751. and連接兩個平行句,第一句表示“讓步”。例如:
He tried hard and he failed in the entrance examination to the college.
(他雖然很用功,但在大學(xué)入學(xué)考試時仍不及格)。
752. 動詞+疑問詞(what,where,how,when,which)+will(may)表示“讓步”。例如:
Happen(come) what may, the Chinese people will not cease supporting the people of the third world
in their fight against hegemonism.
(不管發(fā)生什么事情,中國人民絕不停止對第三世界人民反對霸權(quán)主義的斗爭的支持。)
753. be+主語+ever so+形容詞,表示“讓步”。例如:
Be a man ever so learned, he ought not to be proud.
(一個人不管多么有學(xué)問,也不應(yīng)該驕傲。)
754. It was all(that)one could not to+原形動詞(很難不……)。例如:
It was all I could do not to laugh at the joke.(我聽了這個笑話禁不住發(fā)笑。)
755. 比較級+than to+原形動詞(不至于……)。例如:
I am wiser than to believe that.(我不至于蠢到竟然相信這件事。)
756. 和too…to結(jié)構(gòu)類似但意思不同的有以下幾種情況:
1) He is too ready to speak.(=He is too talkative.) (他太愛講話。)
2)“too…not to+動詞不定式(……非?!囟堋被颍ā粫弧@纾篐e is too wise not to know it.(他很聰明,一定知道這件事情。)
3)not too …to+原形動詞(這并不太……所以能……)。
這個句型也是對句型“too…to…”的否定,所以動詞不定式表示肯定的意思。例如:
English is not too difficult to learn.(英語并不太難學(xué)。)
4)never too…to+原形動詞(永〈決〉不……能……)。
這個句型是“not too…to…”的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。例如:
It is never too late to mend.(Proverb)(亡羊補(bǔ)牢未為晚也。)(諺語)
One is never too old to learn.=No one is so old that he cannot learn.(活到老學(xué)到老。)
757. cannot…too…(無論怎樣……也不過分) 例如:
You cannot praise the play too highly.(這出戲你無論怎樣稱贊,都不會過分。)
758. more than…can=cannot.
The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.(街道的男孩子變得非常無禮,到了人所不能忍受的地步。)
759. no…but…(沒有……不是……)。例如:
There is no rule but has exceptions.(沒有無例外的規(guī)則)。
760. never…but…; never(not) …without…(每……必……)。例如:
I never see you but I think of my brother.(我沒有一次見到你不想起我的兄弟來。)
761. no one(none)but…(除……之外,誰也不……)。例如:
No one but a fool would do such a thing.(除了傻瓜外沒有人愿干這樣的事。)
762. cannot but…;cannot help…(不能不……,禁不住……)。例如:
I cannot but laugh to hear such a story.
I cannot help laughing to hear such a story.(聽到這樣的故事,我禁不住發(fā)笑。)
從例句可以看出:
a) cannot but+不帶to的動詞不定式b)cannot help+動名詞
763. far from…(遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不,完全不)。例如:
My English is far from perfect.(我的英語很不熟練。)
764. a far(long) cry from…(完全不同于……)。例如:
The state of affairs in the countryside is a far cry from what it was last year.
(農(nóng)村的形勢和去年截然不同。)
765. anything but(決不)。例如:
That little bridge is anything but safe.(那座小橋決不安全。)
766. few and far between(很少)。例如:
Holidays are few and far between.(假日很少。)
767. instead of (而不是)。例如:
He has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with his work.
(他整個下午不工作,一直在玩兒。)
768. free from(沒有……;不受……影響的)。例如:
His composition is free from serious errors.(他的作文沒有嚴(yán)重的錯誤。)
769. 介詞above, beyond, beneath等,表示“否定”。例如:
The problem is above me.(這個問題我不能解決。)
It is incorrect to think of such things as beneath our notice.
