DAY50
Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1
MOSCOW， Nov. 20While the international space station brings new renown to Russia， the nation is gaining from other explorershackers who launch into cyberspace.
Russias reputation as home to some of the worlds most gifted and devious hackers was underscored last month when Microsoft Corp. disclosed that passwords to access its coveted source code had been sent from the company network to an email address in St. Petersburg.
It is by no means clear whether a Russian was behind the breakinthat email account could have been managed remotely. But that doesnt stop Russian hackers“khakeri”， or “vzlomshchiki（housebreakers）”from puffing out their chests at such exploits.
In a recent poll on a hackeroriented Web site， 82 percent said Russia had the worlds best hacker； only 5 percent said Americans were better.
But the bravado is laced with frustration.
Hackers are motivated as much by a lack of opportunity in economically struggling Russia as by criminal leaning， people inside and outside the hacker community say.
Sergei Pokrovsky， editor of the magazine Khaker， said that hackers in his circle have skills that could bring them rich salaries in the West， but they expect to earn only about $300 a month working for Russian companies.
Russias higher education traditionally has been strong in mathematics， a skill at the core of hacking， but the Russian market offers few employment opportunities to such knowledgeable people， said Mikko Hypponen， manager of antivirus research at the Finnish（芬蘭） company FSecure. “They have too much time on their hands，” said Hypponen， whose company highly values the Russian computer experts it employs.
Russians have been behind several highprofile — and sometimes highly lucrative — hacking cases. There was the cyberthief known as “Maxus” who stole creditcard numbers from Internet retail trader CD Universe earlier this year and demanded a $100，000 ransom. When denied the money， he posted 25，000 of the numbers on a Web site. Maxus was never caught.
Mathematician Vladimir Levin was caught and in 1998 was sentenced to three years in prison in Florida for a stunning invasion of the Citibank system in which he pilfered $12 million by transferring digital dollars out of the banks accounts.
Russians are also believed to be behind the 1998 theft of Global Positioning System software， used for missiletargeting， from U.S. military computers.
1. From the first two paragraphs， we can know that
A. Russias international reputation on space station was established on Nov.20.
B. Russia is notorious for its hackers who launch into cyberspace.
C. It was confirmed that Russia had stolen the precious source code of Microsoft Corp.
D. The email address issue proved that Russians reputation as home to some of the worlds most gifted hackers was not so high as people had considered.
2. When the author said that “that doesnt stop Russian hackers from puffing out their chests at such exploits”， he meant that
A. Russian hackers became more proud of themselves through the suspected breakin into Microsoft Corp.
B. Russian hackers grew very angry about the suspicion of their breakin.
C. Russian hackers admitted frankly that they managed the email account remotely and they were very proud of it.
D. Russian hackers became reckless in breaking in cyberspace.
3. Which of the following statements is true about Russian hackers？
A. They are mainly motivated by a lack of opportunity of employment in Russia.
B. Their tendency of and interest in committing crime was the most powerful driving force for their breakin.
C. Because they have too much time on hands， they cant help breaking in cyberspace in order to kill time.
D. Most of them are elites in mathematics and much appreciated.
4. Associating with context， we can guess out that “high — profile” means
A. conspicuous and attracting public attention. B. beneficial.
C. gaining extremely bad reputation. D. violating the law desperately.
5. Which of the following statements is true？
A. 12 million dollars out of Citibank.
B. Maxus stole many creditcard numbers from Internet retail trader CD Universe and attempted to sell them to others at the price of $100，000.
C. It is believed that Russians had stolen the Global Positioning system software.
D. Russians had involved in some hacking cases and gained lots of money.
Passage 2
Could laughter really be used as a medicine？ A firstof — its — kind study has just started at the Jonsson Cancer Center at the University of California， Los Angeles， to determine if laughter can reduce pain and help treat disease in children and adolescents who have cancer or HIV/AIDS.
The study called “Rx Laughter” is being led by Dr. Margaret Stuber， a cancer researcher and professor in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the UCLA Neuropsychiatry Institute. The study will initially focus on what makes healthy children laugh， using classic cartoons， television shows and classic comedy films， and then gauging the reactions of the children.
The study will then use the programs that induce the most laughter to test immune system responses in young patients. If a positive biological response to laughter is found， the cartoons， TV shows and films could be incorporated into the alleviate stress and fear and promote faster healing， according to the researchers.
“We ultimately hope to help children who are hospitalized and receiving treatment for cancer and AIDS， serious illnesses in which the immune system is vital， and improving it could be lifesaving，” said Stuber.
“We have a pretty good idea about the impact that laughter and humor can have on a persons wellbeing，” said researcher Dr. Lonnie Zeltzer， professor of pediatrics and anesthesiology and director of the pediatric pain program at the Mattel Childrens Hospital at UCLA. “But no one has really looked with any depth at the possible biologic links among health， having a good sense of humor and even the act of laughter itself. Well study the impact that both humor and laughter have on the immune system and pain transmission and control”。
Stuber and Zeltzer will head up Rx Laughter， founded over a year ago by Sherry Hilber， a Beverly Hills entertainment executive who is its executive director. Hilber said classic films featuring Abbott & Costello， the Marx Brothers， W. C. Fields， Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton have been selected for the study. Classic television shows such as Mork & Mindy， Lets Make A Deal and The Flintstones are also on the roster.
