㈠對(duì)高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)題的基本認(rèn)識(shí)
書(shū)面表達(dá)題旨在測(cè)試考生的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力，看其是否能夠運(yùn)用學(xué)過(guò)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和掌握的技能進(jìn)行思想交流。從歷年高考試卷來(lái)看，書(shū)面表達(dá)是指導(dǎo)性寫作，即按照題目所給的目的、時(shí)間、對(duì)象、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容、長(zhǎng)度等條件去完成寫作。它不同于命題作文，可以隨意發(fā)揮；也不是簡(jiǎn)單的句子翻譯。必須做到行文切題，緊扣中心思想，不漏要點(diǎn)，并且意思連貫，文理通順，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、得當(dāng)。
㈡書(shū)面表達(dá)題的題型特征
從近些年的高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)題來(lái)看，我們基本上可以將書(shū)面表達(dá)題大致歸納為兩種寫作類型：一類是文字性提示／表格提示寫作；另一類是看圖作文。
⑴文字提示/表格提示寫作
對(duì)于文字提示的寫作，要注意根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。如：1996年的書(shū)面表達(dá)題目要求根據(jù)表中的文字性提示寫一篇自我介紹，敘述求學(xué)過(guò)程的句子要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，介紹個(gè)人愛(ài)好的句子應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；2001年寫信介紹學(xué)生減輕學(xué)業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)后的課外活動(dòng)情況，寫作時(shí)也要將一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)相結(jié)合；2005年山東高考假設(shè)你是新華中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華，得知某英文報(bào)招聘兼職記者，你有意應(yīng)聘，請(qǐng)按所給要點(diǎn)給報(bào)社寫一封自薦信，這種作文除介紹工作經(jīng)歷的句子用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)外，其他均應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
對(duì)于表格提示的寫作，特別要注意重新組織所給的材料，不能依據(jù)表格逐條地翻譯。
⑵看圖寫作
看圖寫作比文字提示寫作更能考察學(xué)生的思維能力和語(yǔ)言組織能力。大致可分為三種類型：①寫信。如，2005年全國(guó)高考大部分省的英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)幾乎都是要求寫書(shū)信，運(yùn)用的時(shí)態(tài)多是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，間或使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2003年為朋友介紹所租房屋的位置和大體結(jié)構(gòu)，文中的時(shí)態(tài)也以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主。②寫日記。寫日記一般是敘述過(guò)去的事件，所以句子的時(shí)態(tài)多是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如1998年的記敘到農(nóng)場(chǎng)的參觀活動(dòng)的書(shū)面表達(dá)。③寫一篇短文，記敘一件事的發(fā)生過(guò)程。如2000年的描繪一起交通事故的過(guò)程, 寫作時(shí)多運(yùn)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
看圖作文須注意的問(wèn)題：①仔細(xì)觀察幾幅圖畫(huà)，弄清故事的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾，理清事件的發(fā)展過(guò)程; ②確定好表達(dá)要點(diǎn), 要點(diǎn)不僅僅體現(xiàn)在圖畫(huà)中，還體現(xiàn)在所給題目要求的文字中。
㈢解書(shū)面表達(dá)題的基本技巧及范例
⒈基本技巧：
⑴首先要認(rèn)真審題。讀懂題目所給信息，初步確定要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，并可用序號(hào)標(biāo)出以免遺忘。
⑵列題綱使用要點(diǎn)條理化，序化，統(tǒng)籌安排布局。
⑶勿要直譯，需意譯。尤其對(duì)看圖情景作文要構(gòu)建完整故事結(jié)構(gòu)，不可逐句羅列了事。
⑷要刻意把好語(yǔ)言關(guān)。要用自己熟悉的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語(yǔ)，力求文理通順，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確。沒(méi)有把握的詞句不要寫，確有把握的的可以錦上添花。
⑸遇到一時(shí)想不起的詞語(yǔ)，需變通?？梢杂猛x近義詞代替，也可以用否定詞加反義詞來(lái)表達(dá)，亦可變換句式。不可鉆牛角尖，更不能生造詞語(yǔ)，漢化表達(dá)。
⑹注意文章的長(zhǎng)度?？淳唧w內(nèi)容而定，如果內(nèi)容多，應(yīng)多用復(fù)雜句式，如果內(nèi)容不多，為了達(dá)到詞的限數(shù)應(yīng)多用簡(jiǎn)單句式，并適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)合理內(nèi)容。
⑺注意保持卷面整潔，書(shū)寫工整清楚，書(shū)寫的好壞會(huì)直接影響閱卷老師的情緒。
⑻后應(yīng)注意復(fù)查全文?？磧?nèi)容要點(diǎn)有無(wú)遺漏，標(biāo)點(diǎn)、格式、大小寫是否規(guī)范，是否有語(yǔ)病等。
⒉經(jīng)典范例：
(NMET2001)假設(shè)你是李華，你的澳大利亞朋友Dick聽(tīng)說(shuō)中國(guó)的中小學(xué)正在減輕學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)，來(lái)信詢問(wèn)有關(guān)情況。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表提供的信息，寫一封回信，談一談減負(fù)給你的學(xué)習(xí)和生活帶來(lái)的變化。
周末活動(dòng)（減負(fù)前） 周末活動(dòng)（減負(fù)后）
白天：上課、做作業(yè) 白天：參觀博物館，學(xué)習(xí)電腦、繪畫(huà)等
晚上：做作業(yè) 晚上：看新聞、讀書(shū)、看報(bào)
就寢時(shí)間：11:30 就寢時(shí)間：10:30
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右。2.開(kāi)頭已為你寫好。
生詞：reduce learning load減輕學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
解析
NMET2001年高考書(shū)面表達(dá)試題要求考生根據(jù)以表格的形式提供的情景用英語(yǔ)寫一篇100個(gè)單詞左右的書(shū)信，給澳大利亞朋友Dick介紹減負(fù)給自己學(xué)習(xí)和生活帶來(lái)的變化。寫作過(guò)程中所需要的生詞已給出，短文的開(kāi)頭也已經(jīng)為考生寫好。
寫作過(guò)程：
⑴認(rèn)真審題，明確要求。
①由漢語(yǔ)提示可知，應(yīng)用第一人稱完成短文；
②在寫作過(guò)程中，要突出減負(fù)給學(xué)習(xí)生活帶來(lái)的便利；
③在寫作過(guò)程中，要根據(jù)表格中的中文提示，寫成一篇行文連貫、條理清楚的文章而不宜將表格中的中文直譯成英語(yǔ)。
⑵審視表格，列出要點(diǎn)。
①過(guò)去忙于上課、做作業(yè)；
②現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間看新聞、參觀博物館等；
③現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間看新聞、讀報(bào)紙；
④不必再熬夜。
⑶依據(jù)要點(diǎn)，編擬提綱。
① I used to have to do endless homework and attend classes even at weekends.
②Now I have more free time to read books, visit museums even and so on.
③In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.④I can go to bed earlier.
⑷按照文體，組織語(yǔ)篇。
One possible version:
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again. You want to known what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier.
As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
㈣解書(shū)面表達(dá)題必要的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備
從知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為解書(shū)面表達(dá)題除了具備必要的詞匯量、一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言組織能力外，還要著重注意以下兩點(diǎn)：
⒈掌握下面幾種常用的英文文體的格式
⑴書(shū)信格式示例 ：
25 Tianshui Road
Lanzhou, China
January 3rd, 2003
208 Hope Road
Sydney, Australia
Dear Laura,
How are you getting on now?____________________________________________
Yours,
Zhou Lan
⑵通知格式示例：
①書(shū)面通知格式示例
NOTICE
In order to arouse the students' interest in learning English, the Student Union has decided to set up an English Club with the help of the teachers of English.
__________________
Student Union
November 9, 2004
②口頭通知格式示例
Boys and girls,
May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
The Students' Union is going to hold a party on Sunday evening, November 12th, to welcome our friends from the United States.
_____________________________________
That's all . Thank you!
⑶致詞(speech)格式示例：
①歡迎詞格式示例
Ladies and gentlemen/ Mr President/etc,
Welcome to——
That's all. Thank you.
②歡送詞格式示例
Dear friends,
________________________
Good luck to ——/ Goodbye, dear friends.
⒉了解下面一些可能在英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)中使用到的重要句型
1）以形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)的有關(guān)句型。
（1）“It is / was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that(who)+剩余的部分.”例如：
①It wasn't until he came back that I went to bed.“直到他回來(lái)我才睡覺(jué)”(一定要注意被強(qiáng)調(diào)句型謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞否定的轉(zhuǎn)移及形式)。
②It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school today.“只因?yàn)樗胁×私裉鞗](méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)”（只能用because而不能用for, as 或since）
③It is I who am a student. “我確實(shí)是個(gè)學(xué)生”。
（2）“It happened（chanced）that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. =sb.did sth. by chance.” 例如：
It happened that he was out when I got there.“當(dāng)我到那兒時(shí)，碰巧他不在”＝He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.
（3）“It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done”（還有動(dòng)詞appear可這樣使用）例如：
It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.“好像你以去過(guò)北京”＝He seemed to have been Beijing before.
（4）“It is high time (time/ about time) (that) 主語(yǔ)＋should do / did+其它”（注意從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣） 例如：
It is high time that we should go / went home.我們?cè)摶丶伊恕?BR> （5）“It is / was said ( reported…)＋that+從句.” 例如：
It was said that he had read this novel.“據(jù)說(shuō)他讀過(guò)這篇小說(shuō)”＝He was said to have read this novel.