(認(rèn)為這些事情不值得注意是不正確的。)
His action, which arose from his concern for the welfare of the commune members, is above
criticism.(他的行為出于他對社員福利的關(guān)心,是無可批評的。)
770. have the+抽象名詞+動詞不定式,表示“如此……以致于……”的意思。例如:
He had the kindness to show me the way to the station.=He was so kind as to show me
the way to the station.(他很和善地給我指引去火車站的路。)
771. all+抽象名詞,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣。
all+抽象名詞=very+形容詞,但語氣較very更強(qiáng)。
例如:
Cleanliness is all importance.(清潔第一。)
“Mr. Darcy is all politeness,” said Elizabeth, smiling.
772. in the world ,on earth, under the sun等,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
這些短語用于疑問句和否定句中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。用于疑問句時作“究竟”講,用地否定句時和“全然”,“一點也……”。
Where under the sun did he go?(他到底上哪兒去了?)
Who in the world are you?(你究竟是誰?)
773. little后跟動詞know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示強(qiáng)烈的否定。
Little did they know, when they parted that afternoon, that they were never to meet again.
(他們那天下午分手時,根本不知道他們的來就永遠(yuǎn)不再風(fēng)面了。)
774. not后跟half, nearly, possibly 表示強(qiáng)烈的否定。例如:
My work is not half done yet.(我的工作根本還沒有做。)
There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.(這兒人手根本不夠干這件活。)
He cannot possibly forget it.(他無論如何也不會忘記。)
“I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, not half so good humored as Lydia.”
(“我肯定她一點兒也不像珍妮那樣溫雅,一點兒也不象莉迪亞那樣性情好?!?)
775. according as 根據(jù),視……而定
You will play football or stay at home according as the weather is good or bad.
你可以踢足球,或呆在家里,視天氣好壞而定。
Things are valuable according as they are valued.
事物之可貴,依照人們的珍視程度而定。
776. after (轉(zhuǎn)義)既然,雖然
After what had happened, we decided to call off the scheduled meeting.
既然發(fā)生了那樣的事情,我們決定取消那次預(yù)定的會議。
After we gave all the advice, he adopted a contrary course.
雖然我們多方勸告,他還是采取一條相反的道路。
777. as…so… 恰如……一樣,像……那樣(隨著……也就……)
As you like Chinese, so I like English.正像你喜歡中文一樣,我喜歡英語。
As one is to two, so is two to four.一比二等于二比四。
As you go farther north, so the winters become longer and more severe.
越往北走,冬天就變得越長,也更為寒冷。
778. assuming that 假若,設(shè)想(given that, granted that, presuming that可以與其換用)
Assuming that he is innocent, he must be set free.假使他是無罪的,就應(yīng)當(dāng)釋放他。
779. inasmuch as 表示明顯的理由或條件,是最為正式和語氣的用語,表示“因為”的意思。
Inasmuch as we serve the people, we are not afraid to have our shortcomings pointed out.
因為我們是為人民服務(wù)的,所以不怕別人指出我們的缺點。
780. before (轉(zhuǎn)義)寧可……而不愿……,(rather than)
He will die before he shall disgrace himself.他寧死不辱。
The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.士兵們寧戰(zhàn)斗到死,也不愿投降。
781. but that
(1) 若不,要不是
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,多表示對過去事情的假設(shè)和對將來事實的推測,因此主句多用虛擬語氣。
But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
要不是有家庭的拖累,他早已離開英國了。
注意,如果主句有否定詞 not, never時,but that作“一……就……”,“要不然就……”解釋,不用虛擬語氣。
No man is so old but that he may learn.年齡再大,還是可以學(xué)習(xí)的。
It never rains but(that) it pours.不下雨則已,一下就是傾盆大雨。
(2)不,不會
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,注意,當(dāng)主句有否定詞doubt, deny, question等詞之后,but that 沒有實在意義,相當(dāng)于連詞 that.
Who knows but that he may alter his mind?誰知道他不會改變注意呢?
I cannot but believe but that I should know you, notwithstanding all that time may have done.我相信碰到你時我還是能夠認(rèn)出你的,盡管歲月流逝,顏容更改。
(3)not that…but that…不是……而是……
Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.