“Our choices will be refined over the next few years，” said Hilber. “When you watch something privately， you might laugh differently than you would within a group， and these things need to be taken into consideration because this has never been tested in a hospital before.”
If the study proves that laughter and medicine do prompt positive physiological responses， the researchers hope to integrate them into treatment procedures for young patients. Stuber concluded that such integration of conventional medicine and laughter would represent a philosophical and structural change in the way medicine is practiced at UCLA.
1. The most appropriate title for this passage is
A. study to Explore Laughter As Adjunct to Medical Treatment.
B. laughter May Really Be Used As a Medicine.
C. the Impact of Laughter and Humor.
D. the Integration of Conventional Medicine and Laughter.
2. The direct aim of “Rx Laughter” is
A. to save lives of children by improving their immune systems.
B. to reduce pain and fear in children who suffered from serious illnesses.
C. to test what makes healthy children laugh.
D. to test immune system responses in children.
3. From the passage we can know that
A. Children will be saved from dying once their immune system is improved.
B. People have noticed the impact laughter have on their healthy condition.
C. No one has ever thought that there can be any biological relation between health and laughter.
D. Laughter will be combined with medicine as a medical treatment at UCLA.
4. The word “alleviate” in paragraph 3 can be replaced by
A. remove.B. overcome.C. ease.D. avoid.
5. We can infer from the text that Beverly Hills is probably
A. a kind of tool for entertainment.
B. a place where famous film stars assemble.
C. a medical institution.
D. a research company.
Passage 3
Lets hear for wrinklesfor those fabulous frown lines and highkicking crowsfeet. What crucial moods they so subtly express！ With a slight tightening of the skin between the eyebrows， bosses can communicate killer exasperation. Moms， salesclerks and 30ish women at single bars can signal displeasure without raising their voices. And consider the alpha male： why， Clint Eastwood with an unlined face would just be……Dick Clark. Wrinkles were surely what George Orwell had in mind when he wrote that at 50 everyone has the face he deserves.
That Orwellhe said so in 1984. Today， when youth is a secular religion and a huge industry， you can choose your favorite age and， with the help of wonder drugs， stay there. So lets join the 21st century and hear it for Botox， which may soon guarantee that at 50 everyone will have the face she， or he， can afford.
Botox： short for botulinum toxin. The name wont make you smile， but the injection can keep you from frowning. A decade ago， the toxin that causes botulism （a form of food poisoning） was a treatment only for spasmodic procedure， with more than a million injections in 2000 （according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery）， 89% of them to women. Botox is just the thing to erase worry and anger lines， to take years and cares off the most fretful visage. And all for $300 — $1000 a shot， compared with a $15000 facelift. “Advertisers can present this as a facelift in a bottle，” says Norman Shorr， a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon. “This is a true miracle drug. It really works”。
The Food and Drug Administration may shortly agree. Botox， made by the Irvine， California， pharmaceutical firm Allergan， is expected to win FDA approval — but only for removing frown lines， not for the full facial makeover. According to a source close to Allergan， if the company had applied for multiple places to use Botox， it would have been required to conduct more expensive clinical testing. Either way， doctors will still inject you all over.
Any miracle has skeptics， and Botox has earned its share. Dr. Robert Butler， president of the International Longevity Center， worries that “no one will look as if they have facial expressions” and that repeated use of the drug， which requires an injection every few months， could “create a psychological dependence”。 Downmarket clinics could flourish， offering the drug for $100 by diluting it， thus causing creepy side effects. Dr. Debra Jaliman， a dermatologist who teaches a Botox course at Manhattans Mount Sinai， is a proponent of the drug but has corrected nasty complications from other doctors misapplied injection： “Eyelid droop； slurred speech， as if theyve had a stroke； drooped mouth； asymmetrical forehead； eyes that dont shut”。
Warning wont scare off the folks in Hollywood. “I live in a town completely devoted to vanity，” says writer actress Carrie Fisher， 45， who has been Botoxing for five years. “It irons out the wrinkles. Youd never know I was manicdepressive.” Danny Bonaduce， 42， a child actor （The Partridge Family） turned co — host of The Other Half， was accompanying his wife to a Botox session when her doctor asked him if he wanted some. “Three days after I did it， Dick Clark said to me， 'You look 10 years younger！’。 With Botox， people cant really tell what youve done， just that you look better”。
But the trend has spread beyond the beautyfanatic media world. Patty Reimerdes， 50， a divorced mother of two from Queens， New York， had her first Botox procedure last week and pronounces herself pleased. Reimerdes says she doesnt mind being 50： “I just dont want to look 50”。 And so what if your face freezes up a little？ As Fisher notes， “Its good for poker”。
Of course， if everyone gets Botoxed， the minority now using the drug will lose its competitive edge； no one will look younger or more serene than anyone else. But then， who cares if youre unhappy， as long as youre incapable of showing it？
