Unit 2 （1995年）
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
（74）In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Unit 2 翻譯題解：
71） The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
第二、句子主干結構是：簡單句加for引導的原因狀語。后面的that引導的是定語從句。
第三、詞的處理
The target 根據上下文，這里特指標準化測試 ；divert attention from 原義是把注意力引開，引申為沒有注意到lies with在于ill-informed 不甚了解incompetent users（詞性轉換）使用不當
完整的譯文：
71）把標準化測試作為抨擊的目標是錯誤的，因為在抨擊這類測試時，批評者沒有注意到測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對測試不甚了解或使用不當。
72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted
第二、句子主干結構是：
1）How well……引導的被動結構是主語從句，How well是主語從句中的狀語前置，depends是句子謂語
2）depends后面兩個介詞短語作并列賓語upon……and on……
3） the information used是名詞+定語4）with which it is interpreted定語從句，先行詞是the skill and wisdom，代詞it指代the information
第三、詞的處理：
be validated by 為……所證實；depends upon 取決于；reliability 可靠性；appropriateness 適應性；interpreted 解釋
完整的譯文：
72）這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數量、可靠性和適應性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。
73） Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.
第二、句子主干結構是：Whether to use……, or both……引導主語從句depends是句子謂語，upon…… and upon……是并列結構的雙賓語。
第三、詞的處理：
Whether to……, or 是……還是……；both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情況下；therefore 因此；he evidence from experience 經驗依據；concerning 與……有關的；comparative validity 相對效度；such factors as…… 諸如……等因素
完整的譯文：
73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關相對效度的經驗依據而定，也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。
74） In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：
In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
第二、句子的結構：
1）主干結構是一個排比句the tests work most effectively when……and least effectively when……
2）連詞when引導的是狀語從句，意思是當……的時候，從句中都是被動結構。
3） what is to be measured or predicted是第二個從句的主語。
第三、詞的處理：
In general 一般的說；work most effectively 最為有效；be most precisely defined 很精確界定；measured 測定
完整的譯文：
74）一般的說，當所要測定的特征能很精確界定時，測試最為有效；而當所要測定或預測的東西不能明確地界定時，測試的效果則最差。
75） For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的結構：
1）主干結構是并列句they do not compensate for……, and thus do not tell……
2） how able是表語前置，正常語序是：…… youngster might have been how able
3）最后一個句子是虛擬語氣句的倒裝結構：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up……
第三、詞的處理：
they 指示代詞，測試；compensate for 彌補；gross social inequality 明顯的社會不公 and thus 因此；tell 說明；underprivileged 貧困的、物質條件差的；under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下
完整的譯文：
75）例如，測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公，因此它們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干。
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
（74）In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
Unit 2 翻譯題解：
71） The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
第二、句子主干結構是：簡單句加for引導的原因狀語。后面的that引導的是定語從句。
第三、詞的處理
The target 根據上下文，這里特指標準化測試 ；divert attention from 原義是把注意力引開，引申為沒有注意到lies with在于ill-informed 不甚了解incompetent users（詞性轉換）使用不當
完整的譯文：
71）把標準化測試作為抨擊的目標是錯誤的，因為在抨擊這類測試時，批評者沒有注意到測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對測試不甚了解或使用不當。
72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted
第二、句子主干結構是：
1）How well……引導的被動結構是主語從句，How well是主語從句中的狀語前置，depends是句子謂語
2）depends后面兩個介詞短語作并列賓語upon……and on……
3） the information used是名詞+定語4）with which it is interpreted定語從句，先行詞是the skill and wisdom，代詞it指代the information
第三、詞的處理：
be validated by 為……所證實；depends upon 取決于；reliability 可靠性；appropriateness 適應性；interpreted 解釋
完整的譯文：
72）這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數量、可靠性和適應性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。
73） Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.
第二、句子主干結構是：Whether to use……, or both……引導主語從句depends是句子謂語，upon…… and upon……是并列結構的雙賓語。
第三、詞的處理：
Whether to……, or 是……還是……；both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情況下；therefore 因此；he evidence from experience 經驗依據；concerning 與……有關的；comparative validity 相對效度；such factors as…… 諸如……等因素
完整的譯文：
73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關相對效度的經驗依據而定，也取決于諸如費用和有無來源等因素。
74） In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為四段：
In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
第二、句子的結構：
1）主干結構是一個排比句the tests work most effectively when……and least effectively when……
2）連詞when引導的是狀語從句，意思是當……的時候，從句中都是被動結構。
3） what is to be measured or predicted是第二個從句的主語。
第三、詞的處理：
In general 一般的說；work most effectively 最為有效；be most precisely defined 很精確界定；measured 測定
完整的譯文：
74）一般的說，當所要測定的特征能很精確界定時，測試最為有效；而當所要測定或預測的東西不能明確地界定時，測試的效果則最差。
75） For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分為三段：
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的結構：
1）主干結構是并列句they do not compensate for……, and thus do not tell……
2） how able是表語前置，正常語序是：…… youngster might have been how able
3）最后一個句子是虛擬語氣句的倒裝結構：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up……
第三、詞的處理：
they 指示代詞，測試；compensate for 彌補；gross social inequality 明顯的社會不公 and thus 因此；tell 說明；underprivileged 貧困的、物質條件差的；under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下
完整的譯文：
75）例如，測試并不彌補明顯的社會不公，因此它們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會有多大才干。