我并不是不喜歡這個世界,而是我沒有時間。
782. notwithstanding
(1)prep.雖然, 盡管
Notwithstanding his objections the marriage took place.盡管他有異議,婚禮還是進(jìn)行了。
(2)adv.盡管, 還是
No matter how bad the weather is, the children will play football on the playground,
notwithstanding.不管天氣怎么壞, 孩子們還要在運動場踢足球。
(3)conj. 雖然, 盡管
She went swimming yesterday notwithstanding (that)her mother told her not to.
雖然她媽媽告訴不要去游泳, 但她昨天還是去了。
783. consider that, seeing that, in that 由于,鑒于,考慮到
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing a good job.
由于他還是是一個新手,所以他干得算是不錯的了。
784. directly, immediately, instantly 一……就……
Directly I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息,馬上感到出事地點。
785. for fear that(lest) 惟恐,以免(從句中不能用否定式,從句中謂語均用虛擬語氣。)
For fear that(lest) I should mispronounce some words I read very slowly.
我怕讀錯詞,所以讀得很慢。
786. how 單純起引導(dǎo)名詞從句的作用,相當(dāng)于 that,沒有“怎樣地”意思。
She reminded me how I had once said that one could be quite happy without money.(how =that)
787. if (轉(zhuǎn)義)雖然,即使
If there was full of hardships, it was also full of joy and excitement.
雖然那里生活非常艱苦,但也充滿了愉快和激情。
788. provided/providing (that) 倘若,如果
Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
即使沒有反對意見,我們就在這里開會。
789. though/although…yet/still/nevertheless…
Although many difficulties and obstacles are still ahead, nevertheless, we are certain to make still
greater achievements. 盡管在前進(jìn)的道路上還存在很多困難和障礙,但是,我們相信能夠取得更加偉大的成就。
790. when (轉(zhuǎn)義)雖然,由于
He walks when he might take a taxi.他雖然可以坐出租車,但是他還是步行。
How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
由于他們不聽我的話,我怎么能幫助他們了解呢?
791. where (轉(zhuǎn)義)只要,既然
Where there is a will, there is a way.只要有志氣,就有大道可走。(有志者事竟成。)
Where much is alleged, something must be true.既然人家說的很多,一定有一些是真的。
792. while 雖然
作此意思時候,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,從句必須置于句首,表示與主句的明顯對照。
While I appreciate the honor, I cannot accept the position.
雖然我珍視這個榮譽(yù),可是我不能接受這個職務(wù)。
In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
總之,雖然前途是光明的,但是道路是曲折的。
793. albeit 盡管,雖然
albeit為書面語,一般用來連接短語,而不是從句。
Albeit fair, she was not sought after. 盡管她美,但沒人追求她。
It was a small albeit important mistake. 最然這是個小錯誤,卻很重要。
They are still waiting, albeit with growing impatience. 他們還等著,盡管越來越不耐煩。
794. 逗號(,)
1)在并列句中,連詞(and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet)的前面用逗號。
應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,如果兩個或三個并列從句都很簡短,意思又緊密相連,它們之間可以不用連詞而只用逗號:
A memoir is history, it is based on evidence.
2)寫日期時,如次序是月-日-年,在日和年之間加逗號。如次序是日-月-年,則不加逗號:
He was born on October 15,1983.
He was born on 15 October 1983.
注意:英文中是沒有頓號的,基本上可以說在中文中用頓號的地方可以用逗號取代。
795. 句號(.)
1)省略詞一般加句號,如:Mr. Mrs. Ms. B.A. p.m.
注意在B.A. 等詞后面那個句號不要丟掉,現(xiàn)在有趨勢在省略詞后面不加句號,尤其是在團(tuán)體、通訊社和廣播電臺名稱后面:UN NATO BBC NBC UNESCO
2)如果在一個句子后面使用省略號,后面還得加句號,即變成四個句號。
分號(;)
1)有些起連系作用的副詞,如 however, therefore, hence, nevertheless, moreover, thus, otherwise, besides等等,不應(yīng)該用作連詞來聯(lián)系并列從句,在它們之間應(yīng)該用分號而不是逗號。
2)如從句內(nèi)已經(jīng)已有標(biāo)點,即使從句中有連詞仍應(yīng)用分號:
Unfortunately, Tom couldn't come; and his absence made things difficult for us.