（6）“It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.”(從句中的謂語(yǔ)用should＋do / should have done，其形式是虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 例如：
It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他這次考試沒(méi)有及格。
（7）“It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.” (注意從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略) 例如：
He didn't come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. “他直到電影結(jié)束才回來(lái)。他沒(méi)有看到這部電影真可惜”
（8）“It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.” (從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should do, 但should可以省略) 例如：
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.“有人建議推遲會(huì)議”。
（9）“It is/was＋表示地點(diǎn)的名詞＋where+從句” （注意本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，而是以where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句） 例如：
It was this house where I was born.請(qǐng)比較：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。)
（10）“It is / was +表示時(shí)間的名詞＋when+從句” （注意本句型也不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，而是以when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句） 例如：
It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 請(qǐng)比較：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.
（11）“It is well-known that＋從句” 例如：
It is well-known that she is a learned woman.“眾所周知，她是個(gè)知識(shí)淵博的婦女”。
（12）“It is +段時(shí)間＋since+主語(yǔ)＋did.” // “It was +段時(shí)間＋since+主語(yǔ)＋had done.” 例如：
①It is five years since he left here.“他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)這兒五年了”。
②It was five years since he left here.（同上）
（14）“It +謂語(yǔ)＋段時(shí)間＋before+主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)”（before引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句） 例如：
①It wasn't long before the people in that country rose up.“沒(méi)有多久那個(gè)國(guó)家的人民就起義了”
②It will be three hours before he comes back.“三個(gè)小時(shí)之后他才能回來(lái)”
（15）“It is +形容詞＋for+ sb.+ to do.” 例如：
It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.“我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的”
（16）“It is +（心理品質(zhì)方面的）形容詞＋of + sb. +to do.”= “主語(yǔ)+ be +形容詞＋to do.”(常用的形容詞有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等) 例如：
It is kind of you to help me.＝Y(jié)ou are kind to help me.“你真好給我提供了幫助”
2）定語(yǔ)從句中的有關(guān)句型：
（1）由as引導(dǎo)的非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
As we have known, he is a most good student.“眾所周知，他是個(gè)很好的學(xué)生”請(qǐng)比較：It is well-known that he is a most good student.（前一個(gè)是定語(yǔ)從句，而后者是個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句）
（2）由which引導(dǎo)的非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming.“他是個(gè)教授，那是我一直盼望的職業(yè)”（因?yàn)橄刃性~professor是表示職業(yè)的名詞，因此引導(dǎo)詞用which，而不用who。（注意：關(guān)于which和as之間的比較請(qǐng)看語(yǔ)法的定語(yǔ)從句部分。）
（3）由where, when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句（其中包括限定性的或非限定性的） 例如：
①This is the house where I used to come.請(qǐng)比較：This is the house which / that I used to come to.
②This is the day when I joined the Party.請(qǐng)比較：This is the day which / that I joined the Party on.
[說(shuō)明]：關(guān)于that與which之間的區(qū)別，請(qǐng)看語(yǔ)法中的定語(yǔ)從句。
3）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的有關(guān)句型：
“No matter what / which / who / where / when / whose＋從句，＋主句”（注意從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)） 例如：
①No matter what you do, you must do it well.請(qǐng)比較：Whatever you do, you must do it well. “無(wú)論你做什么，一定要做好”
②No matter where you go, please let me know.請(qǐng)比較：Wherever you go, please let me know.“你無(wú)論去哪兒，請(qǐng)通知我”
[說(shuō)明]：這兩種句型形式不同，而意義完全相同。
注意：I will tell whoever would like to read it.句中的whoever不能用whomever來(lái)代替，因?yàn)樗茸鲃?dòng)詞tell的賓語(yǔ)，又作后面從句的主語(yǔ)。
4）條件狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“When / So long as / As long as / Once +從句，＋主句”（從句也可以放在主句之后）例如：
①As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.“只要你給我一些錢，我就讓你走”
②Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it well. “一旦你開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，你應(yīng)該把它學(xué)好”
（2）“主句＋on condition that+從句” 例如：
I will go with you on condition that you give me some money.“我和你一起去的條件是你給我一些錢”
（3）“主句＋unless+從句.”(注意：由于unless本身是否定詞，所引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定) 例如：
I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.“我明天去那兒除非下雨”
（4）“祈使句，＋and/ and then+主句”（注意：祈使句也可用一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)） 例如：
①Use your head, and you will find a good idea.“動(dòng)腦筋想一想，你就會(huì)想出一個(gè)好主意”
②Another word, and I will beat you.“你再說(shuō)一句，我就揍你”
（5）“If +necessary / impossible/ important等，＋主句” 例如：
If necessary, I will do it. “如果有必要的話，我來(lái)做此事?！?BR> 5）原因狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型
（1）“主句＋in case+從句”（in case表示以免） 例如：
I will take my raincoat in case it rains.我要把雨衣帶上以免下雨。
（2）“主句＋due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +從句” 例如：
He did not come to school because of the fact that he was ill.“由于他有病了，所以沒(méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)”
6）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的有關(guān)句型
（1）“When / While / As +從句，＋主句”（關(guān)于它們之間的區(qū)別請(qǐng)看語(yǔ)法） 例如：
When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you.“當(dāng)我在農(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常給你打水”
（2）“主句＋after / before +從句.” 例如：
①They hadn't been married four months before they were devoiced.“他們繪結(jié)婚不到四個(gè)月就離婚了”
②We went home after we had finished the work.“我們做完此工作就回家了”
（3）“主語(yǔ)＋肯定謂語(yǔ)＋until＋從句（或時(shí)間）” // “主語(yǔ)＋否定謂語(yǔ)＋until+從句”
例如：
①I worked until he came back.“我一直工作到他回來(lái)”
②I didn't worked until he came back.“他回來(lái)我才開(kāi)始工作”
（4）“As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute +從句，＋主句.” 例如：
My father went out immediately I got home.“我一到家，我父親就出去了”
（5）“No sooner +had + 主語(yǔ)＋done…than +主語(yǔ)＋did.” // “主語(yǔ)＋had + no sooner +done…than +主語(yǔ)＋did.” 例如：
①No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you.“我一到北京就給你打電話了”
②I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you. （同上）
（6）“Hardly +had +主語(yǔ)＋done…when / before + 主語(yǔ)＋did.” // “主語(yǔ)＋had +hardly + done…when / before +主語(yǔ)＋did.” 例如：
①Hardly had she had supper when she went out. “她一吃完晚飯就出去了”
②She had hardly had supper when she went out. （同上）
（7）“By the time+從句，＋主句.”（注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化） 例如：
①By the time you came back, I had finished this book.“到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我已經(jīng)寫完了這本書(shū)”
②By the time you come back, I will have finished this book.“到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我將寫完這本書(shū)”
（8）“each / every time +從句，＋主句.”(這時(shí)相當(dāng)于whenever 或no matter when引導(dǎo)的從句。從句也可放在主句之后) 例如：
Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me.“每當(dāng)他來(lái)哈爾濱，總是隨便來(lái)看看我”
7）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“Where +從句，＋主句.” 例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.“哪里沒(méi)有雨水，種莊稼是很難的或者是不可能的”
（2）“Anywhere / wherever+從句，＋主句.” 例如：
①Anywhere I go, my wife goes too.“無(wú)論我去哪兒，我的妻子也去哪兒”
②I will go wherever you suggest.“你建議我去哪兒，我就去哪兒 ”
8）目的狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“主句＋in order that / so that +從句.” 例如：
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.“我起得很早，以便能趕上早班車”
（2）“主句＋for+sb. +to do.”（注意動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在這兒作目的狀語(yǔ)） 例如：
He came here for me to work out this problem.“他來(lái)這兒叫我?guī)退獬鲞@道難題 ”
9）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“主句＋so that+從句.” 例如：
It was very cold, so that the river froze.“天氣很泠，因此河水結(jié)冰了”
（2）“So+形容詞/ 副詞＋特定動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋…＋that+從句.” 例如：
So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again.“這本書(shū)那么有趣，我想再讀一遍”
（3）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋such+名詞＋that+從句.” 例如：
He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher.“他進(jìn)步很快，老師表?yè)P(yáng)了他”
（4）“Such was + 主語(yǔ)＋that +從句.”(這是個(gè)完全倒裝句) 例如：
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.“爆炸力這么大，所有的窗戶都被震碎了”
10）比較狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“The +形容詞比較級(jí)……，（主句）the +形容詞比較級(jí)＋……” 例如：
The sooner you do it, the better it will be.“越早越好”
（2）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋as +形容詞原級(jí)＋as +被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
He is as busy as a bee.“他非常忙”
（3）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋the＋形容詞比較級(jí)＋of / between …” 例如：
He is the taller of the two.“他們倆人中他高”
（4）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋倍數(shù)＋as＋形容詞原級(jí)＋as＋被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
This room is three times as large as that one.“這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的三倍大”（這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)房間大兩倍。）
（5）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋百分?jǐn)?shù)/倍數(shù)＋形容詞比較級(jí)＋than＋被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
①This city is twice larger than ours.“這個(gè)城市比我們城市大兩倍”
②The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000.“那個(gè)公社的早稻產(chǎn)量是2000年的兩倍”
（6）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋the size / length/ width/ height +of +被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
Our building is twice the height of yours.“我們的大樓比你們的高兩倍”
11）其它句型
（1）“It doesn't matter wh-+從句” 例如：
①It doesn't matter to me what you will do tomorrow.“你明天做什么與我無(wú)關(guān)”
②It doesn't matter whether you will come or not.“你來(lái)不來(lái)無(wú)關(guān)緊要”
（2）“形容詞/ 副詞 / 名詞（可數(shù)單數(shù)）+as / though +主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)，＋主句.” 例如：
①Young as he is, he knows a lot.“雖然他很小，但他知道得很多”
②Hard he works, I am sure that he can't pass this exam.“雖然他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，這次考試他肯定不能及格”
③Child as he is, he knows a lot.“雖然他是個(gè)孩子，但他懂得很多”
（3）“Were / Should / Had +主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)，＋主句.” 例如
Were I you, I would have gone there yesterday.“如果我是你的話，昨天我就去那兒了”
（4）“Only +狀語(yǔ)＋特定動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)…” 例如：
①Only by this means can I do this work well.“只有用那種方式我才能做好此工作”
②Only because he was ill did he not come to school.“只因?yàn)樗胁×瞬艣](méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)”
③Only then did I realize that I had been wrong.“只有那時(shí)，我才認(rèn)識(shí)到我錯(cuò)了”
（5）“Not only +特定動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)…but also+主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)…” 例如：
Not only did he learned English well but also he spoke French very well.“他不但英語(yǔ)學(xué)得好，而且法語(yǔ)講得很流利”
（6）whether….or…, neither…nor…, either…or…
（7）“主語(yǔ)＋doubt＋whether + 從句.”// “主語(yǔ)＋特定否定詞＋doubt＋that＋從句.” 例如：
I don't doubt that he will come this afternoon.“我確信他下午一定能來(lái)”
㈤平時(shí)學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤類型及應(yīng)對(duì)策略
⒈常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤：
⑴格式錯(cuò)誤
有的考生不能正確地運(yùn)用書(shū)信或日記的格式。A)書(shū)信常有五部分：①信頭:右上角寫上收信人的地址和寫信日期; ②稱謂; ③正文; ④結(jié)束語(yǔ), 常用的有Yours sincerely/Yours truly/Yours faithfully…; ⑤簽名。B)日記格式：頂格寫上月、日、年和星期，右邊寫上天氣情況。
⑵詞序錯(cuò)誤
①并列的人稱代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，I沒(méi)有放在后。例如：I, you and he are all League members.
