表示單一概念時(shí),動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Bread and butter is our daily food.黃油和面包是我們的日常食用品。
Time and tide waits for no man.時(shí)光和潮流不等人。
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting.該校的書記兼校長出席了會(huì)議。
(10)用and連接的并列成分前面有each,every,many a,no等詞修飾時(shí),意義為單數(shù),動(dòng)詞也相應(yīng)地用單數(shù)形式。
例如:In China,every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education.在中國每個(gè)兒童都有權(quán)利接受義務(wù)教育。
Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.參加托福考試的每個(gè)人都能在五個(gè)星期內(nèi)收到成績通知單。
Many a student and teacher has seen the film.不少老師和學(xué)生都看過這部影片。
(11) none(of+名詞或代詞)在正式文體中被看做單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),但非正式文體中也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:None of us seem to have thought of it.我們中似乎沒有人想到它。
“Is there any letter for me?”“Sorry,there's none.”“有我的信嗎”?“對不起,沒有?!?BR> None of the drivers has (have) turned up.一個(gè)司機(jī)都沒有來。
時(shí)態(tài)的一致可以分為下面幾種情況:
1.簡單句:當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語動(dòng)詞共用同一個(gè)主語時(shí),一般謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要求保持一致。
2.并列句:由并列連接詞(有時(shí)可能省略掉連接詞)連接的兩個(gè)句子也要求時(shí)態(tài)上的一致,這類連接詞有and,as well as等。
由but連接的并列句,后面的句子往往有語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折,時(shí)態(tài)要視情況而定。
3.主從復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間時(shí)態(tài)的一致關(guān)系。
(1)在賓語從句中主句和從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)的一致關(guān)系,通常由主句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)。
A.若主句謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),如:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),一般將來時(shí),將來完成時(shí)等,從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
B.若主句謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)(一般過去時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),過去將來時(shí),過去將來完成時(shí)),從句謂語動(dòng)詞也必須是過去時(shí)態(tài)。
a.如果從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
b.當(dāng)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,從句要用過去完成時(shí)。
c.當(dāng)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后,從句要用過去將來時(shí)。
C.當(dāng)從句表示客觀事物或真理,或人們已經(jīng)公認(rèn)的道理時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)不受主句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)的影響。即使主句謂語動(dòng)詞使用了過去時(shí)的某種時(shí)態(tài),從句的時(shí)態(tài)仍然是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)。
D.當(dāng)從句表示并未出現(xiàn)或尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),必須用過去時(shí)態(tài)。
E.有些形容詞后面可跟有從句,這種從句一般可看作賓語從句,其謂語也應(yīng)與主句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。可跟這種賓語從句的形容詞有:
afraid,glad,sure,confident,sorry,certain,conscious,aware等。一致的原則與賓語從句相同。
例如:I'm confident that I‘ll pass the exam.我有信心通過考試。
He was lucky that he wasn't killed.他很幸運(yùn)沒有被殺死。
(2)在主語從句,表語從句和同位語從句中,主句和從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)一致關(guān)系所遵守的法則和賓語從句相同。
例如:It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained.看來這件小小的麻煩是由一個(gè)至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的。
It was known long ago that Professor Einstein played a key role in the development of the theory of relativity.人們早已知道,愛因斯坦教授對相對論的發(fā)展起了關(guān)鍵作用。
It was proved centuries ago that the speed of light is 186,000 miles a second.幾世紀(jì)前就證實(shí)了光的速度為每秒186,000英里。
The fact that man would soon be able to visit the moon built up new scientific interest in earth's nearest neighbor.人類不久可以游覽月球的事實(shí),引起了對地球最近鄰居的新的科學(xué)興趣。
(3)定語從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致關(guān)系
A.若定語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,則要求使用同樣的時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:The original manuscript of “The Theory of Relativity” was written by Einstein who was then an employee in a patent office.“相對論”的原稿是由當(dāng)時(shí)在一家專利辦公室工作的愛因斯坦寫的。
Almost every morning I receive invitation cards to visit exhibitions,on which are illustrations o
f the machines displayed.幾乎每天早晨我都要收到參觀展覽會(huì)的請柬,上面印著展出的機(jī)器的插圖。
B.主句與定語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作如果不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,時(shí)態(tài)則不要求一致。
例如:Have you seen the new golf clubs that Mr.Stevens gave Bill?你看過史蒂文斯先生給比爾的那些新高爾夫球棒了嗎?
