第五章
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)
大英帝國的興衰
I. Whigs and Tories
輝格黨人和托利黨人
These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).
這兩個政黨名稱皆起源于1688年的光榮革命。
The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.
輝格黨人是指那些反對絕對王權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人。輝格黨人在19世紀(jì)中葉與持不同意見的托利黨人組盟組成自由黨。
The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權(quán)、不愿去除國王的人。托利黨是保守黨的前身。
I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century
18世紀(jì)末的農(nóng)業(yè)革命
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results:
18世紀(jì)末、19世紀(jì)初的農(nóng)業(yè)革命期間，隨著《圈地法》的頒布，傳統(tǒng)的“開放田地”制結(jié)束。圈地運動持續(xù)了將近一個多世紀(jì)。農(nóng)業(yè)圈地運動的利弊共存：
（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;
由于大農(nóng)場兼并了小農(nóng)場，農(nóng)場成為越來越在的生產(chǎn)單位；
（2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied;
人們消費的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越來越多，飲食種類愈加豐富；
（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World;
圈地對佃家而言是場災(zāi)難，他們被趕出土地，被迫到城鎮(zhèn)找工作。圈地運動導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陸。
（4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.
農(nóng)村關(guān)系中產(chǎn)生了新的階級對立。