1996年全國碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題
Part IIIReading Comprehension
Directions： Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A， B， C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. （40 points）
Passage 1
Tightlipped elders used to say， "Its not what you want in this world， but what you get."
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house， and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner， we plan the menu， make a shopping list， and decide which food to cook first， and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
Likewise， if you want to find a job， take a sheet of paper， and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job， begin with yourself， for when you know exactly what you have to offer， you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education， experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you， your couldbe employer is deciding whether your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires， you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your couldbe job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open， and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for， and keep in mind： Securing a job is your job now.
51. What do the elders mean when they say， "Its not what you want in this world， but what you get."？
A. Youll certainly get what you want.
B. Its no use dreaming.
C. You should be dissatisfied with what you have.
D. Its essential to set a goal for yourself.
52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .
A. an illustration of how to write an application for a job
B. an indication of how to secure a good job
C. a guideline for job description
D. a principle for job evaluation
53. According to the passage， one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .
A. that is the first step to please the employer
B. that is the requirement of the employer
C. it enables him to know when to sell his services
D. it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires， you have something .
A. definite to offer B. imaginary to provide
C. practical to supply D. desirable to present
Passage 2
With the start of BBC World Service Television， millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage， as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in two BBC television channels， five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport， comedy， drama， music， news and current affairs， education， religion， parliamentary coverage， childrens programmers and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record， stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBC s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publiclyfunded broadcasting organization， at least for the time being， but its role， its size and its programmers are now the subject of a nationwide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government， which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC - including ordinary listeners and viewers - to say what was good or bad about the Corporation， and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is， or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation - of whom there are many - are fond of quoting the American slogan "If it arent broke， dont fix it." The BBC "arent broke"， they say， by which they mean it is not broken （as distinct from the word 'broke'， meaning having no money）， so why bother to change it？
Yet the BBC will have to change， because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels - TV and Channel 4 - were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial， competing with each other for advertisers， and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels - funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions - which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces .
A. the problem of new coverage B. an uncertain prospect
C. inquiries by the general public D. shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage， which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue？
A. Extension of its TV service to Far East.
B. Programmers as the subject of a nationwide debate.
C. Potentials for further international cooperations.
D. Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
57. The BBCs "royal charter" （Line 4， Paragraph 3） stands for .
A. the financial support from the royal family
B. the privileges granted by the Queen
C. a contract with the Queen
D. a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .
A. the emergence of commercial TV channels
B. the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
C. the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
D. the challenge of new satellite channels
Passage 3
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative， towards collectivism and municipal and stateowned business. The railway companies， though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders， were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting， trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large， impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class， an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century， America， Africa， India， Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital， and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes， and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives， thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares， and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands， but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately， however， the increasing power and organization of the trade unions， at least in all skilled trades， enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59. Its true of the old family firms that .
A. they were spoiled by the younger generations
B. they failed for lack of individual initiative
C. they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
D. they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
A. the separation of capital from management
B. the ownership of capital by managers
C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage， all of the following are true except that .
A. the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
B. the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
C. the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
D. the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of .
A. family film owners B. landowners
C. managers D. shareholders
Passage 4
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early Americabreakthroughs such as the telegraph， the steamboat and the weaving machine？
Among the many shaping factors， I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools； a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors ； and above all the American genius for nonverbal， "spatial" thinking about things technological .
Why mention the elementary schools？ Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics， especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states， were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported， "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline， the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."
A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system， which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach， originated abroad， offered inventors medals， cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States， multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation， the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out， "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions； they are dealt with in his mind by a visual， nonverbal process…… The designer and the inventor…… are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote， "The mechanic should sit down among levers， screws， wedges， wheels， etc.， like a poet among the letters of the alphabet， considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts， in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
When all these shaping forces - schools， open attitudes， the premium system， a genius for spatial thinking - interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland， they produced that American characteristic， emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author， the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to
A. elementary schools B. enthusiastic workers
C. the attractive premium system D. a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics
A. benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
B. shed light on disciplined school management
C. was brought about by privileged home training
D. owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because
A. they are both winners of awardsB. they are both experts in spatial thinking
C. they both abandon verbal descriptionD. they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be
A. Inventive Mind B. Effective Schooling
B. Ways of Thinking D. Outpouring of Inventions
Passage 5
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology， geology， and biology have provided a consistent， unified， and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism， which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are evil， is based on religion， not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitchers book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places， he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters， he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics， and， for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists， the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious， one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher， and this may account， in part， for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book， Stephen Jay Gould says： "This book stands for reason itself."And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to
A. evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
B. a notion of the creation of religion
C. the scientific explanation of the earth formation
D. the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitchers book is intended to .
A. recommend the views of the evolutionists
B. expose the true features of creationists
C. curse bitterly at this opponents
D. launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that
A. reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
B. creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
C. evolutionary theory is too difficult for nonspecialists
D. creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of
A. a book review B. a scientific paper
C. a magazine feature D. a newspaper editorial
51. 「B」問題是：當(dāng)他們說"its not what you want in this world， but what you get."老者們是什么意思？
這句話出現(xiàn)在文章的第一段，是個諺語，意思是你所想的不算數(shù)，重要的是你所得到的。不知道這個諺語的，也可以通過第2段推出這句話的意思。不難看出，第二段與第一段的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折，心理學(xué)家認為你定（do表示強調(diào)）得到你所想的，如果你知道你所想的是什么，并且合理。很顯然，不管那句諺語講的是什么，它絕對否認了一個人所想的，即B項內(nèi)容。
52. 「A」問題是：邀請朋友吃飯之前腦海中打好的這個藍圖在文中用來。
illustration意為"實例"，"說明".為了更充分地說明第四段所闡明的道理，文章在第三段舉了幾方面例子。正像蓋房子要設(shè)計圖紙一樣，你也可以在頭腦中為自己的愿望繪制一幅藍圖（blueprint）。實際上，在日常生活中，我們不斷為自己的行動策劃。例如：如果想請朋友吃飯，我們首先要開列一個菜單，決定買什么東西，還要決定買什么東西，還要決定先炒什么菜，等等。這種計劃對請客成功與否至關(guān)重要。第四段指出，如果你想找份工作，應(yīng)該取一張紙，簡要地描述一下自己。因為，只有當(dāng)你明確地知道自己的特長（what you have to offer可直譯為：你可以提供的東西）后，才能為自己的工作選擇做出理智的決斷。第四段中所舉的例子僅用以說明第二、四段說明的道理。
53. 「D」問題是：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，在一個人找工作之前，他必須把自己的情況寫下來這是因為。
文章第4段第2句中的 "making a blueprint for a job"實際上就是前一句提到的，將自己情況寫在紙上。 這樣做的目的是什么呢？ "For （表原因） when you know exactly what will have to offer， you can intelligently plan where to sell your service ." 可見， "making a blueprint" 的直接效果便是明確地（exactly）知道自身特長，即D項內(nèi)容。
54. 「A」問題是：當(dāng)你仔細地對自己的能力和愿望作出一份藍圖時。
參閱53題題解。
說話謹慎的老一輩人過去常說："在這個世界上不是你想要什么就能得到什么。"
心理學(xué)告訴我們：只要你知道自己想要什么，并且這種愿望是合適的，你就能得到你想要的東西。
你可以在腦海中勾畫一張自己愿望的藍圖，就像蓋房子時畫的設(shè)計圖一樣。我們每個人在每天的生活中，都在不斷地勾畫這樣的藍圖。如果我們要請朋友來吃晚餐，我們就會設(shè)計菜單，列出需要買的東西，決定先做什么菜，這些計劃工作對任何一頓飯來說都是必要的。
同樣的，如果你想找一份工作，那么拿出一張紙，簡單地介紹一下自己。在為工作設(shè)計藍圖時，先從自己開始，因為只有明確地知道自己的能力，才能聰明地推銷自己。
這份個人簡歷實際上是對自己職業(yè)生涯的簡單介紹，它的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該包括教育背景、以往的經(jīng)歷和別人的推薦。這樣的一份簡歷是很有價值的。在填寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的職業(yè)申請表時可以用它來參考，而且在面試時也極有幫助。在和你談話時，你的未來老板就在考慮你的教育、經(jīng)歷和其他資質(zhì)是否值得他來聘用你，而你的這些能力必須清楚地展示在簡歷上，并且內(nèi)容要前后一致。
當(dāng)你已經(jīng)精心設(shè)計好了符合你的能力和愿望的藍圖時，你要推銷的就是很實際的內(nèi)容了，這時你就可以去尋找一個職位。搜集有關(guān)你未來可能的職業(yè)的一切信息，打聽關(guān)于這份工作和這個公司的有關(guān)細節(jié)。用眼去看，用耳去聽，然后用自己的頭腦來判斷。每天花一定時間去尋找自己希望的工作，同時要記?。赫夜ぷ骶褪悄悻F(xiàn)在的工作。
55. 「B」問題是：世界有名的BBC現(xiàn)在正面臨著。
文章前1、2段講敘了BBC 70多年來的光輝歷史和成就。第3段作者指出，然而 （yet），目前其前景不明（in doubt）。句中的 "doubtful future" 和B項中的 "uncertain prospect"屬同義詞組。
56. 「C」問題是：在本文中，以下哪一項關(guān)于BBC作為主要問題沒有提到？
文章第一段第一句提到A項內(nèi)容； 第3段后一句提到B項；同句中又提到D項內(nèi)容；惟有C，即進一步進行國際合作的潛力，文章只字未提。
57. 「C」問題是：文章第4段第4行中，BBC的 "royal charter"指的是。
文章第4段第4行中的"royal charter"（皇家授權(quán)許可證）與C項中的與女王簽約契約是同一意思。本題涉及常識，英國是君主立憲制，國王代表國家。此外，當(dāng) "queen" 大寫時，它指代英國皇室。因此與皇室簽約就等于說BBC是國家扶持產(chǎn)業(yè)（a publiclyfounded broadcast station）。
58. 「D」問題是：BBC需重新調(diào)整的主要原因正是。
文章后一段作者講到BBC必須重新調(diào)整，因為電視廣播業(yè)在不斷革新。后一句又指出帶來大變化的，無疑是衛(wèi)星電視頻道的開播，即D項內(nèi)容。
隨著BBC全球電視網(wǎng)的開通，數(shù)以萬計的亞洲和美洲人現(xiàn)在可以收看和收聽到BBC的新聞節(jié)目了。
當(dāng)然，英國的觀眾和聽眾可以享受兩個BBC電視頻道，5個BBC全國廣播臺和幾十個地方廣播電臺。人們可以收聽收看到體育、喜劇、戲劇、音樂、新聞時事、教育、宗教、國家政治、兒童節(jié)目等，每個家庭在交納了每年83英鎊的有線電視費后，還可以收看到電影。