1. Whats the main idea of the first paragraph？
A. Wrinkles can easily betray that you are not in a good mood.
B. We should listen to others talk about wrinkles.
C. Everyone deserves a face with wrinkles when he gets old.
D. We can express displeasure by just tightening the skin.
2. Whats FDAs opinion about the use of Botox？
A. Approving by limiting the scope of its use.
B. Approving just for a short time.
C. Approving at the condition that Botox will spend more money on research.
D. Disapproving on any condition if Botox is going to be applied to the full facial makeover.
3. What can we learn from the first sentence of paragraph 5？
A. Botox has gained a lot of money though it is much criticized.
B. Usually there are always some people who will express doubts on miracles， but Botox is an excerption.
C. Botox， like any other miracles， is warned against its drawbacks by some people.
D. Botox has gained as much reputation as any other miracles.
4. According to Dr.Robert Butler， which of the following consequences of using Botox is true？
A. Peoples faces will be unable to move.
B. Botox of low quality and low price will be provided and thus may induce disastrous bad effects.
C. Some doctors may apply the injection wrongly.
D. People will be involved in a psychological illness.
5. What is the authors attitude towards Botox？
A. sarcasticB. approving C. neutralD. criticizing
Passage 4
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we shall know in vast detail how cancer cells arise，” says MIT microbiologist Robert Weinberg， one of the first to pinpoint the gene responsible for a specific cancer. But， he cautions， “some people have the idea that once one understands the cause， the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections， but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available”。
With as many as 120 varieties in existence， discovering how cancer works is not easy. The quest gained momentum in the early 1970s， when researchers pinpointed an oncogene for the first time. Oncogenes， which are cancercausing genes， are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet to a spontaneous mutation may activate a dormant oncogene， but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are goaded into action， the cell， unable to turn them off， becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious， but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of the genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Mutations are a normal part of the evolutionary process，”“says oncologist William Hayward of Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center， recipient of the 1985 BristolMyers Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated； as Hayward points out， ”we can not prepare a vaccine against cosmic rays“。
The prospects for cure， though still distant， are brighter. J. Michael Bishop， a microbiologist at the University of California， San Francisco， and one of the discoverers of the first protooncogene， the “switch” that turns normal cells cancerous， suggests the following approach：“First， we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second， we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells， which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If genetic damage is at the heart of every cancer， which are the active genes？ If we can understand how cancer works， we can counteract its action”。
For Robert Weinberg， the most likely method to yield results in the long term is to discover the biochemical reactions in a cell that go away. “We will discover in the next several years the biochemical changes that oncogenes induce in the cell.” He says， “this will make it possible to begin to develop， in a rational way， various pharmacological approaches to the problem”。
“Well need new information in basic cell biology at the Harvard University School of Public Health. ”But if one takes it out as far as fifty or a hundred years， I think we should be able to get rid of it“。
1. When Robert mentioned Pasteur， he indicated that
A. the cure would rapidly follow， once the cause had been found.
B. it would be a long time before cures are available， though we had gotten the cause.
C. it was impossible for us to understand the cause of cancer.
D. we were at a loss to conquer cancer.
2. Which of the following statements is WRONG about oncogenes？
A. Oncogenes， which are inactive in normal cells， may cause cancer.
B. They may be activated by anything， including cosmic rays， radiation， diet， and a spontaneous mutation.
C. How they are activated remains unknown.
D. Any slightest change of oncogene will make the cell cancerous.
3. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that
A. we would prevent all kind of cancer if the vaccine against cosmic rays were found.
B. some unstable environmental factors make the mutation possibly occur.
C. by the words of William， we learn that none of cancers can be prevented， for mutations are normal.
D. cosmic rays is the most important environmental factor.
4. J. Michael Bishop suggested several approaches including
I. Understand how the normal cell controls itself.
II. Determine whether there are a limit number of genes in cells， which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble.