②沒(méi)弄清英語(yǔ)中真正的主語(yǔ)。例如：Without a friend will feel lonely.
③修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位。例如：He very likes dancing.
⑶時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤是高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤之一,也是考生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力差的顯著標(biāo)志之一。如2002關(guān)于公園收不收門票的討論的介紹，陳述討論的語(yǔ)句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：Sixty of the students of our school think it is unnecessary to charge an entrance fee. They think that……不少考生表達(dá)為Some people thought that……
⑷句子不完整
在口語(yǔ)中，交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)、語(yǔ)氣等來(lái)理解不完整的句子，可是書(shū)面語(yǔ)就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，又想加些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生．例如： There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .應(yīng)改為：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
⑸內(nèi)容表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤
這種錯(cuò)誤一般說(shuō)來(lái)是審題不清所致。如2003年的書(shū)面表達(dá)，正確內(nèi)容是：I've found a flat for you. It's a small one of 25 square meters with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. The house is near No 11 bus stop on Fang Cao Street and the school is at the next stop.有不少考生表達(dá)為:“I've found a flat of 25 square kilometers. It's in No.11 Fang Cao Street.”
⑹句子與句子之間缺少銜接造成意思過(guò)渡不平穩(wěn)
例如：把He worked hard. He failed the exam.改為He worked hard. However, he failed the exam.就比較好。
⑺習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)使用錯(cuò)誤
如:將 to my surprise 表達(dá)為 to my surprised;將in my spare time 表達(dá)成 at my spare time; 將He didn't lose heart though he failed.表達(dá)為He didn't lose his heart though he failed.
⑻沒(méi)有利用恰當(dāng)?shù)拇~，給人于重復(fù)的感覺(jué)
例如：把My father is a worker. My father works in a big company. 改為My father is a worker. He works in a big company. 就比較好。
⑼單詞運(yùn)用錯(cuò)誤
寫作中常見(jiàn)考生因分不清單詞的詞性而產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。大致有：
a.將vi.用成vt.如:come the city/return the place
b.將adj.用成vt.如:Please present on time. Don't absent!
c.將u.n.用成c.n.如:a good news/many informations
d.將adj./adv.使用錯(cuò)誤.如:in the recently years/study hardly;
e.將prep.用成v.如:Many overpasses arounded the city. The road throughed the city.
f.將名詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)使用不當(dāng)。如：There are lots of high building. // Most of the people have private car. 句中building應(yīng)改為buildings；句中car應(yīng)改為cars。
g.句子的主謂不一致:如:A large number of beautiful buildings has been built. 句中has應(yīng)改正為have。
h.常用詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤:如:beautiful寫成beautful; believe寫成belive; money寫成moneny…
i.在敘事文中通常會(huì)運(yùn)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),所以就出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,尤其是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的拼寫錯(cuò)誤很普遍的現(xiàn)象。如：visitted/ hurted/ writed/………
j.不定冠詞的使用錯(cuò)誤:如:send a e-mail to you(an)/ Even a overpass has been built…(an)/ He graduated from an university.(a)
k.虛詞錯(cuò)誤：①冠詞的漏用和誤用, 如：My father is worker. ②缺必要的連結(jié)詞或連結(jié)詞多余, 如：He likes swimming, I like climbing.
⑽不間斷句子，即幾個(gè)句子連在一起，看起來(lái)似乎是一個(gè)句子
例如：There are many ways we get to know the outside world.應(yīng)改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或 There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
⒉應(yīng)對(duì)策略：
我們知道，英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)是對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的積極運(yùn)用。它包括兩大方面：一是內(nèi)容，即寫什么；二是表述，即如何用語(yǔ)言把內(nèi)容表述出來(lái)。為了避免所存在的問(wèn)題并提高英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)能力，宜從以下幾方面去努力。
⑴強(qiáng)化英語(yǔ)基本句型。句子是文章的基本框架，在文章中起著橋梁的作用。對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)基礎(chǔ)的還是選詞造句，使句子正確通順，符合英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
⑵分析并誦讀課文。課文是句型的延伸與擴(kuò)展，分析課文的選詞造句、連接手段、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等，并有意識(shí)地誦讀課文，這有利于學(xué)生對(duì)基本句型的鞏固與運(yùn)用，有利于他們提高語(yǔ)言組織能力以及寫作素材的積累和語(yǔ)感的形成。
⑶加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)訓(xùn)練。聽(tīng)力與口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練能促進(jìn)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維，為學(xué)生寫出地道的英語(yǔ)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的思維基礎(chǔ)。
⑷參加英語(yǔ)興趣小組活動(dòng)。英語(yǔ)興趣小組能為學(xué)生提供運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)，豐富寫作素材，從中也可以培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣，而興趣是學(xué)習(xí)的好的老師，它能幫助你學(xué)好英語(yǔ)，當(dāng)然也包括書(shū)面表達(dá)。
⑸堅(jiān)持用英語(yǔ)寫日記。把自己當(dāng)天的所見(jiàn)所聞、所感所悟用英語(yǔ)記下來(lái)，堅(jiān)持不懈，這樣熟能生巧，必有利于英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的提高。
㈥如何提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的檔次，爭(zhēng)取得高分甚至滿分？
不少同學(xué)們可能很不理解：考試時(shí)，寫出的書(shū)面表達(dá)要點(diǎn)齊全，表達(dá)也正確，可就是不知道為什么打不上高分。是啊，為什么呢？今天，我們就來(lái)研究如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
首先讓我們來(lái)看近年來(lái)全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：第五檔（很好）：“覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容；應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的?！?BR> 可見(jiàn)，高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用上對(duì)考生提出了更高的要求。也就是說(shuō)在考查考生語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了用詞的得體性、表達(dá)方式的多樣性。如果同學(xué)們僅運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的詞匯和基本的句型，不能體現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，即使要點(diǎn)齊全，表達(dá)沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，也不能給人一種含金量高的審美享受，因此很難在考試的評(píng)分中得到較高檔次。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給我們傳遞了另外一個(gè)信息，如果有意識(shí)地使用較高級(jí)詞匯或復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，即使有些錯(cuò)誤，也不扣分，仍屬于高檔次。
因此要使一個(gè)平淡的文章變得豐富起來(lái)，從而提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的檔次。我認(rèn)為同學(xué)們應(yīng)著力于從以下三個(gè)方面來(lái)增強(qiáng)書(shū)面表達(dá)的效果。
⒈學(xué)會(huì)使用較高級(jí)的詞匯
詞匯反映你知識(shí)貯存量的多少，也是衡量英語(yǔ)水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。從評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可知，運(yùn)用高級(jí)的詞匯對(duì)提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的分?jǐn)?shù)至關(guān)重要。大家先來(lái)看下面這些句子：
⑴Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.
Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.
⑵We all think he is a great man.
think highly of him.