3.)如若干項內(nèi)已有逗號,可用分號將各項分開:
On the committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhao, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Han, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau
of Culture.
796. 問號(?)
1)一個文句涉及多項時,各項之后皆可打問號:
Did she buy butter? milk? eggs? apples? books?
2)放在括號中的問號表示不能肯定它前面的那個詞、數(shù)字或日期的準(zhǔn)確性:
The author of this strange book was born in 1078(?) and died in 1135.
797. 引號(“” 或'')
1)文章、短篇故事、短詩及歌曲和書中各章節(jié)的題目,應(yīng)用引號標(biāo)出,應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,書刊名稱應(yīng)該用斜體字或字下線標(biāo)明。
2)引號和其它符號配合使用時,美國的通用方法是:
a.句號和逗號放在引號之內(nèi);
b.冒號和分號放在引號之外;
c.破折號、問號和感嘆號,如只是與引語有關(guān),放在引號之內(nèi);如與整個句子有關(guān),則放在引語之外。
798. 圓括號(())
1)圓括號用來標(biāo)明插入性的、補(bǔ)充性的或注釋性的詞語。
2)表示細(xì)目的數(shù)字或字母一般放在圓括號中。
799. 方括號([ ])
1)標(biāo)明引語中引用者加的或說明部分。
2)如圓括號中還需用括號,則用方括號代替圓括號。
800. 斜體字和字下線
在手寫稿和打印稿中,字下線和印刷品中的斜體字功用相同。
1)書籍、雜志、報紙、劇本、長詩及歌劇的名稱要用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
2)英語中外來詞應(yīng)用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
3)船只、飛機(jī)和藝術(shù)作品的民稱應(yīng)用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
4)提及某一詞或字母時,應(yīng)用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
5)字下線或斜體字有時可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào):What a man does is more important than what he says.
He tried hard and he failed in the entrance examination to the college.
(他雖然很用功,但在大學(xué)入學(xué)考試時仍不及格)。
752. 動詞+疑問詞(what,where,how,when,which)+will(may)表示“讓步”。例如:
Happen(come) what may, the Chinese people will not cease supporting the people of the third world
in their fight against hegemonism.
(不管發(fā)生什么事情,中國人民絕不停止對第三世界人民反對霸權(quán)主義的斗爭的支持。)
753. be+主語+ever so+形容詞,表示“讓步”。例如:
Be a man ever so learned, he ought not to be proud.
(一個人不管多么有學(xué)問,也不應(yīng)該驕傲。)
754. It was all(that)one could not to+原形動詞(很難不……)。例如:
It was all I could do not to laugh at the joke.(我聽了這個笑話禁不住發(fā)笑。)
755. 比較級+than to+原形動詞(不至于……)。例如:
I am wiser than to believe that.(我不至于蠢到竟然相信這件事。)
756. 和too…to結(jié)構(gòu)類似但意思不同的有以下幾種情況:
1) He is too ready to speak.(=He is too talkative.) (他太愛講話。)
2)“too…not to+動詞不定式(……非?!囟堋被颍ā粫弧@纾篐e is too wise not to know it.(他很聰明,一定知道這件事情。)
3)not too …to+原形動詞(這并不太……所以能……)。
這個句型也是對句型“too…to…”的否定,所以動詞不定式表示肯定的意思。例如:
English is not too difficult to learn.(英語并不太難學(xué)。)
4)never too…to+原形動詞(永〈決〉不……能……)。
這個句型是“not too…to…”的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。例如:
It is never too late to mend.(Proverb)(亡羊補(bǔ)牢未為晚也。)(諺語)
One is never too old to learn.=No one is so old that he cannot learn.(活到老學(xué)到老。)
757. cannot…too…(無論怎樣……也不過分) 例如:
You cannot praise the play too highly.(這出戲你無論怎樣稱贊,都不會過分。)
758. more than…can=cannot.