III. Discover the biochemical reaction in a cell that goes away.
A. I and IIB. II and III C. I， II and IIID. II only
5. According to the whole passage we learn that the attitude of the author toward the approaches of the cancer is
A. pessimistic. B. useless. C. optimistic.D. critical.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：
Passage 1
本文主要講網(wǎng)絡(luò)黑客和人們對(duì)俄羅斯黑客可能參與其中的懷疑。
Russias reputation as home to some of the worlds most gifted and devious hackers was underscored last month when Microsoft Corp. disclosed that passwords to access its coveted source code had been sent from the company network to an email address in St. Petersburg. 俄羅斯一向被人看做是世界上最有才能、最狡猾的一些黑客的故鄉(xiāng)。由于上月微軟公司披露，進(jìn)入其讓人垂涎的資源碼的指令被人從該公司的網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳到了圣彼得堡的一個(gè)email地址，人們對(duì)這一點(diǎn)更加確信無疑。
1. 「B」文章第一段a darker sort of notice就指出俄國的不光彩的名稱，第二段更明確解釋了。其余三項(xiàng)表述都錯(cuò)誤。
2. 「A」that doesnt stop Russian hackers from puffing out their chests at such exploits是說俄羅斯黑客為此冒險(xiǎn)而更加趾高氣揚(yáng)。
3. 「D」從文章倒數(shù)第四段尤其是最后一句可以得出此結(jié)論。其余三項(xiàng)表述都有錯(cuò)誤。
4. 「A」high — profile意為出風(fēng)頭。
5. 「D」倒數(shù)第三段有說明。
Passage 2
本文是對(duì)笑能否作為一種醫(yī)學(xué)輔助療法而做的研究。
If a positive biological response to laughter is found， the cartoons， TV shows and films could be incorporated into the alleviate stress and fear and promote faster healing， according to the researchers. 據(jù)研究人員說，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)笑所引起的生物學(xué)上的反應(yīng)是令人滿意的，那么在對(duì)小病人的治療過程中，就會(huì)同時(shí)利用卡通片，電視節(jié)目和影片，以緩解緊張和恐懼，加速康復(fù)。
1. 「A」通觀全文，A項(xiàng)表述最貼切全面，其余表述都片面或離題。
2. 「B」從文章第三段可得出結(jié)論。A是最終目的，不是直接目的。C，D都不是目的。
3. 「B」文章第五段已說明。A，B，C表述錯(cuò)誤。
4. 「C」alleviate指緩解
5. 「B」Beverly Hills是美國加洲南部城市，好萊塢影星聚集地。從后面的內(nèi)容也可以推斷出它是與影片有關(guān)的娛樂場所。Passage 3
本文講的是一種新的“神奇藥物”－Botox，它能消除皺紋、憂慮，或許還能改變你的性格。
1. Lets hear for wrinklesfor those fabulous frown lines and highkicking crowsfeet. 讓我們?yōu)榘櫦y——為那些驚人的抬頭紋和高挑的眼角紋——而歡呼鼓掌吧。
2. Any miracle has skeptics， and Botox has earned its share. Dr. Robert Butler， president of the International Longevity Center， worries that “no one will look as if they have facial expressions” and that repeated use of the drug， which requires an injection every few months， could “create a psychological dependence”。 任何奇跡都會(huì)有人懷疑，“保妥適”也不例外。國際長壽中心主席羅伯特·巴特勒博士擔(dān)心“人人看上去都沒有了面部表情”，還擔(dān)心重復(fù)使用該藥物（它要求每隔數(shù)月就注射一次）會(huì)使人產(chǎn)生“心理依賴”。
3. Downmarket clinics could flourish， offering the drug for $100 by diluting it， thus causing creepy side effects價(jià)廉次質(zhì)的還可能靠此生意興隆，將稀釋的藥物以100美元的價(jià)格售出，從而導(dǎo)致駭人聽聞的副作用。
1. 「A」其余三項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤。
2. 「A」從第四段第一句話得知。關(guān)鍵是理解shortly（很快）的意思。B、C、D表述都錯(cuò)。
3. 「C」由第五段可得答案。
4. 「B」由第五段及難句解析3可知。
5. 「B」由原文最開始的表述和最后一段可知作者態(tài)度是贊成擁護(hù)的。
Passage 4
這是一篇有關(guān)治療癌癥的自然科學(xué)文章， 作者提出了癌癥治愈的可能性， 剖析致癌原因， 從而說明癌癥治愈的艱巨性，但總體是樂觀的。
1. ……but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of the genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 但是許多癌癥很可能起始于基因因素，這表明我們永遠(yuǎn)也不能做到對(duì)一切癌癥的預(yù)防。
2. Second， we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. 第二， 我們必須確定細(xì)胞內(nèi)是否存在一定數(shù)量的基因，至少是引起癌癥的部分起因。
3. For Robert Weinberg， the most likely method to yield results in the long term is to discover the biochemical reactions in a cell that go away. 對(duì)羅伯特·溫伯格來說， 長期有效的最可行的辦法是去發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)異常的生化反應(yīng)。
4. “But if one takes it out as far as fifty or a hundred years， I think we should be able to get rid of it”。如果我們展望今后五十年或一百年， 我認(rèn)為我們一定能夠擺脫癌癥。
1. 「B」從第一段最后一句話可得出答案。
2. 「D」文章第三段指出：癌基因在正常細(xì)胞中并不活躍，所以D的說法是錯(cuò)誤的。
3. 「B」此段最后一句話指出，如果有幾個(gè)癌基因被激活，那么這個(gè)癌細(xì)胞由于不能阻止這些癌基因的作用就會(huì)癌變。其余選項(xiàng)表述有誤。
4. 「A」文章倒數(shù)第三段有詳細(xì)解釋。
5. 「C」通過文章最后的話，我們可以看出作者是持樂觀態(tài)度的。
Reading comprehension
Direction： In this part， there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answers marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.
