Unit 61
In this week's Nature, a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa, and shown that chimps can, indeed, do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural“complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups, yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.
The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive, which are learnt by individuals in isolation （and so are not cultural, because not copied from others） and which are culturally transmitted （by animals copying one another）. They solved it by standardising the reports from the research centres, and paying as much attention to what the animals in each place did not do as to what they did.
Behaviour patterns found at all sites were deemed as likely to be genetic as cultural （leaf-sponging turned out to be in this category）, as were those whose absence was due to some environmental factor （fishing algae out of ponds is impossible where there are no algae to fish）. Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic （digging for termites, rather than using a stick to fish for them） classified as cultural. They could just as well have been the result of individual invention, as of copying.
That still left 39 behaviour patterns that were common at some sites and absent from others. Termite fishing with twigs and the mid-ribs of leaves were two. So were breaking nuts open with a hammer （which could be done in four different ways, each with its own pattern of occurrence among the sites）, and picking marrow out of the bones of hunted animals using a tool. Nor does chimpanzee culture revolve solely around food. Some chimps have developed flywhisks in the form of leaves. Others have learnt how to tickle themselves. And there is even a behaviour pattern the researchers refer to as ``rain dance'', though it takes place in response to rain, rather than as a way of conjuring it up.
The idea that these and some 30 other behaviour patterns are cultural rather than genetic was supported by the fact that particular sub-species （which differ from one another genetically） are not associated with particular behaviours. Indeed, abrupt cultural transitions often occur in the middle of sub-specific homelands. Short of developing language （and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that）, it is hard to see what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.
注（1）：本文選自Economist; 06/19/99，p82；
注（2）：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2004年真題Text 3（題目順序稍做調(diào)整）；
1.By “If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”（Line 8, Paragraph 1）, the author means _______.
[A]it is difficult to define what culture is
[B]scientists feel confused about culture
[C]nobody knows what the culture is
[D]it is nothing but culture
2.The most distinctive feature of culture is _________.
[A]copying one another among animals
[B]passing on the odd behavior among animals
[C]learning from one another among animals
[D]individual invention by the animals
3.How does the author feel about the cultural phenomenon among the chimps?
[A]Optimistic.
[B]Affirmative.
[C]Carefree.
[D]Panicked.
3.Which of the following will the scientists not regard as cultural behavior?
[A]Using a stick to fish for termites.
[B]Breaking nuts open with a hammer.
[C]Making flywhisks in the form of leaves.
[D]Dancing a “rain dance”.
4. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A]Chimps can learn 37 behaviors by copying one another.
[B]Genes and environment have no effect on the behavior of chimps.
[C]Chimps should be admitted to the culture club.
[D]People are too critical of the behavior of chimps.
答案：DABAC
篇章剖析
本文采用先總括說明，后詳細(xì)論述的模式，指出黑猩猩群體中也存在文化現(xiàn)象這一事實(shí)。第一段指出動(dòng)物學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在黑猩猩群體中存在文化現(xiàn)象；第二段和第三段具體指出動(dòng)物學(xué)家是如何解決分類問題的；第四段指出具有黑猩猩具有文化特點(diǎn)的39種行為模式；第五段再一次指出黑猩猩應(yīng)該歸屬到文化俱樂部中來。
詞匯注釋
Vocabulary:
disentangle [5disin5tAN^l] vt. 解開，澄清，清理；解決（糾紛等）；使……擺脫混亂狀態(tài)
sponge vi. （海綿等）吸收；敲詐；寄食, 依賴他人過日子（on, upon）
leaf-sponging特指動(dòng)物，比如黑猩猩利用樹葉收集雨水或者露水的行為
sporadic [spE5rAdIk] adj. 不定時(shí)發(fā)生的；無時(shí)間順序或固定模式的；偶發(fā)性的
termite [5t\:maIt] n.白蟻
just as well adv. 幸好, 無妨；同樣；完全一樣
revolve about [round] vi. 圍繞……而旋轉(zhuǎn)；反復(fù)考慮；圍繞（某一個(gè)問題）
midrib [`mIdrIb] n. [植]（葉的）中脈
flywhisk[5flaIwi:l; （?@） 5flaIhwi:l] n. 蠅撣
tickle [5tikl] vt. 使發(fā)癢; 胳肢；逗樂, 使高興, 激起情緒；使?jié)M足
conjure up使在腦海中顯現(xiàn)，想象；用魔法做出（召喚）
subspecies n.「生物學(xué)」亞種（通常以地理分節(jié)為根據(jù)的生物學(xué)分類級(jí)別）
難句突破
1.Behaviour patterns found at all sites were deemed as likely to be genetic as cultural （leaf-sponging turned out to be in this category）, as were those whose absence was due to some environmental factor （fishing algae out of ponds is impossible where there are no algae to fish）.