⑶Suddenly I thought out a good idea. …came upon …
A good idea occurred to me. /A good idea suddenly struck me.
⑷The students there needn't pay for their books.
Books are free for the students there.
⑸As a result the plan was a failure.
The plan turned out (to be) a failure.
⑹When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.
At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.
⑺She went to Austria in order to study music.
She went to Austria for/with the purpose of studying music.
⑻When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.
The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.
⑼In our school, there are twenty–six classrooms.
Our school is made up of twenty–six classrooms./Twenty–six classrooms make up our school.
⑽You can find my house easily.
You'll have no trouble/difficulty finding my house.
⒉學(xué)會(huì)使用較豐富的句式
在整篇文章中，避免只使用一兩個(gè)句型，要靈活運(yùn)用各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，運(yùn)用得當(dāng)?shù)木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)可以給文章增色不少，從而使整篇文章因此而生輝。例如：
⑴When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）
→On his arriving/ arrival, please give me an e-mail.
⑵To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名詞性從句）
→What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
(That the littler girl knows so many things surprises him.／It surprises him that the littler girl knows so many things .)
⑶Though I'm weak, I'll make the effort. (使用倒裝句)
→Weak as I am, I'll make the effort.
⑷He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 ①.It was… ②.not until…)
→①It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
→②Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened.
⑸I passed the physics exam because of your help.（使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
→①I could not have passed the physics exam but for your help.
→②If you had not helped me, I could not have passed the physics exam.
⑹She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用過(guò)去分詞)
→Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.
⑺They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
→Singing and laughing, they went back to school.
⑻I won't believe what he says. （使用狀語(yǔ)從句）
→No matter what he says, I won't believe.
⑼If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （使用并列句）
→Study hard and you'll make rapid progress.
⑽He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒裝句)
→No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.
⒊學(xué)會(huì)使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞
使用恰當(dāng)連接詞，對(duì)寫出一篇有“英語(yǔ)味”的文章很重要，能使整篇文章上下銜接自然、緊湊，使文章有一定的流暢性，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。下面表格中是寫作中經(jīng)常用到的一些連接詞。
邏輯角度 合適的過(guò)渡性詞匯
時(shí)間順序 first, second, then, finally/at last, immediately, suddenly , soon
空間順序 here, there, on one side…on the other side, in front of, at the back of, next to
對(duì)稱順序 for one thing, for another thing, on one hand, on the other hand
轉(zhuǎn)折順序 but, however, while, though, otherwise
因果順序 because, since, as, thanks to, as a result （of）
條件順序 as long as, so long as, on condition that, if, unless
讓步順序 though, as, even if/though, whether, who（what, when, where）-ever
遞進(jìn)順序 what's more, besides, to make the matter worse, what's worse
過(guò)渡性插入語(yǔ) I think, I'm afraid, you know, As we all know
例如：
①On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. (NMET99范文)
②As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.(NMET01范文)
③What's more, I can go to bed earlier. (NMET01范文)
運(yùn)用以上講解的三點(diǎn)增強(qiáng)書(shū)面表達(dá)效果的技巧，我們來(lái)看下面這樣一篇書(shū)面表達(dá)：
聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織某考察團(tuán)正在我國(guó)某鄉(xiāng)村參觀考察。假定你是接待人員，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示以發(fā)言稿的形式簡(jiǎn)要介紹這個(gè)村的情況：
1） 大小：近100戶人家，約500口人。
2） 變化：過(guò)去很窮，78年后變化很大。人們生活比以前好多了?，F(xiàn)已舊貌換新顏。
3） 教育：原來(lái)的學(xué)校很小，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)過(guò)改建。新建的教學(xué)樓有4層，是村里美的建筑物。村所有學(xué)齡兒童在此免費(fèi)就讀。
注意：（1）要點(diǎn)齊全，前后連貫。（2）詞數(shù)：100－120之間。
［解析］：
⑴依據(jù)要點(diǎn)，草擬提綱，將所需要的語(yǔ)言材料準(zhǔn)備好?？梢灾涣谐鲋饕脑~、詞組、短語(yǔ)及句型。暫不考慮動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、單數(shù)第三人稱等詞形變化。
①100 families and 500 people/
②used to be very poor/ change a lot/ richer than before/ take on a new look
③was very small/ have been rebuilt
④newly-built/have 4 storeys/ most beautiful building
⑤school-age children/ enjoy free education
⑵擴(kuò)展成句，連句成篇。本文為一篇發(fā)言稿，其格式與口頭通知大體相同。因此，短文應(yīng)有稱呼、開(kāi)場(chǎng)及結(jié)束語(yǔ)。既然介紹的是小村，所使用的人稱應(yīng)為it.應(yīng)注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的正確運(yùn)用，并適當(dāng)使用一些連接成分將所列的語(yǔ)句連成完整的語(yǔ)篇。全文應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，前后連貫。
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our village! ①This village is very small. It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor.②It has changed a lot since 1978 ③. People here ④are richer than before. Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small⑤. ⑥Now it has been rebuilt. ⑦The newly built teaching building⑧has 4 storeys and it is the most beautiful building in the village. All the school-age children can study here.⑨They enjoy free education in it.⑩Thank you.
大家看，這篇書(shū)面表達(dá)要點(diǎn)齊全，表達(dá)也沒(méi)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，但語(yǔ)言平淡，表達(dá)方式單一，邏輯性也差，因此很難在考試的評(píng)分中得到較高檔次。如果使用一些恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，并盡量使用較高級(jí)的詞匯和較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)平淡的文章就會(huì)有很大改觀，甚至?xí)兊酶省?BR> Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our village! ①This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. ②However, it has changed a lot since 1978 ③and has been developing very fast. People here ④have/live a much better life than before . Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small⑤and most children couldn't afford to go to school.⑥But now it has been rebuilt⑦and the newly built teaching building ⑧which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village. All the school-age children can study here. ⑨What's more/Also, they enjoy free education.
⑩May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here! Thank you.
[對(duì)上文評(píng)析]：
①用介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)或用含定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。②語(yǔ)句間缺少連接成分However。③表現(xiàn)作者對(duì)現(xiàn)在鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展的喜悅心情，也起到承上啟下作用。④較高級(jí)詞匯。⑤作者對(duì)過(guò)去孩子們上不起學(xué)表示遺憾和同情。⑥語(yǔ)句間缺少連接成分，添加But。⑦語(yǔ)句間缺少承上啟下連接成分and。⑧用含定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。⑨此處應(yīng)添加一個(gè)承接上下文的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)，如“What's more/Also”，這樣，前后就顯得更加連貫了。⑩如能適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，在結(jié)尾處添加像“May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here!”的表希望、祝愿的語(yǔ)句，會(huì)使全文更加完整，使文章讀起來(lái)更親切，完全達(dá)到與讀者進(jìn)行交流的目的，從而收到更佳的表達(dá)效果。
④較高級(jí)詞匯。
①⑧較復(fù)雜句式。
②⑥⑦⑨這些連接詞的恰當(dāng)使用無(wú)疑能使全文過(guò)渡自然，令讀者對(duì)后續(xù)的句子產(chǎn)生心理的期待和準(zhǔn)備，增強(qiáng)句子間的邏輯性和緊湊性。
③⑤⑩適當(dāng)增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章讀起來(lái)更親切，完全達(dá)到與讀者進(jìn)行交流的目的。
以上我們可以看出，要使文章連貫、流暢，就要使用較高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)以及恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，才能給人一種美的享受，才能在考試的評(píng)分中得到較高的檔次?？傊?，希望同學(xué)們通過(guò)以上啟發(fā)，靈活運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持用科學(xué)的方法多寫多練，就一定能寫出高質(zhì)量的英語(yǔ)作文，在高考中取得成功。
［小練習(xí)］：
試試看，下面這篇書(shū)面表達(dá)又該怎樣寫才能得高分呢？
請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下列表格的內(nèi)容，闡述一下你對(duì)減少城市人口的看法。
建議項(xiàng) 具體措施 目 的
1 A. 晚婚
B. 一對(duì)夫婦一個(gè)孩子 減少人口自然增長(zhǎng)
（人口出生率）
2 嚴(yán)格控制外地人進(jìn)城務(wù)工經(jīng)商 減輕外地人口對(duì)城市的壓力
3 A. 在郊區(qū)，建造生活、商業(yè)、文教、
衛(wèi)生、娛樂(lè)休閑生活小區(qū)
B. 在城市的縣里建造衛(wèi)星城 吸引城市居民到郊區(qū)和衛(wèi)星城工作和生活?！?BR> A Suggested Version:
Our modern city is too crowded, and to solve the problem, I have three suggestions. First of all, practise the policy of “ Late Marriage ”and “ One Couple, One child ” so as to reduce the birth rate. Secondly, the city government must have a tight control of people entering cities to engage in trade or do various physical jobs in order to reduce the pressure on the city caused by the increasing population. Finally, more and more people suggest that living blocks with shopping centers, school, hospital as well as cinemas and theatres or even satellite towns should be built in the city suburbs or the countries round the cities. In this way city citizens will be encouraged to move there. If these three suggestions are well carried out, the city population will be greatly reduced.