The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.(街道的男孩子變得非常無禮,到了人所不能忍受的地步。)
759. no…but…(沒有……不是……)。例如:
There is no rule but has exceptions.(沒有無例外的規(guī)則)。
760. never…but…; never(not) …without…(每……必……)。例如:
I never see you but I think of my brother.(我沒有一次見到你不想起我的兄弟來。)
761. no one(none)but…(除……之外,誰也不……)。例如:
No one but a fool would do such a thing.(除了傻瓜外沒有人愿干這樣的事。)
762. cannot but…;cannot help…(不能不……,禁不住……)。例如:
I cannot but laugh to hear such a story.
I cannot help laughing to hear such a story.(聽到這樣的故事,我禁不住發(fā)笑。)
從例句可以看出:
a) cannot but+不帶to的動詞不定式b)cannot help+動名詞
763. far from…(遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不,完全不)。例如:
My English is far from perfect.(我的英語很不熟練。)
764. a far(long) cry from…(完全不同于……)。例如:
The state of affairs in the countryside is a far cry from what it was last year.
(農(nóng)村的形勢和去年截然不同。)
765. anything but(決不)。例如:
That little bridge is anything but safe.(那座小橋決不安全。)
766. few and far between(很少)。例如:
Holidays are few and far between.(假日很少。)
767. instead of (而不是)。例如:
He has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with his work.
(他整個下午不工作,一直在玩兒。)
768. free from(沒有……;不受……影響的)。例如:
His composition is free from serious errors.(他的作文沒有嚴(yán)重的錯誤。)
769. 介詞above, beyond, beneath等,表示“否定”。例如:
The problem is above me.(這個問題我不能解決。)
It is incorrect to think of such things as beneath our notice.
(認(rèn)為這些事情不值得注意是不正確的。)
His action, which arose from his concern for the welfare of the commune members, is above
criticism.(他的行為出于他對社員福利的關(guān)心,是無可批評的。)
770. have the+抽象名詞+動詞不定式,表示“如此……以致于……”的意思。例如:
He had the kindness to show me the way to the station.=He was so kind as to show me
the way to the station.(他很和善地給我指引去火車站的路。)
771. all+抽象名詞,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣。
all+抽象名詞=very+形容詞,但語氣較very更強(qiáng)。
例如:
Cleanliness is all importance.(清潔第一。)
“Mr. Darcy is all politeness,” said Elizabeth, smiling.
772. in the world ,on earth, under the sun等,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
這些短語用于疑問句和否定句中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。用于疑問句時作“究竟”講,用地否定句時和“全然”,“一點也……”。
Where under the sun did he go?(他到底上哪兒去了?)
Who in the world are you?(你究竟是誰?)
773. little后跟動詞know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示強(qiáng)烈的否定。
Little did they know, when they parted that afternoon, that they were never to meet again.
(他們那天下午分手時,根本不知道他們的來就永遠(yuǎn)不再風(fēng)面了。)
774. not后跟half, nearly, possibly 表示強(qiáng)烈的否定。例如:
My work is not half done yet.(我的工作根本還沒有做。)
There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.(這兒人手根本不夠干這件活。)
He cannot possibly forget it.(他無論如何也不會忘記。)
“I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, not half so good humored as Lydia.”
(“我肯定她一點兒也不像珍妮那樣溫雅,一點兒也不象莉迪亞那樣性情好?!?)
775. according as 根據(jù),視……而定
You will play football or stay at home according as the weather is good or bad.
你可以踢足球,或呆在家里,視天氣好壞而定。
Things are valuable according as they are valued.
事物之可貴,依照人們的珍視程度而定。
776. after (轉(zhuǎn)義)既然,雖然
After what had happened, we decided to call off the scheduled meeting.
既然發(fā)生了那樣的事情,我們決定取消那次預(yù)定的會議。
After we gave all the advice, he adopted a contrary course.