主體句式：Behaviour patterns … were deemed … , as were those …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)“as”用法的掌握。這句話的主語(yǔ)是“Behaviour patterns”，“found at all sites”是過去分詞做后置定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)：“deem”的意思是“認(rèn)為”；詞組“as … as”表示同級(jí)正面比較，意思是“同…一樣”；leaf-sponging特指動(dòng)物，比如黑猩猩利用樹葉收集雨水或者露水的行為；第二次出現(xiàn)的“as”后面跟倒裝句型，意思是“也怎么樣，也如何”；whose引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾those，而those指代的是behaviour patterns；詞組due to意思是“因?yàn)椤薄?BR> 句子譯文：在所有地方觀察到的動(dòng)物行為模式都被認(rèn)為既有可能是遺傳模式，也有可能是文化模式（用樹葉收集雨水和露水的行為就屬于這一類），那些因某一環(huán)境因素的欠缺而缺失的行為模式（沒有藻類的池塘是不可能出現(xiàn)釣食藻類的行為）也屬于這種情況。
2.Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic （digging for termites, rather than using a stick to fish for them） classified as cultural.
主體句式：Nor were behaviour patterns … classified as cultural
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句句形結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，關(guān)鍵在于理解雙重否定表肯定的含義。nor放在句首，句子要倒裝。That引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾behaviour patterns.
句子譯文：看起來象是零星出現(xiàn)的行為模式（不用棍子釣食白蟻而是挖坑找白蟻）被納入文化模式。
題目分析
1.答案為D，屬推理判斷題。從文章整個(gè)來看，爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn)主要集中在黑猩猩群體中到底存在不存在文化現(xiàn)象。在文章開頭的句子“a group of zoologists have provided that evidence.”中，“that evidence”指的是“存在文化現(xiàn)象”。句子“If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”的意思是“如果這不是文化的話，那么很難說這到底是什么?！?，又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了存在文化現(xiàn)象。
2.答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是：“so are not cultural, because not copied from others”和“which are culturally transmitted （by animals copying one another）”。從這兩句話我們可看出“copying one another”是文化的顯著特征。
3.答案為B，屬情感態(tài)度題。從文中兩處地方可做出判斷。第一處是句子“If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”這句話的意思是“如果這不是文化的話，那么很難說這到底是什么?！边@說明作者是支持動(dòng)物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)的。第二處是句子“Short of developing language （and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that）, it is hard to see what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.”，這句話也同樣表達(dá)了作者支持黑猩猩中存在的文化現(xiàn)象。
4.答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是“Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic （digging for termites, rather than using a stick to fish for them） classified as cultural.“這句話的意思是：”看起來象是零星出現(xiàn)的行為模式（不用棍子釣食白蟻而是挖坑找白蟻）被納入文化模式。“因此不難做出判斷。
5.答案為C，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中有兩處信息可支持這一判斷：“If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”和“Short of developing language （and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that）, it is hard to see what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.”
