描寫文的寫作

字號(hào):

描寫文是一種用語(yǔ)言對(duì)客觀世界加以藝術(shù)和主觀描繪的一種文體。它把對(duì)某一物體、人物、地方或景色的印象和了解細(xì)膩地表達(dá)出來(lái),在讀者面前再現(xiàn)它們的形象。它的特點(diǎn)是其描寫的具體性、生動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。描寫的細(xì)節(jié)要能表達(dá)主題。同時(shí),應(yīng)該注意描寫的順序,可按照空間位置順序、時(shí)間順序,一般到特殊或特殊到一般順序,遞升到遞降或遞降到遞升順序。這里重點(diǎn)介紹人物描寫和地點(diǎn)描寫。
    1.人物描寫文(description of a person)
    對(duì)人物形象外部特征進(jìn)行描繪,對(duì)于人物性格和人物形象的完整體現(xiàn),有著重要的烘托作用。人物描寫的功能多種多樣,可以刻畫人物性格特征,表現(xiàn)人物精神面貌,披露人物內(nèi)心活動(dòng),揭示人物身份境遇,顯示人物性格變化,突出作品主題思想。為使描寫形象逼真、線條清晰、性格鮮明,作者要善于觀察,調(diào)動(dòng)豐富的想象力和敏銳的判斷力,抓住描寫對(duì)象的獨(dú)特之處,并精于語(yǔ)言技巧,用生動(dòng)活潑的語(yǔ)言再現(xiàn)人物鮮明的形象和性格。例如:
    Mariak Anagian was a woman I would never forget.She was ninety-two years old when I met her,a gentle,diminutive lady in European dress.Her face was deeply lined,and hercoarse grey hair had yellowed with the years.She spoke in aquivering voice that was half English and half American.Her gnarled hands testified to the years of hard work on the farm in her homeland.Yet in her dark eyes and in her gentle manner there was a childlike simplicity as she told me her tale.I thought,“She has the wisdom that comes with years of experience,and the gentle purity of a child——a wonderful but strange combination of traits.”(Adapted from“Writing English as a Second Language”)
    這是一幅用凝重言辭構(gòu)成的人物素描。作者首先用old,gentle,diminutive,deeply lined,grey hair,quivering voice等詞語(yǔ)勾勒出主人公那蒼老衰弱凄楚的形象,從其年邁的面容中看到她那智慧之光和她那孩童般的質(zhì)樸無(wú)華,聽(tīng)到了她內(nèi)心的啜泣。讀后令人久久不能忘卻這位飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜、智慧、慈祥和純樸的老嫗。
    2.地點(diǎn)描寫文(description of a place)
    地點(diǎn)描寫是指用生動(dòng)形象的語(yǔ)言對(duì)地點(diǎn)或環(huán)境進(jìn)行具體逼真的摹寫描繪,使讀者如睹其物,如臨其境。
    在訓(xùn)練地點(diǎn)描寫文的寫作時(shí),先練習(xí)一個(gè)作者十分熟悉的小地點(diǎn),如教室、房間、商店、公園等,然后再練習(xí)寫作一個(gè)較大的地點(diǎn),如學(xué)校、街道、城市、國(guó)家等。要把地點(diǎn)描寫得繪聲繪色,有形有神、可感可觸,作者應(yīng)盡力做到觀察入微,重點(diǎn)突出,描寫生動(dòng),信息量大,感染力強(qiáng)。這種描寫通常有兩種方法。
    1)整體印象→細(xì)節(jié)描述(overall impression to detailed discussion)
    這種方法的描寫先給出地點(diǎn)全貌的鳥瞰,然后用細(xì)節(jié)敘述對(duì)整體印象加以描述。這種方法的特點(diǎn)是突出文章的主題,吸引讀者。具體的寫法是,首先選定你描寫的地點(diǎn),譬如你的教室。想想這個(gè)教室給你留下什么突出的印象。并將這種印象概括為一句話,這句話便是該段的主題句,如My classroom is very clean and tidy.然后就描述它如何clean和tidy。
    2)細(xì)節(jié)描述→整體印象(detailed discussion to overall impression)
    這種方法正好與上述方法相反,它先列出描述性細(xì)節(jié),然后歸納出整體印象。這種方法的特點(diǎn)是循序漸進(jìn),從具體到一般,能啟迪讀者的思維。具體寫法是,先對(duì)描述對(duì)象進(jìn)行細(xì)心觀察,將其有意義的細(xì)節(jié)逐項(xiàng)列出,然后總結(jié)出整體印象,這時(shí)主題句往往放置段末。以食堂為例,可寫出下面段落。
    The walls of our dining room are painted a cheer colour.The ceiling is high,and so it is airy in here.The floor is clean and tables and chairs are plentiful.Since there are many windows on either side of the hall for serving food,we can quickly get our meal.Food here has variety and dishes are delicious.The music from the speaker system is beautiful.No wonder it is an enjoyment to have meals here.
    從上面例子可看出,作者常常會(huì)在描述中抒發(fā)感情,寄情于物,打開(kāi)心扉,表露心聲,如本段中對(duì)“優(yōu)美音樂(lè)”的描述。同時(shí),地點(diǎn)描寫文,由于其本身性質(zhì)所決定,往往按一定空間邏輯順序展開(kāi)。