Passage 1
MOSCOW， Nov. 20While the international space station brings new renown to Russia， the nation is gaining from other explorershackers who launch into cyberspace.
Russias reputation as home to some of the worlds most gifted and devious hackers was underscored last month when Microsoft Corp. disclosed that passwords to access its coveted source code had been sent from the company network to an email address in St. Petersburg.
It is by no means clear whether a Russian was behind the breakinthat email account could have been managed remotely. But that doesnt stop Russian hackers“khakeri”， or “vzlomshchiki（housebreakers）”from puffing out their chests at such exploits.
In a recent poll on a hackeroriented Web site， 82 percent said Russia had the worlds best hacker； only 5 percent said Americans were better.
But the bravado is laced with frustration.
Hackers are motivated as much by a lack of opportunity in economically struggling Russia as by criminal leaning， people inside and outside the hacker community say.
Sergei Pokrovsky， editor of the magazine Khaker， said that hackers in his circle have skills that could bring them rich salaries in the West， but they expect to earn only about $300 a month working for Russian companies.
Russias higher education traditionally has been strong in mathematics， a skill at the core of hacking， but the Russian market offers few employment opportunities to such knowledgeable people， said Mikko Hypponen， manager of antivirus research at the Finnish（芬蘭） company FSecure. “They have too much time on their hands，” said Hypponen， whose company highly values the Russian computer experts it employs.
Russians have been behind several highprofile — and sometimes highly lucrative — hacking cases. There was the cyberthief known as “Maxus” who stole creditcard numbers from Internet retail trader CD Universe earlier this year and demanded a $100，000 ransom. When denied the money， he posted 25，000 of the numbers on a Web site. Maxus was never caught.
Mathematician Vladimir Levin was caught and in 1998 was sentenced to three years in prison in Florida for a stunning invasion of the Citibank system in which he pilfered $12 million by transferring digital dollars out of the banks accounts.
Russians are also believed to be behind the 1998 theft of Global Positioning System software， used for missiletargeting， from U.S. military computers.
1. From the first two paragraphs， we can know that
A. Russias international reputation on space station was established on Nov.20.
B. Russia is notorious for its hackers who launch into cyberspace.
C. It was confirmed that Russia had stolen the precious source code of Microsoft Corp.
D. The email address issue proved that Russians reputation as home to some of the worlds most gifted hackers was not so high as people had considered.
2. When the author said that “that doesnt stop Russian hackers from puffing out their chests at such exploits”， he meant that
A. Russian hackers became more proud of themselves through the suspected breakin into Microsoft Corp.
B. Russian hackers grew very angry about the suspicion of their breakin.
C. Russian hackers admitted frankly that they managed the email account remotely and they were very proud of it.
D. Russian hackers became reckless in breaking in cyberspace.
3. Which of the following statements is true about Russian hackers？
A. They are mainly motivated by a lack of opportunity of employment in Russia.
B. Their tendency of and interest in committing crime was the most powerful driving force for their breakin.
C. Because they have too much time on hands， they cant help breaking in cyberspace in order to kill time.
D. Most of them are elites in mathematics and much appreciated.
4. Associating with context， we can guess out that “high — profile” means
A. conspicuous and attracting public attention. B. beneficial.
C. gaining extremely bad reputation. D. violating the law desperately.
5. Which of the following statements is true？
A. 12 million dollars out of Citibank.
B. Maxus stole many creditcard numbers from Internet retail trader CD Universe and attempted to sell them to others at the price of $100，000.
C. It is believed that Russians had stolen the Global Positioning system software.
D. Russians had involved in some hacking cases and gained lots of money.
Passage 2
Could laughter really be used as a medicine？ A firstof — its — kind study has just started at the Jonsson Cancer Center at the University of California， Los Angeles， to determine if laughter can reduce pain and help treat disease in children and adolescents who have cancer or HIV/AIDS.
The study called “Rx Laughter” is being led by Dr. Margaret Stuber， a cancer researcher and professor in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the UCLA Neuropsychiatry Institute. The study will initially focus on what makes healthy children laugh， using classic cartoons， television shows and classic comedy films， and then gauging the reactions of the children.
The study will then use the programs that induce the most laughter to test immune system responses in young patients. If a positive biological response to laughter is found， the cartoons， TV shows and films could be incorporated into the alleviate stress and fear and promote faster healing， according to the researchers.
“We ultimately hope to help children who are hospitalized and receiving treatment for cancer and AIDS， serious illnesses in which the immune system is vital， and improving it could be lifesaving，” said Stuber.
“We have a pretty good idea about the impact that laughter and humor can have on a persons wellbeing，” said researcher Dr. Lonnie Zeltzer， professor of pediatrics and anesthesiology and director of the pediatric pain program at the Mattel Childrens Hospital at UCLA. “But no one has really looked with any depth at the possible biologic links among health， having a good sense of humor and even the act of laughter itself. Well study the impact that both humor and laughter have on the immune system and pain transmission and control”。
Stuber and Zeltzer will head up Rx Laughter， founded over a year ago by Sherry Hilber， a Beverly Hills entertainment executive who is its executive director. Hilber said classic films featuring Abbott & Costello， the Marx Brothers， W. C. Fields， Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton have been selected for the study. Classic television shows such as Mork & Mindy， Lets Make A Deal and The Flintstones are also on the roster.