參考譯文
在本周出版的《自然》上, 一個(gè)由蘇格蘭圣安德魯斯大學(xué)的安德魯?懷特和德國(guó)萊比錫馬克斯普朗克演化人類學(xué)研究所的克里斯托夫?布伊希帶領(lǐng)的動(dòng)物學(xué)家小組提供了這種證據(jù)。他們綜合了分散于非洲的七個(gè)黑猩猩研究中心的觀察結(jié)果，結(jié)果顯示出黑猩猩能做的可能遠(yuǎn)不止四處傳遞某些不固定的行為模式。單獨(dú)活動(dòng)的黑猩猩群表現(xiàn)出與其它群體明顯不同的行為“復(fù)雜性”，但這種行為復(fù)雜性好象與群體之間的環(huán)境或遺傳差別沒有什么關(guān)系。如果這不是文化的話，那么很難說這到底是什么。
懷特博士和布伊希博士所面臨的問題是怎么從黑猩猩諸多行為模式中分辨出哪些是屬于基因本能性的，哪些是屬于個(gè)別孤立生活的群體后天學(xué)來的（同樣也不是文化的, 因?yàn)椴皇峭ㄟ^模仿別人學(xué)來的），哪些是屬于文化上傳遞的（由動(dòng)物相互模仿的）。他們對(duì)來自各研究中心的報(bào)告進(jìn)行了規(guī)范化處理，并對(duì)每個(gè)地方的動(dòng)物做了什么和沒有做什么給予了同等的關(guān)注。這樣，他們就解決了這一分類問題。
在所有地方觀察到的動(dòng)物行為模式都被認(rèn)為既有可能是遺傳模式，也有可能是文化模式（用樹葉收集雨水和露水的行為就屬于這一類），那些因某一環(huán)境因素的欠缺而缺失的行為模式（沒有藻類的池塘是不可能出現(xiàn)釣食藻類的行為）也屬于這種情況?？雌饋硐笫橇阈浅霈F(xiàn)的行為模式（不用棍子釣食白蟻而是挖坑找白蟻）被納入文化模式。它們既有可能是個(gè)體獨(dú)創(chuàng)的結(jié)果，也有可能是模仿的結(jié)果。
這就留下了在某些地方共有的、但在其它地方?jīng)]有的39種行為樣式。用小樹枝和樹葉中脈釣取白蟻是其中的兩種模式。還有用錘子砸開堅(jiān)果（可以用四種不同方式敲開，每種方式都具有這些地區(qū)獨(dú)特的發(fā)生模式），以及用工具砸骨取動(dòng)物骨髓等。黑猩猩文化也不是完全以食物為中心。有些黑猩猩制成了樹葉形狀的蠅甩兒（蠅撣），有些則學(xué)會(huì)了如何胳肢自己。甚至還有一種被研究人員稱之為“雨舞”的行為模式，雖然這種行為只是對(duì)下雨做出的反應(yīng)，而不是通過想象編排出來的。
這些和其它約30 種行為模式屬于文化模式而非基因模式的思想得到以下事實(shí)的支持：特殊亞種（它們?cè)诨蛏舷嗷ビ袇^(qū)別）與其特殊的行為沒有關(guān)系。的確，在次特異性區(qū)域中間經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生突發(fā)性文化變遷現(xiàn)象。由于缺乏語(yǔ)言開發(fā)能力（但也有極少數(shù)研究人員認(rèn)為黑猩猩能夠做到），很難知道人類最近的近親需要做些什么才能被接納到文化俱樂部中來。
In this week's Nature, a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa, and shown that chimps can, indeed, do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural“complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups, yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.
The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive, which are learnt by individuals in isolation （and so are not cultural, because not copied from others） and which are culturally transmitted （by animals copying one another）. They solved it by standardising the reports from the research centres, and paying as much attention to what the animals in each place did not do as to what they did.
Behaviour patterns found at all sites were deemed as likely to be genetic as cultural （leaf-sponging turned out to be in this category）, as were those whose absence was due to some environmental factor （fishing algae out of ponds is impossible where there are no algae to fish）. Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic （digging for termites, rather than using a stick to fish for them） classified as cultural. They could just as well have been the result of individual invention, as of copying.
That still left 39 behaviour patterns that were common at some sites and absent from others. Termite fishing with twigs and the mid-ribs of leaves were two. So were breaking nuts open with a hammer （which could be done in four different ways, each with its own pattern of occurrence among the sites）, and picking marrow out of the bones of hunted animals using a tool. Nor does chimpanzee culture revolve solely around food. Some chimps have developed flywhisks in the form of leaves. Others have learnt how to tickle themselves. And there is even a behaviour pattern the researchers refer to as ``rain dance'', though it takes place in response to rain, rather than as a way of conjuring it up.
The idea that these and some 30 other behaviour patterns are cultural rather than genetic was supported by the fact that particular sub-species （which differ from one another genetically） are not associated with particular behaviours. Indeed, abrupt cultural transitions often occur in the middle of sub-specific homelands. Short of developing language （and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that）, it is hard to see what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.
注（1）：本文選自Economist; 06/19/99，p82；
注（2）：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2004年真題Text 3（題目順序稍做調(diào)整）；
1.By “If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”（Line 8, Paragraph 1）, the author means _______.
[A]it is difficult to define what culture is
[B]scientists feel confused about culture
[C]nobody knows what the culture is
[D]it is nothing but culture
2.The most distinctive feature of culture is _________.
[A]copying one another among animals
[B]passing on the odd behavior among animals
[C]learning from one another among animals
[D]individual invention by the animals
3.How does the author feel about the cultural phenomenon among the chimps?
[A]Optimistic.
[B]Affirmative.
[C]Carefree.
[D]Panicked.
3.Which of the following will the scientists not regard as cultural behavior?