山東省寧津一中英語(yǔ)組 黎桂華
書(shū)面表達(dá)題旨在測(cè)試考生的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力，看其是否能夠運(yùn)用學(xué)過(guò)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)和掌握的技能進(jìn)行思想交流。從歷年高考試卷來(lái)看，書(shū)面表達(dá)是指導(dǎo)性寫作，即按照題目所給的目的、時(shí)間、對(duì)象、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容、長(zhǎng)度等條件去完成寫作。它不同于命題作文，可以隨意發(fā)揮；也不是簡(jiǎn)單的句子翻譯。必須做到行文切題，緊扣中心思想，不漏要點(diǎn)，并且意思連貫，文理通順，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、得當(dāng)。
㈡書(shū)面表達(dá)題的題型特征
從近些年的高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)題來(lái)看，我們基本上可以將書(shū)面表達(dá)題大致歸納為兩種寫作類型：一類是文字性提示／表格提示寫作；另一類是看圖作文。
⑴文字提示/表格提示寫作
對(duì)于文字提示的寫作，要注意根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。如：1996年的書(shū)面表達(dá)題目要求根據(jù)表中的文字性提示寫一篇自我介紹，敘述求學(xué)過(guò)程的句子要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，介紹個(gè)人愛(ài)好的句子應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；2001年寫信介紹學(xué)生減輕學(xué)業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)后的課外活動(dòng)情況，寫作時(shí)也要將一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)相結(jié)合；2005年山東高考假設(shè)你是新華中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華，得知某英文報(bào)招聘兼職記者，你有意應(yīng)聘，請(qǐng)按所給要點(diǎn)給報(bào)社寫一封自薦信，這種作文除介紹工作經(jīng)歷的句子用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)外，其他均應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
對(duì)于表格提示的寫作，特別要注意重新組織所給的材料，不能依據(jù)表格逐條地翻譯。
⑵看圖寫作
看圖寫作比文字提示寫作更能考察學(xué)生的思維能力和語(yǔ)言組織能力。大致可分為三種類型：①寫信。如，2005年全國(guó)高考大部分省的英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)幾乎都是要求寫書(shū)信，運(yùn)用的時(shí)態(tài)多是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，間或使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2003年為朋友介紹所租房屋的位置和大體結(jié)構(gòu)，文中的時(shí)態(tài)也以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主。②寫日記。寫日記一般是敘述過(guò)去的事件，所以句子的時(shí)態(tài)多是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如1998年的記敘到農(nóng)場(chǎng)的參觀活動(dòng)的書(shū)面表達(dá)。③寫一篇短文，記敘一件事的發(fā)生過(guò)程。如2000年的描繪一起交通事故的過(guò)程, 寫作時(shí)多運(yùn)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
看圖作文須注意的問(wèn)題：①仔細(xì)觀察幾幅圖畫(huà)，弄清故事的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾，理清事件的發(fā)展過(guò)程; ②確定好表達(dá)要點(diǎn), 要點(diǎn)不僅僅體現(xiàn)在圖畫(huà)中，還體現(xiàn)在所給題目要求的文字中。
㈢解書(shū)面表達(dá)題的基本技巧及范例
⒈基本技巧：
⑴首先要認(rèn)真審題。讀懂題目所給信息，初步確定要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，并可用序號(hào)標(biāo)出以免遺忘。
⑵列題綱使用要點(diǎn)條理化，序化，統(tǒng)籌安排布局。
⑶勿要直譯，需意譯。尤其對(duì)看圖情景作文要構(gòu)建完整故事結(jié)構(gòu)，不可逐句羅列了事。
⑷要刻意把好語(yǔ)言關(guān)。要用自己熟悉的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語(yǔ)，力求文理通順，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確。沒(méi)有把握的詞句不要寫，確有把握的的可以錦上添花。
⑸遇到一時(shí)想不起的詞語(yǔ)，需變通?？梢杂猛x近義詞代替，也可以用否定詞加反義詞來(lái)表達(dá)，亦可變換句式。不可鉆牛角尖，更不能生造詞語(yǔ)，漢化表達(dá)。
⑹注意文章的長(zhǎng)度?？淳唧w內(nèi)容而定，如果內(nèi)容多，應(yīng)多用復(fù)雜句式，如果內(nèi)容不多，為了達(dá)到詞的限數(shù)應(yīng)多用簡(jiǎn)單句式，并適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)合理內(nèi)容。
⑺注意保持卷面整潔，書(shū)寫工整清楚，書(shū)寫的好壞會(huì)直接影響閱卷老師的情緒。
⑻后應(yīng)注意復(fù)查全文?？磧?nèi)容要點(diǎn)有無(wú)遺漏，標(biāo)點(diǎn)、格式、大小寫是否規(guī)范，是否有語(yǔ)病等。
⒉經(jīng)典范例：
(NMET2001)假設(shè)你是李華，你的澳大利亞朋友Dick聽(tīng)說(shuō)中國(guó)的中小學(xué)正在減輕學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)，來(lái)信詢問(wèn)有關(guān)情況。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表提供的信息，寫一封回信，談一談減負(fù)給你的學(xué)習(xí)和生活帶來(lái)的變化。
周末活動(dòng)（減負(fù)前） 周末活動(dòng)（減負(fù)后）
白天：上課、做作業(yè) 白天：參觀博物館，學(xué)習(xí)電腦、繪畫(huà)等
晚上：做作業(yè) 晚上：看新聞、讀書(shū)、看報(bào)
就寢時(shí)間：11:30 就寢時(shí)間：10:30
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右。2.開(kāi)頭已為你寫好。
生詞：reduce learning load減輕學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
解析
NMET2001年高考書(shū)面表達(dá)試題要求考生根據(jù)以表格的形式提供的情景用英語(yǔ)寫一篇100個(gè)單詞左右的書(shū)信，給澳大利亞朋友Dick介紹減負(fù)給自己學(xué)習(xí)和生活帶來(lái)的變化。寫作過(guò)程中所需要的生詞已給出，短文的開(kāi)頭也已經(jīng)為考生寫好。
寫作過(guò)程：
⑴認(rèn)真審題，明確要求。
①由漢語(yǔ)提示可知，應(yīng)用第一人稱完成短文；
②在寫作過(guò)程中，要突出減負(fù)給學(xué)習(xí)生活帶來(lái)的便利；
③在寫作過(guò)程中，要根據(jù)表格中的中文提示，寫成一篇行文連貫、條理清楚的文章而不宜將表格中的中文直譯成英語(yǔ)。
⑵審視表格，列出要點(diǎn)。
①過(guò)去忙于上課、做作業(yè)；
②現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間看新聞、參觀博物館等；
③現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間看新聞、讀報(bào)紙；
④不必再熬夜。
⑶依據(jù)要點(diǎn)，編擬提綱。
① I used to have to do endless homework and attend classes even at weekends.
②Now I have more free time to read books, visit museums even and so on.
③In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.④I can go to bed earlier.
⑷按照文體，組織語(yǔ)篇。
One possible version:
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again. You want to known what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier.
As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
㈣解書(shū)面表達(dá)題必要的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備
從知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，我認(rèn)為解書(shū)面表達(dá)題除了具備必要的詞匯量、一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言組織能力外，還要著重注意以下兩點(diǎn)：
⒈掌握下面幾種常用的英文文體的格式
⑴書(shū)信格式示例 ：
25 Tianshui Road
Lanzhou, China
January 3rd, 2003
208 Hope Road
Sydney, Australia
Dear Laura,
How are you getting on now?____________________________________________
Yours,
Zhou Lan
⑵通知格式示例：
①書(shū)面通知格式示例
NOTICE
In order to arouse the students' interest in learning English, the Student Union has decided to set up an English Club with the help of the teachers of English.
__________________
Student Union
November 9, 2004
②口頭通知格式示例
Boys and girls,
May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
The Students' Union is going to hold a party on Sunday evening, November 12th, to welcome our friends from the United States.
_____________________________________
That's all . Thank you!
⑶致詞(speech)格式示例：
①歡迎詞格式示例
Ladies and gentlemen/ Mr President/etc,
Welcome to——
That's all. Thank you.
②歡送詞格式示例
Dear friends,
________________________
Good luck to ——/ Goodbye, dear friends.
⒉了解下面一些可能在英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)中使用到的重要句型
1）以形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)的有關(guān)句型。
（1）“It is / was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that(who)+剩余的部分.”例如：
①It wasn't until he came back that I went to bed.“直到他回來(lái)我才睡覺(jué)”(一定要注意被強(qiáng)調(diào)句型謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞否定的轉(zhuǎn)移及形式)。
②It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school today.“只因?yàn)樗胁×私裉鞗](méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)”（只能用because而不能用for, as 或since）
③It is I who am a student. “我確實(shí)是個(gè)學(xué)生”。
（2）“It happened（chanced）that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. =sb.did sth. by chance.” 例如：
It happened that he was out when I got there.“當(dāng)我到那兒時(shí)，碰巧他不在”＝He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.
（3）“It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done”（還有動(dòng)詞appear可這樣使用）例如：
It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.“好像你以去過(guò)北京”＝He seemed to have been Beijing before.
（4）“It is high time (time/ about time) (that) 主語(yǔ)＋should do / did+其它”（注意從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣） 例如：
It is high time that we should go / went home.我們?cè)摶丶伊恕?BR> （5）“It is / was said ( reported…)＋that+從句.” 例如：
It was said that he had read this novel.“據(jù)說(shuō)他讀過(guò)這篇小說(shuō)”＝He was said to have read this novel.