在過去的70年里，這是一項相當(dāng)了不起的成績。但是BBC的未來卻前景不明。至少目前，BBC公司還是由政府資助的。但是現(xiàn)在它的職能、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目內(nèi)容在英國上下引起了廣泛的爭議。
這場爭論是由英國政府引起的，政府邀請任何人——包括普通的聽眾和觀眾——對BBC發(fā)表意見，評論它的長處和短處，甚至人們是否認為BBC還值得保留。政府之所以這樣做，是因為BBC和女皇簽訂的協(xié)約在1996年就要到期了，所以國家必須決定是否要對它做出調(diào)整，還是好維持原狀。
BBC眾多支持者喜歡引用一句美國人的口號"如果它還沒有'壞'，就不用去修它".而他們認為BBC還沒有壞，那干嘛這么麻煩去改變它呢？
但是BBC必須改變，因為整個廣播電視界都在改變。比如，撒切爾政府的廣播電視法案要求商業(yè)電視頻道——TV和4頻道——變得更加商業(yè)化，競爭廣告贊助商，削減成本，減少工作人員。但是從長遠來說，大的改變是隨著新的衛(wèi)星電視頻道而來的，衛(wèi)星頻道的資金部分來自廣告贊助，部分來自觀眾交納的費用。
59. 「C」問題是：事實上，老家族公司。
第一段第二、三句指出，許多老公司被擁有各級拿薪水的經(jīng)理的有限（責(zé)任）公司所取代。這一變化通過一大批專業(yè)人員的使用，適應(yīng)了新時代技術(shù)的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使許多家族公司破產(chǎn)，因為第二、三代繼承人已不像公司的創(chuàng)立者那樣精力充沛了。因此說老公司與現(xiàn)代公司比缺乏效率，即C選項。
60. 「A」問題是：有限公司的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是。
第二段指出，有限公司及市改企業(yè)的發(fā)展引起了重大變化。對資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個人操縱大大地增加了作為一個階級的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。國民生活中這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)代表了與土地及土地所有者相分離的不由個人負責(zé)的財富的出現(xiàn)，而且這也意味著（不由個人負責(zé)的財富）幾乎在同等程度上與由個人負責(zé)的商業(yè)管理的分離。在整個19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞及歐洲的部分國家的發(fā)展靠的是英國的資本，因此，在世界走向工業(yè)化的過程中英國的股東們大發(fā)其財。從以上的論述可以看出，作者認為：有限公司的發(fā)展引起了資本與經(jīng)營的分離，投資者（股東）并不實際參加經(jīng)營，而是坐吃紅利（dividends）或有時參加些間接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的擁有者。這一點從第三段的論述也同樣可以看出。 句中"impersonal manipulation of capital" 與A項中的"separation of capital from management"實際上是一個概念。
61. 「C」問題是：根據(jù)本文，以下不正確的是。
文章后一段第一句正是A項內(nèi)容；第2句可以找到B項內(nèi)容；同段第4句又提到D項內(nèi)容。C項，即有限公司太大以至于經(jīng)營艱難，文中沒有給出支持它的跡象。
62. 「D」問題是：作者對持批評態(tài)度。
文章中幾處在提及大股東階層人時，作者用詞造句上顯然注入批評色彩，如：irresponsible （第2段第4行）；detached from the responsible（第2段第5行）；打上引號的comfortable 和shareholders；had no knowledge of the lives （第3段第1行）；his influence…… was not good （第2、3行）。
二十世紀(jì)后期，"資本"和"勞動力"兩大敵對陣營在更加現(xiàn)代化的條件下，在不斷地發(fā)展壯大。許多老式的公司被有限責(zé)任公司所代替，這些新型公司雇用拿薪水的經(jīng)理人來進行管理。這種變化是符合新時代的工業(yè)需要的，它將職業(yè)化元素引入企業(yè)，防止了那種在老式家族企業(yè)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的在第一代創(chuàng)始人之后的兩三代人中工作效率下降，從而妨害公司前途的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。這種機制逐漸擺脫了依靠個人的積極性，而轉(zhuǎn)向集體制和由國家、市政掌管的企業(yè)。盡管鐵路公司仍然是為股東牟利的私有企業(yè)，但和那些老式的家族企業(yè)有很大的區(qū)別。同時，市政*入主企業(yè)，為納稅人提供電力、交通和其他服務(wù)。
有限責(zé)任公司的發(fā)展壯大和市政企業(yè)的介入產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。這種大規(guī)模、非個人性質(zhì)的資金運作大大增加了股東這一社會階層的人數(shù)和重要性。而股東階層在社會生活中象征著財富，與土地及土地擁有者的責(zé)任分離開來；同時，財富也和企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理責(zé)任分離開來。整個二十世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞以及歐洲的部分國家都是在英國的資金扶持下發(fā)展起來的，因此英國的股票持有者的腰包就在全球工業(yè)化的浪潮中充實了起來。Bournemouth和Eastboume 等城市就居住了一大批"閑適"階層。他們有收入，又不用工作，除了拿紅利和偶爾出席股東會議把他們的命令傳達給管理人之外，他們和社會上的其他人幾乎沒有什么聯(lián)系。另一方面，"持有股票"意味著閑適和自由，這也是維多利亞時代很多人對社會文明的高期望。
這些"股東"并不了解那些在他們持有股份的公司里勞動的工人們的生活、想法和需要，而且他們對資方和勞方之間的關(guān)系也沒有什么好的影響。經(jīng)理人受雇替公司工作，他們和工人的接觸更直接一些。但即使是這樣，現(xiàn)代經(jīng)理人對工人的了解和過去那種老式家族企業(yè)中用家長制進行管理的企業(yè)主相比，也遠遠不如。確實，現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的規(guī)模和和工人的數(shù)量也使得這種熟悉和了解不可能實現(xiàn)。然而幸運的是，至少在所有技術(shù)行業(yè)中，工會的組織和力量不斷發(fā)展壯大，使工人和公司的管理者能在平等的條件下對話。罷工和停工的嚴(yán)重后果使雙方誰也不能小看對方的力量，同時也理解了公平談判的作用。
63. 「D」問題是：根據(jù)作者看法，在美國早期的大量主要發(fā)明的涌現(xiàn)很大程度上歸功于。
文章第2段，作者列出美國早期出現(xiàn)的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造熱的幾個因素。在講到"空間思維"能力時，作者用了"above all"，這表明了"spatial thinking" 較其他幾個因素更為重要。此外，spatial在文中是在引號中出現(xiàn)?？梢娺@種思維方式是不一般的，即D項內(nèi)容。A，B，C項內(nèi)容均是促成因素，但不是主要原因。
64. 「A」問題是：文章暗示了早期美國機械學(xué)中的適應(yīng)性和創(chuàng)造性。