“Our choices will be refined over the next few years，” said Hilber. “When you watch something privately， you might laugh differently than you would within a group， and these things need to be taken into consideration because this has never been tested in a hospital before.”
If the study proves that laughter and medicine do prompt positive physiological responses， the researchers hope to integrate them into treatment procedures for young patients. Stuber concluded that such integration of conventional medicine and laughter would represent a philosophical and structural change in the way medicine is practiced at UCLA.
1. The most appropriate title for this passage is
A. study to Explore Laughter As Adjunct to Medical Treatment.
B. laughter May Really Be Used As a Medicine.
C. the Impact of Laughter and Humor.
D. the Integration of Conventional Medicine and Laughter.
2. The direct aim of “Rx Laughter” is
A. to save lives of children by improving their immune systems.
B. to reduce pain and fear in children who suffered from serious illnesses.
C. to test what makes healthy children laugh.
D. to test immune system responses in children.
3. From the passage we can know that
A. Children will be saved from dying once their immune system is improved.
B. People have noticed the impact laughter have on their healthy condition.
C. No one has ever thought that there can be any biological relation between health and laughter.
D. Laughter will be combined with medicine as a medical treatment at UCLA.
4. The word “alleviate” in paragraph 3 can be replaced by
A. remove.B. overcome.C. ease.D. avoid.
5. We can infer from the text that Beverly Hills is probably
A. a kind of tool for entertainment.
B. a place where famous film stars assemble.
C. a medical institution.
D. a research company.
Passage 3
Lets hear for wrinklesfor those fabulous frown lines and highkicking crowsfeet. What crucial moods they so subtly express！ With a slight tightening of the skin between the eyebrows， bosses can communicate killer exasperation. Moms， salesclerks and 30ish women at single bars can signal displeasure without raising their voices. And consider the alpha male： why， Clint Eastwood with an unlined face would just be……Dick Clark. Wrinkles were surely what George Orwell had in mind when he wrote that at 50 everyone has the face he deserves.
That Orwellhe said so in 1984. Today， when youth is a secular religion and a huge industry， you can choose your favorite age and， with the help of wonder drugs， stay there. So lets join the 21st century and hear it for Botox， which may soon guarantee that at 50 everyone will have the face she， or he， can afford.
Botox： short for botulinum toxin. The name wont make you smile， but the injection can keep you from frowning. A decade ago， the toxin that causes botulism （a form of food poisoning） was a treatment only for spasmodic procedure， with more than a million injections in 2000 （according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery）， 89% of them to women. Botox is just the thing to erase worry and anger lines， to take years and cares off the most fretful visage. And all for $300 — $1000 a shot， compared with a $15000 facelift. “Advertisers can present this as a facelift in a bottle，” says Norman Shorr， a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon. “This is a true miracle drug. It really works”。
The Food and Drug Administration may shortly agree. Botox， made by the Irvine， California， pharmaceutical firm Allergan， is expected to win FDA approval — but only for removing frown lines， not for the full facial makeover. According to a source close to Allergan， if the company had applied for multiple places to use Botox， it would have been required to conduct more expensive clinical testing. Either way， doctors will still inject you all over.
Any miracle has skeptics， and Botox has earned its share. Dr. Robert Butler， president of the International Longevity Center， worries that “no one will look as if they have facial expressions” and that repeated use of the drug， which requires an injection every few months， could “create a psychological dependence”。 Downmarket clinics could flourish， offering the drug for $100 by diluting it， thus causing creepy side effects. Dr. Debra Jaliman， a dermatologist who teaches a Botox course at Manhattans Mount Sinai， is a proponent of the drug but has corrected nasty complications from other doctors misapplied injection： “Eyelid droop； slurred speech， as if theyve had a stroke； drooped mouth； asymmetrical forehead； eyes that dont shut”。
Warning wont scare off the folks in Hollywood. “I live in a town completely devoted to vanity，” says writer actress Carrie Fisher， 45， who has been Botoxing for five years. “It irons out the wrinkles. Youd never know I was manicdepressive.” Danny Bonaduce， 42， a child actor （The Partridge Family） turned co — host of The Other Half， was accompanying his wife to a Botox session when her doctor asked him if he wanted some. “Three days after I did it， Dick Clark said to me， 'You look 10 years younger！’。 With Botox， people cant really tell what youve done， just that you look better”。
But the trend has spread beyond the beautyfanatic media world. Patty Reimerdes， 50， a divorced mother of two from Queens， New York， had her first Botox procedure last week and pronounces herself pleased. Reimerdes says she doesnt mind being 50： “I just dont want to look 50”。 And so what if your face freezes up a little？ As Fisher notes， “Its good for poker”。
Of course， if everyone gets Botoxed， the minority now using the drug will lose its competitive edge； no one will look younger or more serene than anyone else. But then， who cares if youre unhappy， as long as youre incapable of showing it？
