To China, the WTO admission is significant in two ways - opening up to as well as linking up with the global system. To deepen and widen the policy of opening up is to be expected, the most crucial impact lies in the changes that the Chinese system will undergo as a result of the WTO membership.
I think there will be unprecedented and far-reaching effects on China's political landscape in five areas.
Firstly, as China's media industry opens up and with greater cultural interactions with the West, Chinese will become more familiar with Western ideas and values. Western emphasis on competition and freedom will be extolled, particularly by Chinese intellectuals, entrepreneurs and young students, who are at the forefront of change.
Secondly, ideas upheld by the WTO, such as the free market economy and minimisation of government interference, will help boost China's progress towards a “l(fā)imited government”。
They will also deal the remnants of the planned economy and the government system propping it up a final blow.
As Chinese become used to a “l(fā)imited government” in the economic sphere, the demand will soon extend to the political arena where a “l(fā)imited government” is equally desirable.
Thirdly, the WTO also requires “transparency” in areas like government administration and the judiciary.
The pressure the Chinese government gets from the WTO and the measures it adopts to make its policy more transparent, will hopefully help it identify gradually with the principle of “openness”, which should extend from economic to political decisions.
Fourthly, Chinese enterprises owned by the state and private individuals and foreign businesses will now be treated equally. This will stimulate the growth of private Chinese businesses.
Keen competition will see a large number of old and ineffective state-owned enterprises eliminated by private and foreign companies. Large-scale SOEs which manage to survive will gradually severe their close links with the government.
The growth of the private sector will boost the power of the community. Society's ability to act as a check on the government will increase and there will also be many opportunities for a civil society to evolve. All these are no doubt conducive to democratisation.
Lastly, the need for a transparent and fair legal system will compel China to quicken the reform of its judiciary. This will help promote an independent and transparent judiciary which will have a more effective role keeping an eye on the government. A prerequisite of legal reform is separation of the government and the judiciary.
If the WTO entry can help speed up legal reform, there will be reasons to be optimistic about the advent of the rule of law which will, in turn, bring about democracy.
Even though China's ascension to the WTO is not without domestic political risks, Beijing seems confident that it has everything firmly under its thumb. Given its means of control, it is unlikely to allow the political impact of its WTO entry to lead to chaos.
（The writer is a postgraduate student of Peking University, China. Translated by Yap Gee Poh.）
入世對中國政治生態(tài)的沖擊● 孫文后
加入世貿(mào)組織,對中國來說,最重要的意義有二：一曰開放；二曰與國際接軌。但是開放的深化和擴(kuò)大僅僅是淺層次的意義,入世對于中國制度變革的意義才是最為重要的。
依筆者之見,入世對于中國政治發(fā)展的影響主要表現(xiàn)在五個方面：
一、入世后,隨著傳媒業(yè)的逐漸開放和對外文化交流增多,西方的思想、價值觀念將更為中國人所熟知,西方的競爭精神和自由理念將逐漸為中國人特別是處于開放前沿的知識分子、企業(yè)界人士和青年學(xué)生所推崇。
二、世貿(mào)組織秉持的自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和減少政府干預(yù)的理念,有助于推動中國的“有限政府”和進(jìn)程。
由于世貿(mào)組織是奉行自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的,要求政府盡量減少對經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)。這將給中國的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)殘余以最后的一擊,也將對計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下形成的政府職能體系形成莫大的沖擊。
政府大大減少對經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)的干預(yù),有利于中國人普遍接受“有限政府”的觀念?！坝邢拚碑吘共荒苤煌Ａ粼诮?jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,在政治領(lǐng)域,政府的職能也應(yīng)該是有限的。
三、世貿(mào)組織的規(guī)則要求行政和司法等各領(lǐng)域要具有“透明度”,有助于“公開性”的原則被接受。中國政府部門受到的增強(qiáng)透明度的壓力及其采取的一些增強(qiáng)透明度的措施,但愿能使它們逐漸認(rèn)同“公開性”原則,并由經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的透明進(jìn)而達(dá)致政治決策的透明。
四、加入世貿(mào)組織,要求給予民營企業(yè)與國有企業(yè)和外資企業(yè)同等的“國民待遇”,這將刺激中國民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展。
由于國有企業(yè)機(jī)制陳舊和積累的問題,在入世后的激烈競爭中將有相當(dāng)一部分被淘汰,私營企業(yè)或外企就取而代之。而存活下來的大型國有企業(yè)在激烈的市場競爭中,也將逐漸與政府脫離關(guān)系。
民營企業(yè)的非政府性質(zhì),必將使中國的民間力量更加壯大,社會對政府的制衡日益加強(qiáng),公民社會也將獲得更好的發(fā)展機(jī)遇,這無疑是有利于政治民主化的。
五、加入世貿(mào)組織,要求中國建立透明公正的法律體系。這將迫使中國司法制度進(jìn)行改革,推進(jìn)司法獨(dú)立和司法公開,加大對行政權(quán)力的制衡。中國為入世在司法領(lǐng)域的改革也在緊鑼密鼓中進(jìn)行。
司法需要獨(dú)立于行政,甚至要站在行政的對立面。如果中國的司法改革能夠借入世之機(jī)獲得推進(jìn),那么法治的實(shí)現(xiàn)也就有了一個樂觀的前景。法治實(shí)現(xiàn)之時,也將是民主建立之日。
入世對中國政府來說,畢竟是有一定的政治風(fēng)險。但中國政府似乎相信能控制局面,以政府目前所擁有的政治控制手段,是絕不致于讓入世對政治生活的沖擊泛濫的。
。作者是北京大學(xué)研究生
I think there will be unprecedented and far-reaching effects on China's political landscape in five areas.