文章第4段第1句，講到美國人的適應(yīng)力和創(chuàng)造力與他們教育優(yōu)勢有關(guān)。句中 "教育優(yōu)勢"（education and advantage）指的正是前段所述內(nèi)容。文章并沒有談到B選項出現(xiàn)的學(xué)校嚴(yán)格管理的問題。
65. 「B」問題是：一個技術(shù)工作人員可以用藝術(shù)家相比，那是因為。
第八段指出，這種非語言的"空間"思維在創(chuàng)造力方面可以與繪畫和寫作相比。正如Fulton指出的："正像詩人坐在字母中一樣，技工應(yīng)該坐在杠桿、螺釘、楔子、輪子等中間，把它們看作自己思想的展現(xiàn)。在這個展現(xiàn)過程中，每一個新的排列方式都傳達一種新的思路。"可見，進行形象的空間思維是這兩種人的共同特征。
66. 「A」問題是：本文好的題目可能是。
文章第一、二段是自問自答，提出了本文旨在論證的問題；第三、四段指出了教育的影響；第五、六段指出了獎勵制度帶來的鼓勵的影響；第七、八段探討了早期美國人特有的思維方式所起的決定性作用；后一段是全文的總結(jié)?？梢姡疚闹饕接懥嗽缙诿绹说膭?chuàng)造熱情及其根源。B，D項只是文章涉及的內(nèi)容，并非重點。C項概念太大，也與作者意圖脫軌。
是什么造成了美國早期涌現(xiàn)出來的大量的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，比如電視、蒸汽船和織布機？
在眾多的原因中，我特意指出以下幾個：美國優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育；歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動力；為發(fā)明人提供獎金的政策；其中重要的是，美國人的那種非文字的，空間的思維方式。
我為什么要提到小學(xué)教育？因為正是這些學(xué)校使得我們早期的機械師，尤其是在新英格蘭和大西洋中部地區(qū)，都具有了讀寫能力，精通算術(shù)，對幾何學(xué)和三角學(xué)也有所了解。
敏銳的外國觀察家把美國人的高度適應(yīng)性和創(chuàng)造性與這種教育上的優(yōu)勢聯(lián)系起來。1853年訪問過美國的一位英國人說："經(jīng)過學(xué)校嚴(yán)密的訓(xùn)練，美國的男孩子很快就能成長為熟練的工人。"
發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的另外一個動力來源于"獎金"制度，它出現(xiàn)于我們的專利制度之前，并且一度和專利制度并行。這一政策發(fā)源于國外，它為發(fā)明人提供獎?wù)?、獎金和其他一些獎勵?BR> 在美國的全國博覽會和各大城市舉辦的工業(yè)博覽會上，大量的獎金被頒發(fā)給新 發(fā)明的設(shè)備。美國人蜂擁而去欣賞這些新的發(fā)明，這也更堅定了他們對科技進步帶來的益處的信心。
有了這種對科技創(chuàng)新的樂觀看法，美國工人很自然地就喜歡上了在機械技術(shù)中特別需要的那種獨特的非文字性的思考方法。正如Eugene Ferguson指出的那樣："技術(shù)專家對物體的思考是不能被抽象成清晰的文字敘述的；在他們腦海中進行的是圖像化，而非文字化的過程……設(shè)計師和發(fā)明家……能在大腦里組裝和操縱其實并不存在的設(shè)備。"
這種非文字性的"空間思維"方式和繪畫、寫作一樣富有創(chuàng)造性。Robert Fulton 曾經(jīng)寫道："機械師應(yīng)當(dāng)坐在一堆杠桿、螺絲、楔子、輪子中間，就像詩人坐在一堆字母中間一樣，把這些工具看成是他思想的展示，每一種新的組合方式就表達了他的一個新想法。"
當(dāng)所有這些因素——教育，開放的態(tài)度，獎金制度，空間思考的才能——在美國富饒的土地上相互作用時，就產(chǎn)生了美國特有的性格：效仿。今天，這個詞只意味著模仿，但是在早些時候，它意味著友好但充滿競爭地努力去爭取名譽和成功。
67. 「D」問題是：文中"creationism"指的是。
關(guān)鍵在于注意到作者對于"creationism"使用的幾個修飾詞，bad religion， bad science.具有deception（欺騙性）。所以選擇D.
68. 「B」問題是：Kitchers 的書作用或目的在于。
只要把這本書的內(nèi)容搞清楚即可。前四章簡單介紹創(chuàng)世論，并不失時機的批判；而后三章深刻揭露痛批創(chuàng)世論，所以選B——"暴露創(chuàng)世論者的真實嘴臉".并不是C中的"狠狠咒罵"（curse bitterly），和D的"出其不意的襲擊"（surprise attak）
69. 「B」問題是：從文中可以推理。
A選項扭曲了短文后一句話中reason的意思，reason是"理智"或"理性"，而A選項中的reasoning是推理的意思。
C的意思于原文相反——對于非專業(yè)的人士來說進化論太難了。而文中后一段的第二句話即提到由于論證清楚明白，所以非專業(yè)人士也能對進化論有個大概的了解。
D項顯然有違常理。
B選項的意思是創(chuàng)世論不是基于推理論證的基礎(chǔ)之上的，符合題意。
70. 「A」問題是：文章顯然是的摘要。
詳見譯文，本文介紹了Kitcher的一書。
傳聞?wù)f出版商籌劃的二十多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世論和進化論的書中有一些已經(jīng)出版面世了。這些書的目的都是為了向糊涂無知的大眾解釋一個問題，那就是在關(guān)于宇宙和生命的起源和進化的問題上，沒有兩種同樣正確的科學(xué)理論。宇宙學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)和生物學(xué)構(gòu)成了一個連貫而統(tǒng)一的體系，不斷完善對過去發(fā)生的事情的解釋。一些人試圖在課堂里推行"科學(xué)"創(chuàng)世論，每當(dāng)對進化進行科學(xué)解釋的時候，他們就開始講這種理論、科學(xué)創(chuàng)世論是建立在宗教的基礎(chǔ)上的，并非科學(xué)。實際上，無論是科學(xué)家還是大多數(shù)非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖都開始認為"科學(xué)"創(chuàng)世論既不是科學(xué)也不是宗教。
Kitcher的書在前四章中對進化做了簡單的介紹。在合適的地方，他介紹了對創(chuàng)世論者的批判并給出了回答。在后三章中，他終于顯露出本意，給創(chuàng)世紀(jì)一頓痛擊。他描述了這些的伎倆，對那些不熟悉創(chuàng)世論者的人來說，這些人對真相的欺騙和歪曲程度讓人不快和震驚。因為既然這些人的初動機是宗教，他們本應(yīng)該采取更加符合基督教徒的行為。
Kitcher是位哲學(xué)家，這也許部分解釋了他的論證為何如此清晰和有效。普通讀者至少能夠了解什么樣的數(shù)據(jù)和論證是支持進化理論的。他書中后幾章對創(chuàng)世論者的批判非常清楚，所有人都能讀懂。在這本書的封面上，Stephen Jay Gould 寫道："這本書是理性的代表。"確實如此，在創(chuàng)世論和進化論辯論中，理性是惟一合格的評判。
Part IIIReading Comprehension
Directions： Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A， B， C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. （40 points）
Passage 1
Tightlipped elders used to say， "Its not what you want in this world， but what you get."