雖然我們多方勸告,他還是采取一條相反的道路。
777. as…so… 恰如……一樣,像……那樣(隨著……也就……)
As you like Chinese, so I like English.正像你喜歡中文一樣,我喜歡英語。
As one is to two, so is two to four.一比二等于二比四。
As you go farther north, so the winters become longer and more severe.
越往北走,冬天就變得越長,也更為寒冷。
778. assuming that 假若,設(shè)想(given that, granted that, presuming that可以與其換用)
Assuming that he is innocent, he must be set free.假使他是無罪的,就應(yīng)當(dāng)釋放他。
779. inasmuch as 表示明顯的理由或條件,是最為正式和語氣的用語,表示“因為”的意思。
Inasmuch as we serve the people, we are not afraid to have our shortcomings pointed out.
因為我們是為人民服務(wù)的,所以不怕別人指出我們的缺點。
780. before (轉(zhuǎn)義)寧可……而不愿……,(rather than)
He will die before he shall disgrace himself.他寧死不辱。
The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.士兵們寧戰(zhàn)斗到死,也不愿投降。
781. but that
(1) 若不,要不是
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,多表示對過去事情的假設(shè)和對將來事實的推測,因此主句多用虛擬語氣。
But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
要不是有家庭的拖累,他早已離開英國了。
注意,如果主句有否定詞 not, never時,but that作“一……就……”,“要不然就……”解釋,不用虛擬語氣。
No man is so old but that he may learn.年齡再大,還是可以學(xué)習(xí)的。
It never rains but(that) it pours.不下雨則已,一下就是傾盆大雨。
(2)不,不會
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,注意,當(dāng)主句有否定詞doubt, deny, question等詞之后,but that 沒有實在意義,相當(dāng)于連詞 that.
Who knows but that he may alter his mind?誰知道他不會改變注意呢?
I cannot but believe but that I should know you, notwithstanding all that time may have done.我相信碰到你時我還是能夠認(rèn)出你的,盡管歲月流逝,顏容更改。
(3)not that…but that…不是……而是……
Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.
我并不是不喜歡這個世界,而是我沒有時間。
782. notwithstanding
(1)prep.雖然, 盡管
Notwithstanding his objections the marriage took place.盡管他有異議,婚禮還是進(jìn)行了。
(2)adv.盡管, 還是
No matter how bad the weather is, the children will play football on the playground,
notwithstanding.不管天氣怎么壞, 孩子們還要在運動場踢足球。
(3)conj. 雖然, 盡管
She went swimming yesterday notwithstanding (that)her mother told her not to.
雖然她媽媽告訴不要去游泳, 但她昨天還是去了。
783. consider that, seeing that, in that 由于,鑒于,考慮到
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing a good job.
由于他還是是一個新手,所以他干得算是不錯的了。
784. directly, immediately, instantly 一……就……
Directly I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息,馬上感到出事地點。
785. for fear that(lest) 惟恐,以免(從句中不能用否定式,從句中謂語均用虛擬語氣。)
For fear that(lest) I should mispronounce some words I read very slowly.
我怕讀錯詞,所以讀得很慢。
786. how 單純起引導(dǎo)名詞從句的作用,相當(dāng)于 that,沒有“怎樣地”意思。
She reminded me how I had once said that one could be quite happy without money.(how =that)
787. if (轉(zhuǎn)義)雖然,即使
If there was full of hardships, it was also full of joy and excitement.
雖然那里生活非常艱苦,但也充滿了愉快和激情。
788. provided/providing (that) 倘若,如果
Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
即使沒有反對意見,我們就在這里開會。
789. though/although…yet/still/nevertheless…
Although many difficulties and obstacles are still ahead, nevertheless, we are certain to make still
greater achievements. 盡管在前進(jìn)的道路上還存在很多困難和障礙,但是,我們相信能夠取得更加偉大的成就。
790. when (轉(zhuǎn)義)雖然,由于
He walks when he might take a taxi.他雖然可以坐出租車,但是他還是步行。
How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
由于他們不聽我的話,我怎么能幫助他們了解呢?