Firstly, as China's media industry opens up and with greater cultural interactions with the West, Chinese will become more familiar with Western ideas and values. Western emphasis on competition and freedom will be extolled, particularly by Chinese intellectuals, entrepreneurs and young students, who are at the forefront of change.
Secondly, ideas upheld by the WTO, such as the free market economy and minimisation of government interference, will help boost China's progress towards a “l(fā)imited government”。
They will also deal the remnants of the planned economy and the government system propping it up a final blow.
As Chinese become used to a “l(fā)imited government” in the economic sphere, the demand will soon extend to the political arena where a “l(fā)imited government” is equally desirable.
Thirdly, the WTO also requires “transparency” in areas like government administration and the judiciary.
The pressure the Chinese government gets from the WTO and the measures it adopts to make its policy more transparent, will hopefully help it identify gradually with the principle of “openness”, which should extend from economic to political decisions.
Fourthly, Chinese enterprises owned by the state and private individuals and foreign businesses will now be treated equally. This will stimulate the growth of private Chinese businesses.
Keen competition will see a large number of old and ineffective state-owned enterprises eliminated by private and foreign companies. Large-scale SOEs which manage to survive will gradually severe their close links with the government.
The growth of the private sector will boost the power of the community. Society's ability to act as a check on the government will increase and there will also be many opportunities for a civil society to evolve. All these are no doubt conducive to democratisation.
Lastly, the need for a transparent and fair legal system will compel China to quicken the reform of its judiciary. This will help promote an independent and transparent judiciary which will have a more effective role keeping an eye on the government. A prerequisite of legal reform is separation of the government and the judiciary.
If the WTO entry can help speed up legal reform, there will be reasons to be optimistic about the advent of the rule of law which will, in turn, bring about democracy.
Even though China's ascension to the WTO is not without domestic political risks, Beijing seems confident that it has everything firmly under its thumb. Given its means of control, it is unlikely to allow the political impact of its WTO entry to lead to chaos.
（The writer is a postgraduate student of Peking University, China. Translated by Yap Gee Poh.）
入世對中國政治生態(tài)的沖擊● 孫文后
加入世貿(mào)組織,對中國來說,最重要的意義有二：一曰開放；二曰與國際接軌。但是開放的深化和擴(kuò)大僅僅是淺層次的意義,入世對于中國制度變革的意義才是最為重要的。
依筆者之見,入世對于中國政治發(fā)展的影響主要表現(xiàn)在五個方面：
一、入世后,隨著傳媒業(yè)的逐漸開放和對外文化交流增多,西方的思想、價值觀念將更為中國人所熟知,西方的競爭精神和自由理念將逐漸為中國人特別是處于開放前沿的知識分子、企業(yè)界人士和青年學(xué)生所推崇。
二、世貿(mào)組織秉持的自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和減少政府干預(yù)的理念,有助于推動中國的“有限政府”和進(jìn)程。
由于世貿(mào)組織是奉行自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的,要求政府盡量減少對經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)。這將給中國的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)殘余以最后的一擊,也將對計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下形成的政府職能體系形成莫大的沖擊。
政府大大減少對經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)的干預(yù),有利于中國人普遍接受“有限政府”的觀念?！坝邢拚碑吘共荒苤煌Ａ粼诮?jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,在政治領(lǐng)域,政府的職能也應(yīng)該是有限的。
三、世貿(mào)組織的規(guī)則要求行政和司法等各領(lǐng)域要具有“透明度”,有助于“公開性”的原則被接受。中國政府部門受到的增強(qiáng)透明度的壓力及其采取的一些增強(qiáng)透明度的措施,但愿能使它們逐漸認(rèn)同“公開性”原則,并由經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的透明進(jìn)而達(dá)致政治決策的透明。
四、加入世貿(mào)組織,要求給予民營企業(yè)與國有企業(yè)和外資企業(yè)同等的“國民待遇”,這將刺激中國民營企業(yè)的發(fā)展。
由于國有企業(yè)機(jī)制陳舊和積累的問題,在入世后的激烈競爭中將有相當(dāng)一部分被淘汰,私營企業(yè)或外企就取而代之。而存活下來的大型國有企業(yè)在激烈的市場競爭中,也將逐漸與政府脫離關(guān)系。
民營企業(yè)的非政府性質(zhì),必將使中國的民間力量更加壯大,社會對政府的制衡日益加強(qiáng),公民社會也將獲得更好的發(fā)展機(jī)遇,這無疑是有利于政治民主化的。
五、加入世貿(mào)組織,要求中國建立透明公正的法律體系。這將迫使中國司法制度進(jìn)行改革,推進(jìn)司法獨(dú)立和司法公開,加大對行政權(quán)力的制衡。中國為入世在司法領(lǐng)域的改革也在緊鑼密鼓中進(jìn)行。
司法需要獨(dú)立于行政,甚至要站在行政的對立面。如果中國的司法改革能夠借入世之機(jī)獲得推進(jìn),那么法治的實(shí)現(xiàn)也就有了一個樂觀的前景。法治實(shí)現(xiàn)之時,也將是民主建立之日。
入世對中國政府來說,畢竟是有一定的政治風(fēng)險。但中國政府似乎相信能控制局面,以政府目前所擁有的政治控制手段,是絕不致于讓入世對政治生活的沖擊泛濫的。
。作者是北京大學(xué)研究生