（6）“It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.”(從句中的謂語(yǔ)用should＋do / should have done，其形式是虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 例如：
It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他這次考試沒(méi)有及格。
（7）“It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.” (注意從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略) 例如：
He didn't come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. “他直到電影結(jié)束才回來(lái)。他沒(méi)有看到這部電影真可惜”
（8）“It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.” (從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should do, 但should可以省略) 例如：
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.“有人建議推遲會(huì)議”。
（9）“It is/was＋表示地點(diǎn)的名詞＋where+從句” （注意本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，而是以where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句） 例如：
It was this house where I was born.請(qǐng)比較：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。)
（10）“It is / was +表示時(shí)間的名詞＋when+從句” （注意本句型也不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，而是以when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句） 例如：
It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 請(qǐng)比較：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.
（11）“It is well-known that＋從句” 例如：
It is well-known that she is a learned woman.“眾所周知，她是個(gè)知識(shí)淵博的婦女”。
（12）“It is +段時(shí)間＋since+主語(yǔ)＋did.” // “It was +段時(shí)間＋since+主語(yǔ)＋had done.” 例如：
①It is five years since he left here.“他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)這兒五年了”。
②It was five years since he left here.（同上）
（14）“It +謂語(yǔ)＋段時(shí)間＋before+主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)”（before引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句） 例如：
①It wasn't long before the people in that country rose up.“沒(méi)有多久那個(gè)國(guó)家的人民就起義了”
②It will be three hours before he comes back.“三個(gè)小時(shí)之后他才能回來(lái)”
（15）“It is +形容詞＋for+ sb.+ to do.” 例如：
It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.“我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的”
（16）“It is +（心理品質(zhì)方面的）形容詞＋of + sb. +to do.”= “主語(yǔ)+ be +形容詞＋to do.”(常用的形容詞有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等) 例如：
It is kind of you to help me.＝Y(jié)ou are kind to help me.“你真好給我提供了幫助”
2）定語(yǔ)從句中的有關(guān)句型：
（1）由as引導(dǎo)的非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
As we have known, he is a most good student.“眾所周知，他是個(gè)很好的學(xué)生”請(qǐng)比較：It is well-known that he is a most good student.（前一個(gè)是定語(yǔ)從句，而后者是個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句）
（2）由which引導(dǎo)的非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming.“他是個(gè)教授，那是我一直盼望的職業(yè)”（因?yàn)橄刃性~professor是表示職業(yè)的名詞，因此引導(dǎo)詞用which，而不用who。（注意：關(guān)于which和as之間的比較請(qǐng)看語(yǔ)法的定語(yǔ)從句部分。）
（3）由where, when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句（其中包括限定性的或非限定性的） 例如：
①This is the house where I used to come.請(qǐng)比較：This is the house which / that I used to come to.
②This is the day when I joined the Party.請(qǐng)比較：This is the day which / that I joined the Party on.
[說(shuō)明]：關(guān)于that與which之間的區(qū)別，請(qǐng)看語(yǔ)法中的定語(yǔ)從句。
3）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的有關(guān)句型：
“No matter what / which / who / where / when / whose＋從句，＋主句”（注意從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)） 例如：
①No matter what you do, you must do it well.請(qǐng)比較：Whatever you do, you must do it well. “無(wú)論你做什么，一定要做好”
②No matter where you go, please let me know.請(qǐng)比較：Wherever you go, please let me know.“你無(wú)論去哪兒，請(qǐng)通知我”
[說(shuō)明]：這兩種句型形式不同，而意義完全相同。
注意：I will tell whoever would like to read it.句中的whoever不能用whomever來(lái)代替，因?yàn)樗茸鲃?dòng)詞tell的賓語(yǔ)，又作后面從句的主語(yǔ)。
4）條件狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“When / So long as / As long as / Once +從句，＋主句”（從句也可以放在主句之后）例如：
①As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.“只要你給我一些錢，我就讓你走”
②Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it well. “一旦你開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，你應(yīng)該把它學(xué)好”
（2）“主句＋on condition that+從句” 例如：
I will go with you on condition that you give me some money.“我和你一起去的條件是你給我一些錢”
（3）“主句＋unless+從句.”(注意：由于unless本身是否定詞，所引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定) 例如：
I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.“我明天去那兒除非下雨”
（4）“祈使句，＋and/ and then+主句”（注意：祈使句也可用一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)） 例如：
①Use your head, and you will find a good idea.“動(dòng)腦筋想一想，你就會(huì)想出一個(gè)好主意”
②Another word, and I will beat you.“你再說(shuō)一句，我就揍你”
（5）“If +necessary / impossible/ important等，＋主句” 例如：
If necessary, I will do it. “如果有必要的話，我來(lái)做此事?！?BR> 5）原因狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型
（1）“主句＋in case+從句”（in case表示以免） 例如：
I will take my raincoat in case it rains.我要把雨衣帶上以免下雨。
（2）“主句＋due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +從句” 例如：
He did not come to school because of the fact that he was ill.“由于他有病了，所以沒(méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)”
6）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的有關(guān)句型
（1）“When / While / As +從句，＋主句”（關(guān)于它們之間的區(qū)別請(qǐng)看語(yǔ)法） 例如：
When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you.“當(dāng)我在農(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常給你打水”
（2）“主句＋after / before +從句.” 例如：
①They hadn't been married four months before they were devoiced.“他們繪結(jié)婚不到四個(gè)月就離婚了”
②We went home after we had finished the work.“我們做完此工作就回家了”
（3）“主語(yǔ)＋肯定謂語(yǔ)＋until＋從句（或時(shí)間）” // “主語(yǔ)＋否定謂語(yǔ)＋until+從句”
例如：
①I worked until he came back.“我一直工作到他回來(lái)”
②I didn't worked until he came back.“他回來(lái)我才開(kāi)始工作”
（4）“As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute +從句，＋主句.” 例如：
My father went out immediately I got home.“我一到家，我父親就出去了”
（5）“No sooner +had + 主語(yǔ)＋done…than +主語(yǔ)＋did.” // “主語(yǔ)＋had + no sooner +done…than +主語(yǔ)＋did.” 例如：
①No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you.“我一到北京就給你打電話了”
②I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you. （同上）
（6）“Hardly +had +主語(yǔ)＋done…when / before + 主語(yǔ)＋did.” // “主語(yǔ)＋had +hardly + done…when / before +主語(yǔ)＋did.” 例如：
①Hardly had she had supper when she went out. “她一吃完晚飯就出去了”
②She had hardly had supper when she went out. （同上）
（7）“By the time+從句，＋主句.”（注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化） 例如：
①By the time you came back, I had finished this book.“到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我已經(jīng)寫完了這本書(shū)”
②By the time you come back, I will have finished this book.“到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我將寫完這本書(shū)”
（8）“each / every time +從句，＋主句.”(這時(shí)相當(dāng)于whenever 或no matter when引導(dǎo)的從句。從句也可放在主句之后) 例如：
Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me.“每當(dāng)他來(lái)哈爾濱，總是隨便來(lái)看看我”
7）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“Where +從句，＋主句.” 例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.“哪里沒(méi)有雨水，種莊稼是很難的或者是不可能的”
（2）“Anywhere / wherever+從句，＋主句.” 例如：
①Anywhere I go, my wife goes too.“無(wú)論我去哪兒，我的妻子也去哪兒”
②I will go wherever you suggest.“你建議我去哪兒，我就去哪兒 ”
8）目的狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“主句＋in order that / so that +從句.” 例如：
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.“我起得很早，以便能趕上早班車”
（2）“主句＋for+sb. +to do.”（注意動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在這兒作目的狀語(yǔ)） 例如：
He came here for me to work out this problem.“他來(lái)這兒叫我?guī)退獬鲞@道難題 ”
9）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“主句＋so that+從句.” 例如：
It was very cold, so that the river froze.“天氣很泠，因此河水結(jié)冰了”
（2）“So+形容詞/ 副詞＋特定動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋…＋that+從句.” 例如：
So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again.“這本書(shū)那么有趣，我想再讀一遍”
（3）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋such+名詞＋that+從句.” 例如：
He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher.“他進(jìn)步很快，老師表?yè)P(yáng)了他”
（4）“Such was + 主語(yǔ)＋that +從句.”(這是個(gè)完全倒裝句) 例如：
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.“爆炸力這么大，所有的窗戶都被震碎了”
10）比較狀語(yǔ)從句的有關(guān)句型：
（1）“The +形容詞比較級(jí)……，（主句）the +形容詞比較級(jí)＋……” 例如：
The sooner you do it, the better it will be.“越早越好”
（2）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋as +形容詞原級(jí)＋as +被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
He is as busy as a bee.“他非常忙”
（3）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋the＋形容詞比較級(jí)＋of / between …” 例如：
He is the taller of the two.“他們倆人中他高”
（4）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋倍數(shù)＋as＋形容詞原級(jí)＋as＋被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
This room is three times as large as that one.“這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的三倍大”（這個(gè)房間比那個(gè)房間大兩倍。）
（5）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋百分?jǐn)?shù)/倍數(shù)＋形容詞比較級(jí)＋than＋被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
①This city is twice larger than ours.“這個(gè)城市比我們城市大兩倍”
②The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000.“那個(gè)公社的早稻產(chǎn)量是2000年的兩倍”
（6）“主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)＋the size / length/ width/ height +of +被比較的對(duì)象.” 例如：
Our building is twice the height of yours.“我們的大樓比你們的高兩倍”
11）其它句型
（1）“It doesn't matter wh-+從句” 例如：
①It doesn't matter to me what you will do tomorrow.“你明天做什么與我無(wú)關(guān)”
②It doesn't matter whether you will come or not.“你來(lái)不來(lái)無(wú)關(guān)緊要”
（2）“形容詞/ 副詞 / 名詞（可數(shù)單數(shù)）+as / though +主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)，＋主句.” 例如：
①Young as he is, he knows a lot.“雖然他很小，但他知道得很多”
②Hard he works, I am sure that he can't pass this exam.“雖然他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，這次考試他肯定不能及格”
③Child as he is, he knows a lot.“雖然他是個(gè)孩子，但他懂得很多”
（3）“Were / Should / Had +主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)，＋主句.” 例如
Were I you, I would have gone there yesterday.“如果我是你的話，昨天我就去那兒了”
（4）“Only +狀語(yǔ)＋特定動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)…” 例如：
①Only by this means can I do this work well.“只有用那種方式我才能做好此工作”
②Only because he was ill did he not come to school.“只因?yàn)樗胁×瞬艣](méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)”
③Only then did I realize that I had been wrong.“只有那時(shí)，我才認(rèn)識(shí)到我錯(cuò)了”
（5）“Not only +特定動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)…but also+主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)…” 例如：
Not only did he learned English well but also he spoke French very well.“他不但英語(yǔ)學(xué)得好，而且法語(yǔ)講得很流利”
（6）whether….or…, neither…nor…, either…or…
（7）“主語(yǔ)＋doubt＋whether + 從句.”// “主語(yǔ)＋特定否定詞＋doubt＋that＋從句.” 例如：
I don't doubt that he will come this afternoon.“我確信他下午一定能來(lái)”
㈤平時(shí)學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤類型及應(yīng)對(duì)策略
⒈常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤：
⑴格式錯(cuò)誤
有的考生不能正確地運(yùn)用書(shū)信或日記的格式。A)書(shū)信常有五部分：①信頭:右上角寫上收信人的地址和寫信日期; ②稱謂; ③正文; ④結(jié)束語(yǔ), 常用的有Yours sincerely/Yours truly/Yours faithfully…; ⑤簽名。B)日記格式：頂格寫上月、日、年和星期，右邊寫上天氣情況。
⑵詞序錯(cuò)誤
①并列的人稱代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，I沒(méi)有放在后。例如：I, you and he are all League members.