[A]Using a stick to fish for termites.
[B]Breaking nuts open with a hammer.
[C]Making flywhisks in the form of leaves.
[D]Dancing a “rain dance”.
4. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A]Chimps can learn 37 behaviors by copying one another.
[B]Genes and environment have no effect on the behavior of chimps.
[C]Chimps should be admitted to the culture club.
[D]People are too critical of the behavior of chimps.
答案：DABAC
篇章剖析
本文采用先總括說明，后詳細(xì)論述的模式，指出黑猩猩群體中也存在文化現(xiàn)象這一事實(shí)。第一段指出動(dòng)物學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在黑猩猩群體中存在文化現(xiàn)象；第二段和第三段具體指出動(dòng)物學(xué)家是如何解決分類問題的；第四段指出具有黑猩猩具有文化特點(diǎn)的39種行為模式；第五段再一次指出黑猩猩應(yīng)該歸屬到文化俱樂部中來。
詞匯注釋
Vocabulary:
disentangle [5disin5tAN^l] vt. 解開，澄清，清理；解決（糾紛等）；使……擺脫混亂狀態(tài)
sponge vi. （海綿等）吸收；敲詐；寄食, 依賴他人過日子（on, upon）
leaf-sponging特指動(dòng)物，比如黑猩猩利用樹葉收集雨水或者露水的行為
sporadic [spE5rAdIk] adj. 不定時(shí)發(fā)生的；無時(shí)間順序或固定模式的；偶發(fā)性的
termite [5t\:maIt] n.白蟻
just as well adv. 幸好, 無妨；同樣；完全一樣
revolve about [round] vi. 圍繞……而旋轉(zhuǎn)；反復(fù)考慮；圍繞（某一個(gè)問題）
midrib [`mIdrIb] n. [植]（葉的）中脈
flywhisk[5flaIwi:l; （?@） 5flaIhwi:l] n. 蠅撣
tickle [5tikl] vt. 使發(fā)癢; 胳肢；逗樂, 使高興, 激起情緒；使?jié)M足
conjure up使在腦海中顯現(xiàn)，想象；用魔法做出（召喚）
subspecies n.「生物學(xué)」亞種（通常以地理分節(jié)為根據(jù)的生物學(xué)分類級(jí)別）
難句突破
1.Behaviour patterns found at all sites were deemed as likely to be genetic as cultural （leaf-sponging turned out to be in this category）, as were those whose absence was due to some environmental factor （fishing algae out of ponds is impossible where there are no algae to fish）.
主體句式：Behaviour patterns … were deemed … , as were those …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)“as”用法的掌握。這句話的主語(yǔ)是“Behaviour patterns”，“found at all sites”是過去分詞做后置定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)：“deem”的意思是“認(rèn)為”；詞組“as … as”表示同級(jí)正面比較，意思是“同…一樣”；leaf-sponging特指動(dòng)物，比如黑猩猩利用樹葉收集雨水或者露水的行為；第二次出現(xiàn)的“as”后面跟倒裝句型，意思是“也怎么樣，也如何”；whose引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾those，而those指代的是behaviour patterns；詞組due to意思是“因?yàn)椤薄?BR> 句子譯文：在所有地方觀察到的動(dòng)物行為模式都被認(rèn)為既有可能是遺傳模式，也有可能是文化模式（用樹葉收集雨水和露水的行為就屬于這一類），那些因某一環(huán)境因素的欠缺而缺失的行為模式（沒有藻類的池塘是不可能出現(xiàn)釣食藻類的行為）也屬于這種情況。
2.Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic （digging for termites, rather than using a stick to fish for them） classified as cultural.
主體句式：Nor were behaviour patterns … classified as cultural
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句句形結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，關(guān)鍵在于理解雙重否定表肯定的含義。nor放在句首，句子要倒裝。That引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾behaviour patterns.
句子譯文：看起來象是零星出現(xiàn)的行為模式（不用棍子釣食白蟻而是挖坑找白蟻）被納入文化模式。
題目分析
1.答案為D，屬推理判斷題。從文章整個(gè)來看，爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn)主要集中在黑猩猩群體中到底存在不存在文化現(xiàn)象。在文章開頭的句子“a group of zoologists have provided that evidence.”中，“that evidence”指的是“存在文化現(xiàn)象”。句子“If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”的意思是“如果這不是文化的話，那么很難說這到底是什么?！?，又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了存在文化現(xiàn)象。
2.答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是：“so are not cultural, because not copied from others”和“which are culturally transmitted （by animals copying one another）”。從這兩句話我們可看出“copying one another”是文化的顯著特征。
3.答案為B，屬情感態(tài)度題。從文中兩處地方可做出判斷。第一處是句子“If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”這句話的意思是“如果這不是文化的話，那么很難說這到底是什么?！边@說明作者是支持動(dòng)物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)的。第二處是句子“Short of developing language （and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that）, it is hard to see what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.”，這句話也同樣表達(dá)了作者支持黑猩猩中存在的文化現(xiàn)象。
4.答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是“Nor were behaviour patterns that did not appear to be sporadic （digging for termites, rather than using a stick to fish for them） classified as cultural.“這句話的意思是：”看起來象是零星出現(xiàn)的行為模式（不用棍子釣食白蟻而是挖坑找白蟻）被納入文化模式。“因此不難做出判斷。
5.答案為C，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中有兩處信息可支持這一判斷：“If that is not culture, it is difficult to think what is.”和“Short of developing language （and there are a few researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that）, it is hard to see what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be admitted to the culture club.”
參考譯文
在本周出版的《自然》上, 一個(gè)由蘇格蘭圣安德魯斯大學(xué)的安德魯?懷特和德國(guó)萊比錫馬克斯普朗克演化人類學(xué)研究所的克里斯托夫?布伊希帶領(lǐng)的動(dòng)物學(xué)家小組提供了這種證據(jù)。他們綜合了分散于非洲的七個(gè)黑猩猩研究中心的觀察結(jié)果，結(jié)果顯示出黑猩猩能做的可能遠(yuǎn)不止四處傳遞某些不固定的行為模式。單獨(dú)活動(dòng)的黑猩猩群表現(xiàn)出與其它群體明顯不同的行為“復(fù)雜性”，但這種行為復(fù)雜性好象與群體之間的環(huán)境或遺傳差別沒有什么關(guān)系。如果這不是文化的話，那么很難說這到底是什么。
懷特博士和布伊希博士所面臨的問題是怎么從黑猩猩諸多行為模式中分辨出哪些是屬于基因本能性的，哪些是屬于個(gè)別孤立生活的群體后天學(xué)來的（同樣也不是文化的, 因?yàn)椴皇峭ㄟ^模仿別人學(xué)來的），哪些是屬于文化上傳遞的（由動(dòng)物相互模仿的）。他們對(duì)來自各研究中心的報(bào)告進(jìn)行了規(guī)范化處理，并對(duì)每個(gè)地方的動(dòng)物做了什么和沒有做什么給予了同等的關(guān)注。這樣，他們就解決了這一分類問題。
在所有地方觀察到的動(dòng)物行為模式都被認(rèn)為既有可能是遺傳模式，也有可能是文化模式（用樹葉收集雨水和露水的行為就屬于這一類），那些因某一環(huán)境因素的欠缺而缺失的行為模式（沒有藻類的池塘是不可能出現(xiàn)釣食藻類的行為）也屬于這種情況?？雌饋硐笫橇阈浅霈F(xiàn)的行為模式（不用棍子釣食白蟻而是挖坑找白蟻）被納入文化模式。它們既有可能是個(gè)體獨(dú)創(chuàng)的結(jié)果，也有可能是模仿的結(jié)果。
這就留下了在某些地方共有的、但在其它地方?jīng)]有的39種行為樣式。用小樹枝和樹葉中脈釣取白蟻是其中的兩種模式。還有用錘子砸開堅(jiān)果（可以用四種不同方式敲開，每種方式都具有這些地區(qū)獨(dú)特的發(fā)生模式），以及用工具砸骨取動(dòng)物骨髓等。黑猩猩文化也不是完全以食物為中心。有些黑猩猩制成了樹葉形狀的蠅甩兒（蠅撣），有些則學(xué)會(huì)了如何胳肢自己。甚至還有一種被研究人員稱之為“雨舞”的行為模式，雖然這種行為只是對(duì)下雨做出的反應(yīng)，而不是通過想象編排出來的。
這些和其它約30 種行為模式屬于文化模式而非基因模式的思想得到以下事實(shí)的支持：特殊亞種（它們?cè)诨蛏舷嗷ビ袇^(qū)別）與其特殊的行為沒有關(guān)系。的確，在次特異性區(qū)域中間經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生突發(fā)性文化變遷現(xiàn)象。由于缺乏語(yǔ)言開發(fā)能力（但也有極少數(shù)研究人員認(rèn)為黑猩猩能夠做到），很難知道人類最近的近親需要做些什么才能被接納到文化俱樂部中來。