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house， and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner， we plan the menu， make a shopping list， and decide which food to cook first， and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
Likewise， if you want to find a job， take a sheet of paper， and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job， begin with yourself， for when you know exactly what you have to offer， you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education， experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you， your couldbe employer is deciding whether your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires， you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your couldbe job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open， and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for， and keep in mind： Securing a job is your job now.
51. What do the elders mean when they say， "Its not what you want in this world， but what you get."？
A. Youll certainly get what you want.
B. Its no use dreaming.
C. You should be dissatisfied with what you have.
D. Its essential to set a goal for yourself.
52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .
A. an illustration of how to write an application for a job
B. an indication of how to secure a good job
C. a guideline for job description
D. a principle for job evaluation
53. According to the passage， one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .
A. that is the first step to please the employer
B. that is the requirement of the employer
C. it enables him to know when to sell his services
D. it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires， you have something .
A. definite to offer B. imaginary to provide
C. practical to supply D. desirable to present
Passage 2
With the start of BBC World Service Television， millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage， as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in two BBC television channels， five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport， comedy， drama， music， news and current affairs， education， religion， parliamentary coverage， childrens programmers and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.
It is a remarkable record， stretching back over 70 years - yet the BBC s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publiclyfunded broadcasting organization， at least for the time being， but its role， its size and its programmers are now the subject of a nationwide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government， which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC - including ordinary listeners and viewers - to say what was good or bad about the Corporation， and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is， or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation - of whom there are many - are fond of quoting the American slogan "If it arent broke， dont fix it." The BBC "arent broke"， they say， by which they mean it is not broken （as distinct from the word 'broke'， meaning having no money）， so why bother to change it？
Yet the BBC will have to change， because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels - TV and Channel 4 - were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial， competing with each other for advertisers， and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels - funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions - which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces .
A. the problem of new coverage B. an uncertain prospect
C. inquiries by the general public D. shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage， which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue？
A. Extension of its TV service to Far East.
B. Programmers as the subject of a nationwide debate.
C. Potentials for further international cooperations.
D. Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
57. The BBCs "royal charter" （Line 4， Paragraph 3） stands for .
A. the financial support from the royal family
B. the privileges granted by the Queen
C. a contract with the Queen
D. a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .
A. the emergence of commercial TV channels
B. the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
C. the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
D. the challenge of new satellite channels
Passage 3
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative， towards collectivism and municipal and stateowned business. The railway companies， though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders， were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting， trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large， impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class， an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners； and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century， America， Africa， India， Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital， and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes， and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives， thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares， and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands， but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately， however， the increasing power and organization of the trade unions， at least in all skilled trades， enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59. Its true of the old family firms that .
A. they were spoiled by the younger generations
B. they failed for lack of individual initiative
C. they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
D. they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
A. the separation of capital from management
B. the ownership of capital by managers
C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage， all of the following are true except that .
A. the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
B. the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
C. the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
D. the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of .
A. family film owners B. landowners
C. managers D. shareholders
Passage 4
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early Americabreakthroughs such as the telegraph， the steamboat and the weaving machine？
Among the many shaping factors， I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools； a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors ； and above all the American genius for nonverbal， "spatial" thinking about things technological .
Why mention the elementary schools？ Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics， especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states， were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported， "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline， the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."
A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system， which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach， originated abroad， offered inventors medals， cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States， multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation， the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out， "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions； they are dealt with in his mind by a visual， nonverbal process…… The designer and the inventor…… are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote， "The mechanic should sit down among levers， screws， wedges， wheels， etc.， like a poet among the letters of the alphabet， considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts， in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
When all these shaping forces - schools， open attitudes， the premium system， a genius for spatial thinking - interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland， they produced that American characteristic， emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author， the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to
A. elementary schools B. enthusiastic workers
C. the attractive premium system D. a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics
A. benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
B. shed light on disciplined school management
C. was brought about by privileged home training
D. owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because
A. they are both winners of awardsB. they are both experts in spatial thinking
C. they both abandon verbal descriptionD. they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be
A. Inventive Mind B. Effective Schooling
B. Ways of Thinking D. Outpouring of Inventions
Passage 5
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology， geology， and biology have provided a consistent， unified， and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism， which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are evil， is based on religion， not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitchers book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places， he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters， he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics， and， for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists， the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious， one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher， and this may account， in part， for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book， Stephen Jay Gould says： "This book stands for reason itself."And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to
A. evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
B. a notion of the creation of religion
C. the scientific explanation of the earth formation
D. the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitchers book is intended to .
A. recommend the views of the evolutionists
B. expose the true features of creationists
C. curse bitterly at this opponents
D. launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that
A. reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
B. creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
C. evolutionary theory is too difficult for nonspecialists
D. creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of
A. a book review B. a scientific paper
C. a magazine feature D. a newspaper editorial
51. 「B」問題是：當(dāng)他們說"its not what you want in this world， but what you get."老者們是什么意思？
這句話出現(xiàn)在文章的第一段，是個諺語，意思是你所想的不算數(shù)，重要的是你所得到的。不知道這個諺語的，也可以通過第2段推出這句話的意思。不難看出，第二段與第一段的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折，心理學(xué)家認為你定（do表示強調(diào)）得到你所想的，如果你知道你所想的是什么，并且合理。很顯然，不管那句諺語講的是什么，它絕對否認了一個人所想的，即B項內(nèi)容。
52. 「A」問題是：邀請朋友吃飯之前腦海中打好的這個藍圖在文中用來。
illustration意為"實例"，"說明".為了更充分地說明第四段所闡明的道理，文章在第三段舉了幾方面例子。正像蓋房子要設(shè)計圖紙一樣，你也可以在頭腦中為自己的愿望繪制一幅藍圖（blueprint）。實際上，在日常生活中，我們不斷為自己的行動策劃。例如：如果想請朋友吃飯，我們首先要開列一個菜單，決定買什么東西，還要決定買什么東西，還要決定先炒什么菜，等等。這種計劃對請客成功與否至關(guān)重要。第四段指出，如果你想找份工作，應(yīng)該取一張紙，簡要地描述一下自己。因為，只有當(dāng)你明確地知道自己的特長（what you have to offer可直譯為：你可以提供的東西）后，才能為自己的工作選擇做出理智的決斷。第四段中所舉的例子僅用以說明第二、四段說明的道理。
53. 「D」問題是：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，在一個人找工作之前，他必須把自己的情況寫下來這是因為。
文章第4段第2句中的 "making a blueprint for a job"實際上就是前一句提到的，將自己情況寫在紙上。 這樣做的目的是什么呢？ "For （表原因） when you know exactly what will have to offer， you can intelligently plan where to sell your service ." 可見， "making a blueprint" 的直接效果便是明確地（exactly）知道自身特長，即D項內(nèi)容。
54. 「A」問題是：當(dāng)你仔細地對自己的能力和愿望作出一份藍圖時。
參閱53題題解。
說話謹慎的老一輩人過去常說："在這個世界上不是你想要什么就能得到什么。"
心理學(xué)告訴我們：只要你知道自己想要什么，并且這種愿望是合適的，你就能得到你想要的東西。
你可以在腦海中勾畫一張自己愿望的藍圖，就像蓋房子時畫的設(shè)計圖一樣。我們每個人在每天的生活中，都在不斷地勾畫這樣的藍圖。如果我們要請朋友來吃晚餐，我們就會設(shè)計菜單，列出需要買的東西，決定先做什么菜，這些計劃工作對任何一頓飯來說都是必要的。
同樣的，如果你想找一份工作，那么拿出一張紙，簡單地介紹一下自己。在為工作設(shè)計藍圖時，先從自己開始，因為只有明確地知道自己的能力，才能聰明地推銷自己。
這份個人簡歷實際上是對自己職業(yè)生涯的簡單介紹，它的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該包括教育背景、以往的經(jīng)歷和別人的推薦。這樣的一份簡歷是很有價值的。在填寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的職業(yè)申請表時可以用它來參考，而且在面試時也極有幫助。在和你談話時，你的未來老板就在考慮你的教育、經(jīng)歷和其他資質(zhì)是否值得他來聘用你，而你的這些能力必須清楚地展示在簡歷上，并且內(nèi)容要前后一致。
當(dāng)你已經(jīng)精心設(shè)計好了符合你的能力和愿望的藍圖時，你要推銷的就是很實際的內(nèi)容了，這時你就可以去尋找一個職位。搜集有關(guān)你未來可能的職業(yè)的一切信息，打聽關(guān)于這份工作和這個公司的有關(guān)細節(jié)。用眼去看，用耳去聽，然后用自己的頭腦來判斷。每天花一定時間去尋找自己希望的工作，同時要記?。赫夜ぷ骶褪悄悻F(xiàn)在的工作。
55. 「B」問題是：世界有名的BBC現(xiàn)在正面臨著。
文章前1、2段講敘了BBC 70多年來的光輝歷史和成就。第3段作者指出，然而 （yet），目前其前景不明（in doubt）。句中的 "doubtful future" 和B項中的 "uncertain prospect"屬同義詞組。
56. 「C」問題是：在本文中，以下哪一項關(guān)于BBC作為主要問題沒有提到？
文章第一段第一句提到A項內(nèi)容； 第3段后一句提到B項；同句中又提到D項內(nèi)容；惟有C，即進一步進行國際合作的潛力，文章只字未提。
57. 「C」問題是：文章第4段第4行中，BBC的 "royal charter"指的是。
文章第4段第4行中的"royal charter"（皇家授權(quán)許可證）與C項中的與女王簽約契約是同一意思。本題涉及常識，英國是君主立憲制，國王代表國家。此外，當(dāng) "queen" 大寫時，它指代英國皇室。因此與皇室簽約就等于說BBC是國家扶持產(chǎn)業(yè)（a publiclyfounded broadcast station）。
58. 「D」問題是：BBC需重新調(diào)整的主要原因正是。
文章后一段作者講到BBC必須重新調(diào)整，因為電視廣播業(yè)在不斷革新。后一句又指出帶來大變化的，無疑是衛(wèi)星電視頻道的開播，即D項內(nèi)容。
隨著BBC全球電視網(wǎng)的開通，數(shù)以萬計的亞洲和美洲人現(xiàn)在可以收看和收聽到BBC的新聞節(jié)目了。
當(dāng)然，英國的觀眾和聽眾可以享受兩個BBC電視頻道，5個BBC全國廣播臺和幾十個地方廣播電臺。人們可以收聽收看到體育、喜劇、戲劇、音樂、新聞時事、教育、宗教、國家政治、兒童節(jié)目等，每個家庭在交納了每年83英鎊的有線電視費后，還可以收看到電影。