②沒(méi)弄清英語(yǔ)中真正的主語(yǔ)。例如：Without a friend will feel lonely.
③修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位。例如：He very likes dancing.
⑶時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤是高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤之一,也是考生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力差的顯著標(biāo)志之一。如2002關(guān)于公園收不收門票的討論的介紹，陳述討論的語(yǔ)句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：Sixty of the students of our school think it is unnecessary to charge an entrance fee. They think that……不少考生表達(dá)為Some people thought that……
⑷句子不完整
在口語(yǔ)中，交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)、語(yǔ)氣等來(lái)理解不完整的句子，可是書(shū)面語(yǔ)就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，又想加些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生．例如： There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .應(yīng)改為：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
⑸內(nèi)容表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤
這種錯(cuò)誤一般說(shuō)來(lái)是審題不清所致。如2003年的書(shū)面表達(dá)，正確內(nèi)容是：I've found a flat for you. It's a small one of 25 square meters with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. The house is near No 11 bus stop on Fang Cao Street and the school is at the next stop.有不少考生表達(dá)為:“I've found a flat of 25 square kilometers. It's in No.11 Fang Cao Street.”
⑹句子與句子之間缺少銜接造成意思過(guò)渡不平穩(wěn)
例如：把He worked hard. He failed the exam.改為He worked hard. However, he failed the exam.就比較好。
⑺習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)使用錯(cuò)誤
如:將 to my surprise 表達(dá)為 to my surprised;將in my spare time 表達(dá)成 at my spare time; 將He didn't lose heart though he failed.表達(dá)為He didn't lose his heart though he failed.
⑻沒(méi)有利用恰當(dāng)?shù)拇~，給人于重復(fù)的感覺(jué)
例如：把My father is a worker. My father works in a big company. 改為My father is a worker. He works in a big company. 就比較好。
⑼單詞運(yùn)用錯(cuò)誤
寫作中常見(jiàn)考生因分不清單詞的詞性而產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。大致有：
a.將vi.用成vt.如:come the city/return the place
b.將adj.用成vt.如:Please present on time. Don't absent!
c.將u.n.用成c.n.如:a good news/many informations
d.將adj./adv.使用錯(cuò)誤.如:in the recently years/study hardly;
e.將prep.用成v.如:Many overpasses arounded the city. The road throughed the city.
f.將名詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)使用不當(dāng)。如：There are lots of high building. // Most of the people have private car. 句中building應(yīng)改為buildings；句中car應(yīng)改為cars。
g.句子的主謂不一致:如:A large number of beautiful buildings has been built. 句中has應(yīng)改正為have。
h.常用詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤:如:beautiful寫成beautful; believe寫成belive; money寫成moneny…
i.在敘事文中通常會(huì)運(yùn)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),所以就出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,尤其是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的拼寫錯(cuò)誤很普遍的現(xiàn)象。如：visitted/ hurted/ writed/………
j.不定冠詞的使用錯(cuò)誤:如:send a e-mail to you(an)/ Even a overpass has been built…(an)/ He graduated from an university.(a)
k.虛詞錯(cuò)誤：①冠詞的漏用和誤用, 如：My father is worker. ②缺必要的連結(jié)詞或連結(jié)詞多余, 如：He likes swimming, I like climbing.
⑽不間斷句子，即幾個(gè)句子連在一起，看起來(lái)似乎是一個(gè)句子
例如：There are many ways we get to know the outside world.應(yīng)改為：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或 There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.
⒉應(yīng)對(duì)策略：
我們知道，英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)是對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的積極運(yùn)用。它包括兩大方面：一是內(nèi)容，即寫什么；二是表述，即如何用語(yǔ)言把內(nèi)容表述出來(lái)。為了避免所存在的問(wèn)題并提高英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)能力，宜從以下幾方面去努力。
⑴強(qiáng)化英語(yǔ)基本句型。句子是文章的基本框架，在文章中起著橋梁的作用。對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)基礎(chǔ)的還是選詞造句，使句子正確通順，符合英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
⑵分析并誦讀課文。課文是句型的延伸與擴(kuò)展，分析課文的選詞造句、連接手段、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等，并有意識(shí)地誦讀課文，這有利于學(xué)生對(duì)基本句型的鞏固與運(yùn)用，有利于他們提高語(yǔ)言組織能力以及寫作素材的積累和語(yǔ)感的形成。
⑶加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)訓(xùn)練。聽(tīng)力與口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練能促進(jìn)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維，為學(xué)生寫出地道的英語(yǔ)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的思維基礎(chǔ)。
⑷參加英語(yǔ)興趣小組活動(dòng)。英語(yǔ)興趣小組能為學(xué)生提供運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)，豐富寫作素材，從中也可以培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣，而興趣是學(xué)習(xí)的好的老師，它能幫助你學(xué)好英語(yǔ)，當(dāng)然也包括書(shū)面表達(dá)。
⑸堅(jiān)持用英語(yǔ)寫日記。把自己當(dāng)天的所見(jiàn)所聞、所感所悟用英語(yǔ)記下來(lái)，堅(jiān)持不懈，這樣熟能生巧，必有利于英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的提高。
㈥如何提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的檔次，爭(zhēng)取得高分甚至滿分？
不少同學(xué)們可能很不理解：考試時(shí)，寫出的書(shū)面表達(dá)要點(diǎn)齊全，表達(dá)也正確，可就是不知道為什么打不上高分。是啊，為什么呢？今天，我們就來(lái)研究如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
首先讓我們來(lái)看近年來(lái)全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：第五檔（很好）：“覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容；應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的?！?BR> 可見(jiàn)，高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用上對(duì)考生提出了更高的要求。也就是說(shuō)在考查考生語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了用詞的得體性、表達(dá)方式的多樣性。如果同學(xué)們僅運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的詞匯和基本的句型，不能體現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，即使要點(diǎn)齊全，表達(dá)沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，也不能給人一種含金量高的審美享受，因此很難在考試的評(píng)分中得到較高檔次。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給我們傳遞了另外一個(gè)信息，如果有意識(shí)地使用較高級(jí)詞匯或復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，即使有些錯(cuò)誤，也不扣分，仍屬于高檔次。
因此要使一個(gè)平淡的文章變得豐富起來(lái)，從而提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的檔次。我認(rèn)為同學(xué)們應(yīng)著力于從以下三個(gè)方面來(lái)增強(qiáng)書(shū)面表達(dá)的效果。
⒈學(xué)會(huì)使用較高級(jí)的詞匯
詞匯反映你知識(shí)貯存量的多少，也是衡量英語(yǔ)水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。從評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可知，運(yùn)用高級(jí)的詞匯對(duì)提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的分?jǐn)?shù)至關(guān)重要。大家先來(lái)看下面這些句子：
⑴Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.
Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.
⑵We all think he is a great man.
think highly of him.
