一、真題文章
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some， however， are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take， by persons in authority， act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable； but it is a frightening trend. This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted， however， that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support， like all government support， requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science， but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally， the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. However， the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standards of elegance.
二、考研核心詞匯
preconceptionn. 1預(yù)想2偏見
[例] His vision， unobstructed by ideological preconception， was continually reformed by experience？ （Doris Kearns Goodwin）
“排除了意識形態(tài)偏見的干擾，他的見解不斷地從經(jīng)驗中得以完善”（多麗絲?？硕魉?。古德溫）
theoryn. 1理論， 學(xué)說， 原理2意見3推測
[例] There were several theories about the way in which the fire started.
火是為何發(fā)生的， 有好幾種說法。
[同義] attitude， conception， explanation， hypothesis， idea；inference
[反義] practice n.1 實行， 實際2慣例， 習(xí)慣3練習(xí)， 實習(xí)4開業(yè)
[派生] theoretical adj. 理論的
establishment n. 1確立， 制定， 設(shè)施2公司；軍事組織
[例] These two hotels are both excellent establishments.
這兩家旅館都是出色的商業(yè)機構(gòu)。
[同義] creation， foundation ，business， company
[派生] establish vt. 建立， 設(shè)立， 安置， 使定居， 使人民接受， 確定v. 建立
detail n. 細(xì)節(jié)， 詳情 vt. 詳述， 細(xì)說
[例] Give me all the details of the accident — tell me what happened in detail.
給我說說事故發(fā)生的詳情，詳細(xì)告訴我發(fā)生了什么事。
[同義] assign ，commission， delegate ，division， dwell on， elaborate， fraction
[派生] detailed adj. 詳細(xì)的， 逐條的
[固定搭配] in detail 精細(xì)地，明細(xì)地注意細(xì)節(jié)地；徹底地，吹毛求疵地；
resource n. 1資源， 財力2辦法， 智謀
[例] Religion is her only resource. 宗教是她的安慰。
[同義] ability， device ， ingenuity
[派生] resourcefuladj. 資源豐富的， 足智多謀的
utility n. 效用， 有用
[例] utility furniture 實用家具
[同義] usefulness ， benefit
[派生] utilize vt. 利用
straightforward adj. 1正直的， 坦率的2簡單的， 易懂的， 直接了當(dāng)?shù)?adv. 坦率地
[例] We took a straightforward route to the beach.
我們?nèi)≈钡赖胶┤ァ?BR> [派生] straightforwards adv. 筆直地， 率直地
oppose vt. 反對， 使對立， 使對抗， 抗?fàn)?vi. 反對
[例] Many residents are opposed to the plan of building the motorway.
許多居民反對修建那條汽車路的計劃。
[同義] conflict with ，contradict ，counteract， dispute， fight ，hinder， refute [反義] agree vi. 同意， 贊成……的意見， 與……一致， 承認(rèn)， 適合 vt. 同意
[派生] opposed adj. 反對的， 敵對的
[固定搭配] oppose M to N 把M與N相對照或相比； oppose oneself to 反對
elegant adj. 文雅的， 端莊的， 雅致的， <口>上品的， 第一流的
[例] an elegant woman 高雅的女人
[同義] cultured， fine ，polished ，refined， superior
[反義] inelegant adj. 不雅的
[派生] elegance n. 高雅， 典雅， 優(yōu)雅， 雅致
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some， however， are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take， by persons in authority， act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable； but it is a frightening trend. This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted， however， that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support， like all government support， requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science， but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally， the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. However， the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standards of elegance.
二、考研核心詞匯
preconceptionn. 1預(yù)想2偏見
[例] His vision， unobstructed by ideological preconception， was continually reformed by experience？ （Doris Kearns Goodwin）
“排除了意識形態(tài)偏見的干擾，他的見解不斷地從經(jīng)驗中得以完善”（多麗絲?？硕魉?。古德溫）
theoryn. 1理論， 學(xué)說， 原理2意見3推測
[例] There were several theories about the way in which the fire started.
火是為何發(fā)生的， 有好幾種說法。
[同義] attitude， conception， explanation， hypothesis， idea；inference
[反義] practice n.1 實行， 實際2慣例， 習(xí)慣3練習(xí)， 實習(xí)4開業(yè)
[派生] theoretical adj. 理論的
establishment n. 1確立， 制定， 設(shè)施2公司；軍事組織
[例] These two hotels are both excellent establishments.
這兩家旅館都是出色的商業(yè)機構(gòu)。
[同義] creation， foundation ，business， company
[派生] establish vt. 建立， 設(shè)立， 安置， 使定居， 使人民接受， 確定v. 建立
detail n. 細(xì)節(jié)， 詳情 vt. 詳述， 細(xì)說
[例] Give me all the details of the accident — tell me what happened in detail.
給我說說事故發(fā)生的詳情，詳細(xì)告訴我發(fā)生了什么事。
[同義] assign ，commission， delegate ，division， dwell on， elaborate， fraction
[派生] detailed adj. 詳細(xì)的， 逐條的
[固定搭配] in detail 精細(xì)地，明細(xì)地注意細(xì)節(jié)地；徹底地，吹毛求疵地；
resource n. 1資源， 財力2辦法， 智謀
[例] Religion is her only resource. 宗教是她的安慰。
[同義] ability， device ， ingenuity
[派生] resourcefuladj. 資源豐富的， 足智多謀的
utility n. 效用， 有用
[例] utility furniture 實用家具
[同義] usefulness ， benefit
[派生] utilize vt. 利用
straightforward adj. 1正直的， 坦率的2簡單的， 易懂的， 直接了當(dāng)?shù)?adv. 坦率地
[例] We took a straightforward route to the beach.
我們?nèi)≈钡赖胶┤ァ?BR> [派生] straightforwards adv. 筆直地， 率直地
oppose vt. 反對， 使對立， 使對抗， 抗?fàn)?vi. 反對
[例] Many residents are opposed to the plan of building the motorway.
許多居民反對修建那條汽車路的計劃。
[同義] conflict with ，contradict ，counteract， dispute， fight ，hinder， refute [反義] agree vi. 同意， 贊成……的意見， 與……一致， 承認(rèn)， 適合 vt. 同意
[派生] opposed adj. 反對的， 敵對的
[固定搭配] oppose M to N 把M與N相對照或相比； oppose oneself to 反對
elegant adj. 文雅的， 端莊的， 雅致的， <口>上品的， 第一流的
[例] an elegant woman 高雅的女人
[同義] cultured， fine ，polished ，refined， superior
[反義] inelegant adj. 不雅的
[派生] elegance n. 高雅， 典雅， 優(yōu)雅， 雅致