在過去的70年里，這是一項相當(dāng)了不起的成績。但是BBC的未來卻前景不明。至少目前，BBC公司還是由政府資助的。但是現(xiàn)在它的職能、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目內(nèi)容在英國上下引起了廣泛的爭議。
這場爭論是由英國政府引起的，政府邀請任何人——包括普通的聽眾和觀眾——對BBC發(fā)表意見，評論它的長處和短處，甚至人們是否認為BBC還值得保留。政府之所以這樣做，是因為BBC和女皇簽訂的協(xié)約在1996年就要到期了，所以國家必須決定是否要對它做出調(diào)整，還是好維持原狀。
BBC眾多支持者喜歡引用一句美國人的口號"如果它還沒有'壞'，就不用去修它".而他們認為BBC還沒有壞，那干嘛這么麻煩去改變它呢？
但是BBC必須改變，因為整個廣播電視界都在改變。比如，撒切爾政府的廣播電視法案要求商業(yè)電視頻道——TV和4頻道——變得更加商業(yè)化，競爭廣告贊助商，削減成本，減少工作人員。但是從長遠來說，大的改變是隨著新的衛(wèi)星電視頻道而來的，衛(wèi)星頻道的資金部分來自廣告贊助，部分來自觀眾交納的費用。
59. 「C」問題是：事實上，老家族公司。
第一段第二、三句指出，許多老公司被擁有各級拿薪水的經(jīng)理的有限（責(zé)任）公司所取代。這一變化通過一大批專業(yè)人員的使用，適應(yīng)了新時代技術(shù)的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使許多家族公司破產(chǎn)，因為第二、三代繼承人已不像公司的創(chuàng)立者那樣精力充沛了。因此說老公司與現(xiàn)代公司比缺乏效率，即C選項。
60. 「A」問題是：有限公司的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是。
第二段指出，有限公司及市改企業(yè)的發(fā)展引起了重大變化。對資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個人操縱大大地增加了作為一個階級的持股人的數(shù)量及其地位的重要性。國民生活中這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)代表了與土地及土地所有者相分離的不由個人負責(zé)的財富的出現(xiàn)，而且這也意味著（不由個人負責(zé)的財富）幾乎在同等程度上與由個人負責(zé)的商業(yè)管理的分離。在整個19世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞及歐洲的部分國家的發(fā)展靠的是英國的資本，因此，在世界走向工業(yè)化的過程中英國的股東們大發(fā)其財。從以上的論述可以看出，作者認為：有限公司的發(fā)展引起了資本與經(jīng)營的分離，投資者（股東）并不實際參加經(jīng)營，而是坐吃紅利（dividends）或有時參加些間接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的擁有者。這一點從第三段的論述也同樣可以看出。 句中"impersonal manipulation of capital" 與A項中的"separation of capital from management"實際上是一個概念。
61. 「C」問題是：根據(jù)本文，以下不正確的是。
文章后一段第一句正是A項內(nèi)容；第2句可以找到B項內(nèi)容；同段第4句又提到D項內(nèi)容。C項，即有限公司太大以至于經(jīng)營艱難，文中沒有給出支持它的跡象。
62. 「D」問題是：作者對持批評態(tài)度。
文章中幾處在提及大股東階層人時，作者用詞造句上顯然注入批評色彩，如：irresponsible （第2段第4行）；detached from the responsible（第2段第5行）；打上引號的comfortable 和shareholders；had no knowledge of the lives （第3段第1行）；his influence…… was not good （第2、3行）。
二十世紀(jì)后期，"資本"和"勞動力"兩大敵對陣營在更加現(xiàn)代化的條件下，在不斷地發(fā)展壯大。許多老式的公司被有限責(zé)任公司所代替，這些新型公司雇用拿薪水的經(jīng)理人來進行管理。這種變化是符合新時代的工業(yè)需要的，它將職業(yè)化元素引入企業(yè)，防止了那種在老式家族企業(yè)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的在第一代創(chuàng)始人之后的兩三代人中工作效率下降，從而妨害公司前途的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。這種機制逐漸擺脫了依靠個人的積極性，而轉(zhuǎn)向集體制和由國家、市政掌管的企業(yè)。盡管鐵路公司仍然是為股東牟利的私有企業(yè)，但和那些老式的家族企業(yè)有很大的區(qū)別。同時，市政*入主企業(yè)，為納稅人提供電力、交通和其他服務(wù)。
有限責(zé)任公司的發(fā)展壯大和市政企業(yè)的介入產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。這種大規(guī)模、非個人性質(zhì)的資金運作大大增加了股東這一社會階層的人數(shù)和重要性。而股東階層在社會生活中象征著財富，與土地及土地擁有者的責(zé)任分離開來；同時，財富也和企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理責(zé)任分離開來。整個二十世紀(jì)，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亞以及歐洲的部分國家都是在英國的資金扶持下發(fā)展起來的，因此英國的股票持有者的腰包就在全球工業(yè)化的浪潮中充實了起來。Bournemouth和Eastboume 等城市就居住了一大批"閑適"階層。他們有收入，又不用工作，除了拿紅利和偶爾出席股東會議把他們的命令傳達給管理人之外，他們和社會上的其他人幾乎沒有什么聯(lián)系。另一方面，"持有股票"意味著閑適和自由，這也是維多利亞時代很多人對社會文明的高期望。
這些"股東"并不了解那些在他們持有股份的公司里勞動的工人們的生活、想法和需要，而且他們對資方和勞方之間的關(guān)系也沒有什么好的影響。經(jīng)理人受雇替公司工作，他們和工人的接觸更直接一些。但即使是這樣，現(xiàn)代經(jīng)理人對工人的了解和過去那種老式家族企業(yè)中用家長制進行管理的企業(yè)主相比，也遠遠不如。確實，現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的規(guī)模和和工人的數(shù)量也使得這種熟悉和了解不可能實現(xiàn)。然而幸運的是，至少在所有技術(shù)行業(yè)中，工會的組織和力量不斷發(fā)展壯大，使工人和公司的管理者能在平等的條件下對話。罷工和停工的嚴(yán)重后果使雙方誰也不能小看對方的力量，同時也理解了公平談判的作用。
63. 「D」問題是：根據(jù)作者看法，在美國早期的大量主要發(fā)明的涌現(xiàn)很大程度上歸功于。