791. where (轉(zhuǎn)義)只要,既然
Where there is a will, there is a way.只要有志氣,就有大道可走。(有志者事竟成。)
Where much is alleged, something must be true.既然人家說的很多,一定有一些是真的。
792. while 雖然
作此意思時候,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,從句必須置于句首,表示與主句的明顯對照。
While I appreciate the honor, I cannot accept the position.
雖然我珍視這個榮譽(yù),可是我不能接受這個職務(wù)。
In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
總之,雖然前途是光明的,但是道路是曲折的。
793. albeit 盡管,雖然
albeit為書面語,一般用來連接短語,而不是從句。
Albeit fair, she was not sought after. 盡管她美,但沒人追求她。
It was a small albeit important mistake. 最然這是個小錯誤,卻很重要。
They are still waiting, albeit with growing impatience. 他們還等著,盡管越來越不耐煩。
794. 逗號(,)
1)在并列句中,連詞(and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet)的前面用逗號。
應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,如果兩個或三個并列從句都很簡短,意思又緊密相連,它們之間可以不用連詞而只用逗號:
A memoir is history, it is based on evidence.
2)寫日期時,如次序是月-日-年,在日和年之間加逗號。如次序是日-月-年,則不加逗號:
He was born on October 15,1983.
He was born on 15 October 1983.
注意:英文中是沒有頓號的,基本上可以說在中文中用頓號的地方可以用逗號取代。
795. 句號(.)
1)省略詞一般加句號,如:Mr. Mrs. Ms. B.A. p.m.
注意在B.A. 等詞后面那個句號不要丟掉,現(xiàn)在有趨勢在省略詞后面不加句號,尤其是在團(tuán)體、通訊社和廣播電臺名稱后面:UN NATO BBC NBC UNESCO
2)如果在一個句子后面使用省略號,后面還得加句號,即變成四個句號。
分號(;)
1)有些起連系作用的副詞,如 however, therefore, hence, nevertheless, moreover, thus, otherwise, besides等等,不應(yīng)該用作連詞來聯(lián)系并列從句,在它們之間應(yīng)該用分號而不是逗號。
2)如從句內(nèi)已經(jīng)已有標(biāo)點,即使從句中有連詞仍應(yīng)用分號:
Unfortunately, Tom couldn't come; and his absence made things difficult for us.
3.)如若干項內(nèi)已有逗號,可用分號將各項分開:
On the committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhao, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Han, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau
of Culture.
796. 問號(?)
1)一個文句涉及多項時,各項之后皆可打問號:
Did she buy butter? milk? eggs? apples? books?
2)放在括號中的問號表示不能肯定它前面的那個詞、數(shù)字或日期的準(zhǔn)確性:
The author of this strange book was born in 1078(?) and died in 1135.
797. 引號(“” 或'')
1)文章、短篇故事、短詩及歌曲和書中各章節(jié)的題目,應(yīng)用引號標(biāo)出,應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,書刊名稱應(yīng)該用斜體字或字下線標(biāo)明。
2)引號和其它符號配合使用時,美國的通用方法是:
a.句號和逗號放在引號之內(nèi);
b.冒號和分號放在引號之外;
c.破折號、問號和感嘆號,如只是與引語有關(guān),放在引號之內(nèi);如與整個句子有關(guān),則放在引語之外。
798. 圓括號(())
1)圓括號用來標(biāo)明插入性的、補(bǔ)充性的或注釋性的詞語。
2)表示細(xì)目的數(shù)字或字母一般放在圓括號中。
799. 方括號([ ])
1)標(biāo)明引語中引用者加的或說明部分。
2)如圓括號中還需用括號,則用方括號代替圓括號。
800. 斜體字和字下線
在手寫稿和打印稿中,字下線和印刷品中的斜體字功用相同。
1)書籍、雜志、報紙、劇本、長詩及歌劇的名稱要用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
2)英語中外來詞應(yīng)用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
3)船只、飛機(jī)和藝術(shù)作品的民稱應(yīng)用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
4)提及某一詞或字母時,應(yīng)用字下線或斜體字標(biāo)明。
5)字下線或斜體字有時可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào):What a man does is more important than what he says.