⑶Suddenly I thought out a good idea. …came upon …
A good idea occurred to me. /A good idea suddenly struck me.
⑷The students there needn't pay for their books.
Books are free for the students there.
⑸As a result the plan was a failure.
The plan turned out (to be) a failure.
⑹When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.
At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.
⑺She went to Austria in order to study music.
She went to Austria for/with the purpose of studying music.
⑻When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.
The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.
⑼In our school, there are twenty–six classrooms.
Our school is made up of twenty–six classrooms./Twenty–six classrooms make up our school.
⑽You can find my house easily.
You'll have no trouble/difficulty finding my house.
⒉學(xué)會(huì)使用較豐富的句式
在整篇文章中，避免只使用一兩個(gè)句型，要靈活運(yùn)用各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，運(yùn)用得當(dāng)?shù)木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)可以給文章增色不少，從而使整篇文章因此而生輝。例如：
⑴When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）
→On his arriving/ arrival, please give me an e-mail.
⑵To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名詞性從句）
→What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
(That the littler girl knows so many things surprises him.／It surprises him that the littler girl knows so many things .)
⑶Though I'm weak, I'll make the effort. (使用倒裝句)
→Weak as I am, I'll make the effort.
⑷He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 ①.It was… ②.not until…)
→①It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
→②Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened.
⑸I passed the physics exam because of your help.（使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
→①I could not have passed the physics exam but for your help.
→②If you had not helped me, I could not have passed the physics exam.
⑹She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用過(guò)去分詞)
→Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.
⑺They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
→Singing and laughing, they went back to school.
⑻I won't believe what he says. （使用狀語(yǔ)從句）
→No matter what he says, I won't believe.
⑼If you study hard, you will make rapid progress. （使用并列句）
→Study hard and you'll make rapid progress.
⑽He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (使用倒裝句)
→No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.
⒊學(xué)會(huì)使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞
使用恰當(dāng)連接詞，對(duì)寫出一篇有“英語(yǔ)味”的文章很重要，能使整篇文章上下銜接自然、緊湊，使文章有一定的流暢性，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。下面表格中是寫作中經(jīng)常用到的一些連接詞。
邏輯角度 合適的過(guò)渡性詞匯
時(shí)間順序 first, second, then, finally/at last, immediately, suddenly , soon
空間順序 here, there, on one side…on the other side, in front of, at the back of, next to
對(duì)稱順序 for one thing, for another thing, on one hand, on the other hand
轉(zhuǎn)折順序 but, however, while, though, otherwise
因果順序 because, since, as, thanks to, as a result （of）
條件順序 as long as, so long as, on condition that, if, unless
讓步順序 though, as, even if/though, whether, who（what, when, where）-ever
遞進(jìn)順序 what's more, besides, to make the matter worse, what's worse
過(guò)渡性插入語(yǔ) I think, I'm afraid, you know, As we all know
例如：
①On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. (NMET99范文)
②As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.(NMET01范文)
③What's more, I can go to bed earlier. (NMET01范文)
運(yùn)用以上講解的三點(diǎn)增強(qiáng)書(shū)面表達(dá)效果的技巧，我們來(lái)看下面這樣一篇書(shū)面表達(dá)：
聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織某考察團(tuán)正在我國(guó)某鄉(xiāng)村參觀考察。假定你是接待人員，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示以發(fā)言稿的形式簡(jiǎn)要介紹這個(gè)村的情況：
1） 大小：近100戶人家，約500口人。
2） 變化：過(guò)去很窮，78年后變化很大。人們生活比以前好多了?，F(xiàn)已舊貌換新顏。
3） 教育：原來(lái)的學(xué)校很小，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)過(guò)改建。新建的教學(xué)樓有4層，是村里美的建筑物。村所有學(xué)齡兒童在此免費(fèi)就讀。
注意：（1）要點(diǎn)齊全，前后連貫。（2）詞數(shù)：100－120之間。
［解析］：
⑴依據(jù)要點(diǎn)，草擬提綱，將所需要的語(yǔ)言材料準(zhǔn)備好?？梢灾涣谐鲋饕脑~、詞組、短語(yǔ)及句型。暫不考慮動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、單數(shù)第三人稱等詞形變化。
①100 families and 500 people/
②used to be very poor/ change a lot/ richer than before/ take on a new look
③was very small/ have been rebuilt
④newly-built/have 4 storeys/ most beautiful building
⑤school-age children/ enjoy free education
⑵擴(kuò)展成句，連句成篇。本文為一篇發(fā)言稿，其格式與口頭通知大體相同。因此，短文應(yīng)有稱呼、開(kāi)場(chǎng)及結(jié)束語(yǔ)。既然介紹的是小村，所使用的人稱應(yīng)為it.應(yīng)注意時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的正確運(yùn)用，并適當(dāng)使用一些連接成分將所列的語(yǔ)句連成完整的語(yǔ)篇。全文應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，前后連貫。
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our village! ①This village is very small. It has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor.②It has changed a lot since 1978 ③. People here ④are richer than before. Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small⑤. ⑥Now it has been rebuilt. ⑦The newly built teaching building⑧has 4 storeys and it is the most beautiful building in the village. All the school-age children can study here.⑨They enjoy free education in it.⑩Thank you.
大家看，這篇書(shū)面表達(dá)要點(diǎn)齊全，表達(dá)也沒(méi)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，但語(yǔ)言平淡，表達(dá)方式單一，邏輯性也差，因此很難在考試的評(píng)分中得到較高檔次。如果使用一些恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，并盡量使用較高級(jí)的詞匯和較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)平淡的文章就會(huì)有很大改觀，甚至?xí)兊酶省?BR> Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our village! ①This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. ②However, it has changed a lot since 1978 ③and has been developing very fast. People here ④have/live a much better life than before . Now it is taking on a new look.
In the past, the school here was very small⑤and most children couldn't afford to go to school.⑥But now it has been rebuilt⑦and the newly built teaching building ⑧which has 4 storeys is the most beautiful one in the village. All the school-age children can study here. ⑨What's more/Also, they enjoy free education.
⑩May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here! Thank you.
[對(duì)上文評(píng)析]：
①用介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)或用含定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。②語(yǔ)句間缺少連接成分However。③表現(xiàn)作者對(duì)現(xiàn)在鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展的喜悅心情，也起到承上啟下作用。④較高級(jí)詞匯。⑤作者對(duì)過(guò)去孩子們上不起學(xué)表示遺憾和同情。⑥語(yǔ)句間缺少連接成分，添加But。⑦語(yǔ)句間缺少承上啟下連接成分and。⑧用含定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。⑨此處應(yīng)添加一個(gè)承接上下文的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)，如“What's more/Also”，這樣，前后就顯得更加連貫了。⑩如能適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，在結(jié)尾處添加像“May you enjoy your stay here/May you have a pleasant time here!”的表希望、祝愿的語(yǔ)句，會(huì)使全文更加完整，使文章讀起來(lái)更親切，完全達(dá)到與讀者進(jìn)行交流的目的，從而收到更佳的表達(dá)效果。
④較高級(jí)詞匯。
①⑧較復(fù)雜句式。
②⑥⑦⑨這些連接詞的恰當(dāng)使用無(wú)疑能使全文過(guò)渡自然，令讀者對(duì)后續(xù)的句子產(chǎn)生心理的期待和準(zhǔn)備，增強(qiáng)句子間的邏輯性和緊湊性。
③⑤⑩適當(dāng)增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章讀起來(lái)更親切，完全達(dá)到與讀者進(jìn)行交流的目的。
以上我們可以看出，要使文章連貫、流暢，就要使用較高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)以及恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，才能給人一種美的享受，才能在考試的評(píng)分中得到較高的檔次?？傊?，希望同學(xué)們通過(guò)以上啟發(fā)，靈活運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持用科學(xué)的方法多寫多練，就一定能寫出高質(zhì)量的英語(yǔ)作文，在高考中取得成功。
［小練習(xí)］：
試試看，下面這篇書(shū)面表達(dá)又該怎樣寫才能得高分呢？
請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下列表格的內(nèi)容，闡述一下你對(duì)減少城市人口的看法。
建議項(xiàng) 具體措施 目 的
1 A. 晚婚
B. 一對(duì)夫婦一個(gè)孩子 減少人口自然增長(zhǎng)
（人口出生率）
2 嚴(yán)格控制外地人進(jìn)城務(wù)工經(jīng)商 減輕外地人口對(duì)城市的壓力
3 A. 在郊區(qū)，建造生活、商業(yè)、文教、
衛(wèi)生、娛樂(lè)休閑生活小區(qū)
B. 在城市的縣里建造衛(wèi)星城 吸引城市居民到郊區(qū)和衛(wèi)星城工作和生活?！?BR> A Suggested Version:
Our modern city is too crowded, and to solve the problem, I have three suggestions. First of all, practise the policy of “ Late Marriage ”and “ One Couple, One child ” so as to reduce the birth rate. Secondly, the city government must have a tight control of people entering cities to engage in trade or do various physical jobs in order to reduce the pressure on the city caused by the increasing population. Finally, more and more people suggest that living blocks with shopping centers, school, hospital as well as cinemas and theatres or even satellite towns should be built in the city suburbs or the countries round the cities. In this way city citizens will be encouraged to move there. If these three suggestions are well carried out, the city population will be greatly reduced.
山東省寧津一中英語(yǔ)組 黎桂華