文章第2段，作者列出美國早期出現(xiàn)的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造熱的幾個因素。在講到"空間思維"能力時，作者用了"above all"，這表明了"spatial thinking" 較其他幾個因素更為重要。此外，spatial在文中是在引號中出現(xiàn)?？梢娺@種思維方式是不一般的，即D項內(nèi)容。A，B，C項內(nèi)容均是促成因素，但不是主要原因。
64. 「A」問題是：文章暗示了早期美國機械學(xué)中的適應(yīng)性和創(chuàng)造性。
文章第4段第1句，講到美國人的適應(yīng)力和創(chuàng)造力與他們教育優(yōu)勢有關(guān)。句中 "教育優(yōu)勢"（education and advantage）指的正是前段所述內(nèi)容。文章并沒有談到B選項出現(xiàn)的學(xué)校嚴(yán)格管理的問題。
65. 「B」問題是：一個技術(shù)工作人員可以用藝術(shù)家相比，那是因為。
第八段指出，這種非語言的"空間"思維在創(chuàng)造力方面可以與繪畫和寫作相比。正如Fulton指出的："正像詩人坐在字母中一樣，技工應(yīng)該坐在杠桿、螺釘、楔子、輪子等中間，把它們看作自己思想的展現(xiàn)。在這個展現(xiàn)過程中，每一個新的排列方式都傳達一種新的思路。"可見，進行形象的空間思維是這兩種人的共同特征。
66. 「A」問題是：本文好的題目可能是。
文章第一、二段是自問自答，提出了本文旨在論證的問題；第三、四段指出了教育的影響；第五、六段指出了獎勵制度帶來的鼓勵的影響；第七、八段探討了早期美國人特有的思維方式所起的決定性作用；后一段是全文的總結(jié)?？梢姡疚闹饕接懥嗽缙诿绹说膭?chuàng)造熱情及其根源。B，D項只是文章涉及的內(nèi)容，并非重點。C項概念太大，也與作者意圖脫軌。
是什么造成了美國早期涌現(xiàn)出來的大量的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，比如電視、蒸汽船和織布機？
在眾多的原因中，我特意指出以下幾個：美國優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育；歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動力；為發(fā)明人提供獎金的政策；其中重要的是，美國人的那種非文字的，空間的思維方式。
我為什么要提到小學(xué)教育？因為正是這些學(xué)校使得我們早期的機械師，尤其是在新英格蘭和大西洋中部地區(qū)，都具有了讀寫能力，精通算術(shù)，對幾何學(xué)和三角學(xué)也有所了解。
敏銳的外國觀察家把美國人的高度適應(yīng)性和創(chuàng)造性與這種教育上的優(yōu)勢聯(lián)系起來。1853年訪問過美國的一位英國人說："經(jīng)過學(xué)校嚴(yán)密的訓(xùn)練，美國的男孩子很快就能成長為熟練的工人。"
發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的另外一個動力來源于"獎金"制度，它出現(xiàn)于我們的專利制度之前，并且一度和專利制度并行。這一政策發(fā)源于國外，它為發(fā)明人提供獎?wù)?、獎金和其他一些獎勵?BR> 在美國的全國博覽會和各大城市舉辦的工業(yè)博覽會上，大量的獎金被頒發(fā)給新 發(fā)明的設(shè)備。美國人蜂擁而去欣賞這些新的發(fā)明，這也更堅定了他們對科技進步帶來的益處的信心。
有了這種對科技創(chuàng)新的樂觀看法，美國工人很自然地就喜歡上了在機械技術(shù)中特別需要的那種獨特的非文字性的思考方法。正如Eugene Ferguson指出的那樣："技術(shù)專家對物體的思考是不能被抽象成清晰的文字敘述的；在他們腦海中進行的是圖像化，而非文字化的過程……設(shè)計師和發(fā)明家……能在大腦里組裝和操縱其實并不存在的設(shè)備。"
這種非文字性的"空間思維"方式和繪畫、寫作一樣富有創(chuàng)造性。Robert Fulton 曾經(jīng)寫道："機械師應(yīng)當(dāng)坐在一堆杠桿、螺絲、楔子、輪子中間，就像詩人坐在一堆字母中間一樣，把這些工具看成是他思想的展示，每一種新的組合方式就表達了他的一個新想法。"
當(dāng)所有這些因素——教育，開放的態(tài)度，獎金制度，空間思考的才能——在美國富饒的土地上相互作用時，就產(chǎn)生了美國特有的性格：效仿。今天，這個詞只意味著模仿，但是在早些時候，它意味著友好但充滿競爭地努力去爭取名譽和成功。
67. 「D」問題是：文中"creationism"指的是。
關(guān)鍵在于注意到作者對于"creationism"使用的幾個修飾詞，bad religion， bad science.具有deception（欺騙性）。所以選擇D.
68. 「B」問題是：Kitchers 的書作用或目的在于。
只要把這本書的內(nèi)容搞清楚即可。前四章簡單介紹創(chuàng)世論，并不失時機的批判；而后三章深刻揭露痛批創(chuàng)世論，所以選B——"暴露創(chuàng)世論者的真實嘴臉".并不是C中的"狠狠咒罵"（curse bitterly），和D的"出其不意的襲擊"（surprise attak）
69. 「B」問題是：從文中可以推理。
A選項扭曲了短文后一句話中reason的意思，reason是"理智"或"理性"，而A選項中的reasoning是推理的意思。
C的意思于原文相反——對于非專業(yè)的人士來說進化論太難了。而文中后一段的第二句話即提到由于論證清楚明白，所以非專業(yè)人士也能對進化論有個大概的了解。
D項顯然有違常理。
B選項的意思是創(chuàng)世論不是基于推理論證的基礎(chǔ)之上的，符合題意。
70. 「A」問題是：文章顯然是的摘要。
詳見譯文，本文介紹了Kitcher的一書。
傳聞?wù)f出版商籌劃的二十多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世論和進化論的書中有一些已經(jīng)出版面世了。這些書的目的都是為了向糊涂無知的大眾解釋一個問題，那就是在關(guān)于宇宙和生命的起源和進化的問題上，沒有兩種同樣正確的科學(xué)理論。宇宙學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)和生物學(xué)構(gòu)成了一個連貫而統(tǒng)一的體系，不斷完善對過去發(fā)生的事情的解釋。一些人試圖在課堂里推行"科學(xué)"創(chuàng)世論，每當(dāng)對進化進行科學(xué)解釋的時候，他們就開始講這種理論、科學(xué)創(chuàng)世論是建立在宗教的基礎(chǔ)上的，并非科學(xué)。實際上，無論是科學(xué)家還是大多數(shù)非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖都開始認為"科學(xué)"創(chuàng)世論既不是科學(xué)也不是宗教。
Kitcher的書在前四章中對進化做了簡單的介紹。在合適的地方，他介紹了對創(chuàng)世論者的批判并給出了回答。在后三章中，他終于顯露出本意，給創(chuàng)世紀(jì)一頓痛擊。他描述了這些的伎倆，對那些不熟悉創(chuàng)世論者的人來說，這些人對真相的欺騙和歪曲程度讓人不快和震驚。因為既然這些人的初動機是宗教，他們本應(yīng)該采取更加符合基督教徒的行為。
Kitcher是位哲學(xué)家，這也許部分解釋了他的論證為何如此清晰和有效。普通讀者至少能夠了解什么樣的數(shù)據(jù)和論證是支持進化理論的。他書中后幾章對創(chuàng)世論者的批判非常清楚，所有人都能讀懂。在這本書的封面上，Stephen Jay Gould 寫道："這本書是理性的代表。"確實如此，在創(chuàng)世論和進化論辯論中，理性是惟一合格的評判。