I. Trade Unions and the Labour Party
工會和工黨
1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.
1871年通過的《工會法》使工會合法化并給其財政保障。
2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.
工黨起源于獨立工黨，于1893年1月成立。1900年，工會代表，獨立工黨和許多小型社會主義社團一起成立了工人代表委員會。1906年的大選迫使工人代表委員會及時更名為工黨。
II. Colonial Expansion
殖民擴張
1. The growth of dominions
自治領(lǐng)的興起
English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area.
英國殖民擴張開始于1583年紐芬蘭的殖民化。在18世紀(jì)末、19世紀(jì)初，受到海外移民浪潮的鼓舞，英國殖民者很快加他們的擴張到加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭。到1900年英國已建立了“日不落”的大英帝國，包括受保護國、英國殖民地、勢力范圍和自治領(lǐng)，占世界人口與面積的25%。
Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.
1763年簽訂的《巴黎條約》將加拿大割讓給英國。1774年的《魁北克法》保證了法國的權(quán)益。之后，1791年《加拿大法》把加拿大分為上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英國人的定居地，后者是法國人的居住點。1867年《英國北美法案》確定加拿大為自治領(lǐng)。
English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing wer united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.
1788年英國人開始把囚犯流放到澳大利亞。1816年開始可以自由定居，1840年后囚犯不再流放到澳大利亞。1851年至1892年的淘金熱使更多的人擁到澳洲。1901年，六個自治領(lǐng)統(tǒng)一為一個自治領(lǐng)—澳大利亞獨立聯(lián)邦。
New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931.
1841年新西蘭成為獨立殖民地，1857年實現(xiàn)自治，1907年成為英皇屬下的自治領(lǐng)，1931年完全獨立。
1. The Conquest of India
征服印度
The British East India Company established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.
1600年英國東印度公司的建立是經(jīng)濟滲透的實例。到1819年英國對印度的征服已基本完成。1857年東印度公司孟加拉軍隊的當(dāng)?shù)厥勘l(fā)動兵變后，1858年印度改由英國君主統(tǒng)治。1877年維多利來女王正式成為印度女皇。
2. The Scramble for Africa
對非洲的掠奪
At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19世紀(jì)初英國的占領(lǐng)地局限于西海岸的堡壘和奴隸交易點。整個19世紀(jì)歐洲人逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)并殖民了非洲內(nèi)陸。在這場瓜分競賽中英國占了較大的優(yōu)勢。除了不斷擴張的南部和西部殖民地后，英國又凱覦東北的埃及和蘇丹。
3. Aggression against China
侵略中國
In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.
1840年英國和中國發(fā)動了鴉片戰(zhàn)爭。從那時起，英國逐漸侵略了中國的許多沿海城市，并簽定了許多不平等條約。