1. Whats the main idea of the first paragraph？
A. Wrinkles can easily betray that you are not in a good mood.
B. We should listen to others talk about wrinkles.
C. Everyone deserves a face with wrinkles when he gets old.
D. We can express displeasure by just tightening the skin.
2. Whats FDAs opinion about the use of Botox？
A. Approving by limiting the scope of its use.
B. Approving just for a short time.
C. Approving at the condition that Botox will spend more money on research.
D. Disapproving on any condition if Botox is going to be applied to the full facial makeover.
3. What can we learn from the first sentence of paragraph 5？
A. Botox has gained a lot of money though it is much criticized.
B. Usually there are always some people who will express doubts on miracles， but Botox is an excerption.
C. Botox， like any other miracles， is warned against its drawbacks by some people.
D. Botox has gained as much reputation as any other miracles.
4. According to Dr.Robert Butler， which of the following consequences of using Botox is true？
A. Peoples faces will be unable to move.
B. Botox of low quality and low price will be provided and thus may induce disastrous bad effects.
C. Some doctors may apply the injection wrongly.
D. People will be involved in a psychological illness.
5. What is the authors attitude towards Botox？
A. sarcasticB. approving C. neutralD. criticizing
Passage 4
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we shall know in vast detail how cancer cells arise，” says MIT microbiologist Robert Weinberg， one of the first to pinpoint the gene responsible for a specific cancer. But， he cautions， “some people have the idea that once one understands the cause， the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections， but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available”。
With as many as 120 varieties in existence， discovering how cancer works is not easy. The quest gained momentum in the early 1970s， when researchers pinpointed an oncogene for the first time. Oncogenes， which are cancercausing genes， are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet to a spontaneous mutation may activate a dormant oncogene， but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are goaded into action， the cell， unable to turn them off， becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious， but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of the genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Mutations are a normal part of the evolutionary process，”“says oncologist William Hayward of Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center， recipient of the 1985 BristolMyers Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated； as Hayward points out， ”we can not prepare a vaccine against cosmic rays“。
The prospects for cure， though still distant， are brighter. J. Michael Bishop， a microbiologist at the University of California， San Francisco， and one of the discoverers of the first protooncogene， the “switch” that turns normal cells cancerous， suggests the following approach：“First， we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second， we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells， which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If genetic damage is at the heart of every cancer， which are the active genes？ If we can understand how cancer works， we can counteract its action”。
For Robert Weinberg， the most likely method to yield results in the long term is to discover the biochemical reactions in a cell that go away. “We will discover in the next several years the biochemical changes that oncogenes induce in the cell.” He says， “this will make it possible to begin to develop， in a rational way， various pharmacological approaches to the problem”。
“Well need new information in basic cell biology at the Harvard University School of Public Health. ”But if one takes it out as far as fifty or a hundred years， I think we should be able to get rid of it“。
1. When Robert mentioned Pasteur， he indicated that
A. the cure would rapidly follow， once the cause had been found.
B. it would be a long time before cures are available， though we had gotten the cause.
C. it was impossible for us to understand the cause of cancer.
D. we were at a loss to conquer cancer.
2. Which of the following statements is WRONG about oncogenes？
A. Oncogenes， which are inactive in normal cells， may cause cancer.
B. They may be activated by anything， including cosmic rays， radiation， diet， and a spontaneous mutation.
C. How they are activated remains unknown.
D. Any slightest change of oncogene will make the cell cancerous.
3. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that
A. we would prevent all kind of cancer if the vaccine against cosmic rays were found.
B. some unstable environmental factors make the mutation possibly occur.
C. by the words of William， we learn that none of cancers can be prevented， for mutations are normal.
D. cosmic rays is the most important environmental factor.
4. J. Michael Bishop suggested several approaches including
I. Understand how the normal cell controls itself.
II. Determine whether there are a limit number of genes in cells， which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble.