I painted several pictures that are now on show in the museums.我畫了幾張畫,現(xiàn)在正在博物館里展出。
(4)狀語從句與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致關(guān)系
A.如果狀語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,則要求使用同樣的時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:Immanual Kant was so regular in his habits that until the day he died people were able to set their watches by his actions.伊邁努爾?康德的習(xí)慣那么有規(guī)律,以至直到他死以前人們都能按他的行動(dòng)來對表。
When Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States of America,he was completely involved in the problem of slavery.當(dāng)亞伯拉罕?林肯成為美國總統(tǒng)時(shí),他便陷入到奴隸問題的漩渦中去了。
B.由when,while,as引起的進(jìn)行時(shí),若主句表示的動(dòng)作比從句表示的動(dòng)作更引人注目,主句用過去時(shí)(或現(xiàn)在時(shí)),從句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))。若兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同樣注目,可以都使用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
例如:As I was walking along Main Street,a car mounted the pavement and crashed into a shop.當(dāng)我正沿著大街走時(shí),一輛汽車越過人行道,沖進(jìn)一家店鋪里去了。
While the child was playing with his toys,his parents were reading books.孩子在玩玩具,他父母在看書。
When I was returning home from school,a parade of demonstrators walked along the streets.當(dāng)我從學(xué)校回家時(shí),一隊(duì)**者從街上走過。
C.如果狀語從句的謂語表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語表示的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,則要使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
注意: 使用after與before連接的狀語從句之間的區(qū)別在于:
a.使用after時(shí),從句用完成時(shí);使用before時(shí),主句用完成時(shí)。
b.因?yàn)閍fter與before兩個(gè)連詞本身已表示動(dòng)作有先后,所以由這兩個(gè)連詞引起的狀語從句也可以使用與主句一樣的時(shí)態(tài)。
例如:The director had explained the details many times before the workers took the job.工頭在工人們開始工作前把細(xì)節(jié)給他們講了好多遍。
Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land forms that remain long after the glacier has disappeared.每一主要冰河期都產(chǎn)生特殊的地形,這種地形一直保留到冰川消失之后很久。
He did not know any English before he went to England.在去英國以前,他一點(diǎn)兒英語都不懂。
After she finished her work,she hurried to the nursery to pick up her child.干完工作后,她匆匆趕到托兒所接孩子。
(二)主語、謂語的一致
主謂一致指的是謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致。處理主謂一致問題,可依據(jù)三項(xiàng)原則:語法上一致、意義上一致和就近一致。根據(jù)這些原則,總結(jié)如下:
1.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
(1)以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例如:To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。
Reading without comprehension is no good.只讀不理解是不好的。
It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。
(2)事件、國家、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、書刊及其他作品的名稱(專有名詞)用作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
例如:The United States was formed in 1776.美國于1776年成立。
The New York Times still has a wide circulation.紐約時(shí)報(bào)發(fā)行量仍然很大。
Roots is a novel about a black family.《根》是一部關(guān)于(美國)黑人家庭的小說。
(3)表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、度量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)形式主語,習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。
例如:Two weeks was too long.兩周太長了。
Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是個(gè)小數(shù)目。
Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。
(4)表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.語言學(xué)是人類語言中的一個(gè)分枝。
(5)有些名詞形式是復(fù)數(shù),意義為單數(shù),作主語時(shí),要求單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例如:The chaos was stopped by the police.混亂被警察阻止了。
The news is a great encouragement to us.這新聞對我們來說是一個(gè)很大的鼓舞。
Her present whereabouts is still unknown.她目前的行蹤仍然不明。
(6)主語是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟as well as (以及),no less than (不少于……,多 達(dá)),rather than(而不是),more than(不止是,超過),but(除了),except(除……外),besides( 加之,還有),with(和……一起,和……一塊兒),along with(跟……一起),accompanied by ( 由……陪同),combined with(加上),in addition to(除……以外),including(包括),together with(與……一起)等,謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。
(7)某些不定代詞,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等,當(dāng)他們作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Each of the boys has an apple.每個(gè)孩子都有蘋果。
Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用電話。
Everything around us is matter.我們周圍一切都是物質(zhì)。
但是口語中當(dāng)either或neither后+of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作定語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:Is (Are)either of the boys ready?兩個(gè)男孩都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?
Neither of the novels is (are)interesting.哪一本小說都沒意思。
(8)集合名詞作主語表示整體概念時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)謂語形式。
例如:The government is made up of senior members of the four main rightwing parties.
這屆政府由四個(gè)主要右翼黨的高級官員組成。
H
is family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大。
The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education.
我們學(xué)校的教員都反對教育體制的激烈改革。
The crowd was deeply stirred by his speech.他的演說深深地打動(dòng)了聽眾。
(9)用and連接的成分表示單一概念時(shí),動(dòng)詞謂語用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Bread and butter is our daily food.黃油和面包是我們的日常食用品。
Time and tide waits for no man.時(shí)光和潮流不等人。
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting.該校的書記兼校長出席了會(huì)議。
(10)用and連接的并列成分前面有each,every,many a,no等詞修飾時(shí),意義為單數(shù),動(dòng)詞也相應(yīng)地用單數(shù)形式。
例如:In China,every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education.在中國每個(gè)兒童都有權(quán)利接受義務(wù)教育。
Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.參加托福考試的每個(gè)人都能在五個(gè)星期內(nèi)收到成績通知單。
Many a student and teacher has seen the film.不少老師和學(xué)生都看過這部影片。
(11) none(of+名詞或代詞)在正式文體中被看做單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),但非正式文體中也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。
例如:None of us seem to have thought of it.我們中似乎沒有人想到它。
“Is there any letter for me?”“Sorry,there's none.”“有我的信嗎”?“對不起,沒有?!?BR> None of the drivers has (have) turned up.一個(gè)司機(jī)都沒有來。