III. Discover the biochemical reaction in a cell that goes away.
A. I and IIB. II and III C. I， II and IIID. II only
5. According to the whole passage we learn that the attitude of the author toward the approaches of the cancer is
A. pessimistic. B. useless. C. optimistic.D. critical.
Keys and notes for the passage reading：
Passage 1
本文主要講網(wǎng)絡(luò)黑客和人們對(duì)俄羅斯黑客可能參與其中的懷疑。
Russias reputation as home to some of the worlds most gifted and devious hackers was underscored last month when Microsoft Corp. disclosed that passwords to access its coveted source code had been sent from the company network to an email address in St. Petersburg. 俄羅斯一向被人看做是世界上最有才能、最狡猾的一些黑客的故鄉(xiāng)。由于上月微軟公司披露，進(jìn)入其讓人垂涎的資源碼的指令被人從該公司的網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳到了圣彼得堡的一個(gè)email地址，人們對(duì)這一點(diǎn)更加確信無疑。
1. 「B」文章第一段a darker sort of notice就指出俄國的不光彩的名稱，第二段更明確解釋了。其余三項(xiàng)表述都錯(cuò)誤。
2. 「A」that doesnt stop Russian hackers from puffing out their chests at such exploits是說俄羅斯黑客為此冒險(xiǎn)而更加趾高氣揚(yáng)。
3. 「D」從文章倒數(shù)第四段尤其是最后一句可以得出此結(jié)論。其余三項(xiàng)表述都有錯(cuò)誤。
4. 「A」high — profile意為出風(fēng)頭。
5. 「D」倒數(shù)第三段有說明。
Passage 2
本文是對(duì)笑能否作為一種醫(yī)學(xué)輔助療法而做的研究。
If a positive biological response to laughter is found， the cartoons， TV shows and films could be incorporated into the alleviate stress and fear and promote faster healing， according to the researchers. 據(jù)研究人員說，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)笑所引起的生物學(xué)上的反應(yīng)是令人滿意的，那么在對(duì)小病人的治療過程中，就會(huì)同時(shí)利用卡通片，電視節(jié)目和影片，以緩解緊張和恐懼，加速康復(fù)。
1. 「A」通觀全文，A項(xiàng)表述最貼切全面，其余表述都片面或離題。
2. 「B」從文章第三段可得出結(jié)論。A是最終目的，不是直接目的。C，D都不是目的。
3. 「B」文章第五段已說明。A，B，C表述錯(cuò)誤。
4. 「C」alleviate指緩解
5. 「B」Beverly Hills是美國加洲南部城市，好萊塢影星聚集地。從后面的內(nèi)容也可以推斷出它是與影片有關(guān)的娛樂場所。Passage 3
本文講的是一種新的“神奇藥物”－Botox，它能消除皺紋、憂慮，或許還能改變你的性格。
1. Lets hear for wrinklesfor those fabulous frown lines and highkicking crowsfeet. 讓我們?yōu)榘櫦y——為那些驚人的抬頭紋和高挑的眼角紋——而歡呼鼓掌吧。
2. Any miracle has skeptics， and Botox has earned its share. Dr. Robert Butler， president of the International Longevity Center， worries that “no one will look as if they have facial expressions” and that repeated use of the drug， which requires an injection every few months， could “create a psychological dependence”。 任何奇跡都會(huì)有人懷疑，“保妥適”也不例外。國際長壽中心主席羅伯特·巴特勒博士擔(dān)心“人人看上去都沒有了面部表情”，還擔(dān)心重復(fù)使用該藥物（它要求每隔數(shù)月就注射一次）會(huì)使人產(chǎn)生“心理依賴”。
3. Downmarket clinics could flourish， offering the drug for $100 by diluting it， thus causing creepy side effects價(jià)廉次質(zhì)的還可能靠此生意興隆，將稀釋的藥物以100美元的價(jià)格售出，從而導(dǎo)致駭人聽聞的副作用。
1. 「A」其余三項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤。
2. 「A」從第四段第一句話得知。關(guān)鍵是理解shortly（很快）的意思。B、C、D表述都錯(cuò)。
3. 「C」由第五段可得答案。
4. 「B」由第五段及難句解析3可知。
5. 「B」由原文最開始的表述和最后一段可知作者態(tài)度是贊成擁護(hù)的。
Passage 4
這是一篇有關(guān)治療癌癥的自然科學(xué)文章， 作者提出了癌癥治愈的可能性， 剖析致癌原因， 從而說明癌癥治愈的艱巨性，但總體是樂觀的。
1. ……but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of the genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 但是許多癌癥很可能起始于基因因素，這表明我們永遠(yuǎn)也不能做到對(duì)一切癌癥的預(yù)防。
2. Second， we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. 第二， 我們必須確定細(xì)胞內(nèi)是否存在一定數(shù)量的基因，至少是引起癌癥的部分起因。
3. For Robert Weinberg， the most likely method to yield results in the long term is to discover the biochemical reactions in a cell that go away. 對(duì)羅伯特·溫伯格來說， 長期有效的最可行的辦法是去發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)異常的生化反應(yīng)。
4. “But if one takes it out as far as fifty or a hundred years， I think we should be able to get rid of it”。如果我們展望今后五十年或一百年， 我認(rèn)為我們一定能夠擺脫癌癥。
1. 「B」從第一段最后一句話可得出答案。
2. 「D」文章第三段指出：癌基因在正常細(xì)胞中并不活躍，所以D的說法是錯(cuò)誤的。
3. 「B」此段最后一句話指出，如果有幾個(gè)癌基因被激活，那么這個(gè)癌細(xì)胞由于不能阻止這些癌基因的作用就會(huì)癌變。其余選項(xiàng)表述有誤。
4. 「A」文章倒數(shù)第三段有詳細(xì)解釋。
5. 「C」通過文章最后的話，我們可以看出作者是持樂觀態(tài)度的。