Part Four
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "
13. We can learn from the first paragraph that__
[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning
14. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__
[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
[C]it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
15 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__
[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research
[D]the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
16. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__
[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal
[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Unit 6(1999) Part 4
重點詞匯:
1.startle(使吃驚)
2.husbandry(n.耕作;飼養(yǎng))看作husband+(d)ry,讓丈夫(husband)口干舌燥(dry)的事→耕作;飼養(yǎng)。
3.feverishly(激動地,狂熱地)←fever+ish+ly。
4.indefinitely(不確定地)即in+de+fin+ite+ly,in-否定前綴,de-向下,fin詞根“界限”,-ite形容詞后綴,-ly副詞后綴,“不能下定界限地”→不確定地。definite(明確的)←de+fin+ite。
5.restriction (限制,約束)即re+strict+ion,re-一再,strict單詞“嚴厲的”,-ion名詞后綴,“一再嚴厲的事”→約束;動詞形式為restrict←re+strict。
6.molecular (分子的)即mole+cul(e)+ar,mole單詞“痣”,-cule后綴表示“小”,-ar形容詞后綴,
7.legislation(立法;法規(guī))看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion,leg詞根“法律”,is是,late遲的,-ion名詞后綴,
8.consensus(意見一致)即con+sens(e)+us,con-一起,sense感覺,-us名詞后綴,“共同的感覺”→意見一致。
9.nuclear (核的,原子核的)即nuc+le+ar,nuc=nut堅果,-le后綴表示“小”,-ar形容詞后綴,“像小堅果一樣的”→原子核的。nucleus(核心,原子核)←nuc+le+us名詞后綴,復(fù)述形式為nuclei或nucleuses。Pro football is like nuclear warfare. There are no winners, only survivors.職業(yè)足球有如核戰(zhàn)爭,其中沒有贏家,只有幸存者。
10.embryo (胚胎;胚胎的)即em+bryo,em-“使”,bryo詞根“膨脹的”(聯(lián)想bra),“正蓬勃生長的”→胚胎。
11.impose (v.強加;征稅)即im+pose,im-加強前綴,pose詞根“放”,“強制性地放”→強加→引申為:征稅。
12.ethical (倫理的,合乎道德的)←eth+ical,eth詞根“道德”,-ical后綴;ethics(倫理,倫理學(xué))←eth+ics后綴表“學(xué)科”←研究道德的學(xué)問。ethics — aesthetics from within 倫理學(xué)——出自內(nèi)心的美學(xué)。
13.explicitly(明晰地;坦率地)即ex+plic+it+ly,ex-(=out of),plic詞根“折疊”,-it形容詞后綴,-ly副詞后綴,“沒有折疊地”→完全顯露地→清楚地。panel of experts 專家小組;up in the air 懸而未決。
難句解析:
① Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
這個長句嚴格來說主語只有一個he和兩個謂語(order和ask)。第一個逗號之前是一個表示伴隨狀態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語,declaring后面是一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,注意其中有一個use... to...的動詞結(jié)構(gòu),然后是主句,第一個謂語ordered后面也是一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,這個從句用了虛擬語氣,在謂語動詞be前面省略了should;破折號之間是個although引導(dǎo)的讓步從句,是對前面的補充;and后面是第二個謂語asked,用了短語搭配ask... to...,ask的賓語其實是panel,這個單詞的前后都是它的修飾成分,尤其是有過去分詞chaired引導(dǎo)的短語,表明的是這個panel的是誰;to后面的動詞report接的是目的地the White House,時間要求in 90 days,內(nèi)容recommendations,后面的for短語說明的是recommendations的內(nèi)容。
理解這個句子的關(guān)鍵在于找到主句的兩個謂語,然后理清兩個謂語動詞后面的賓語成分;再者就是句子開始的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和破折號之間的補充成分。
② NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.
這個句子的主語是NBAC,謂語ask后面是兩個并列的賓語從句,從句都用了虛擬語氣的謂語形式,即省略了should,謂語動詞用原形be。第一個從句的主語是ban,這個詞前后都是修飾成分;第二個從句還是用that引導(dǎo),句式簡單。要注意的是,如果把第二個從句補齊的話,應(yīng)該是and possibly ask that it be made law。
找出ask的兩個賓語從句是理解這個句子的關(guān)鍵,同時注意虛擬語氣的運用,明白謂語動詞為什么用be動詞原形。
③ The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
這個簡單句的賓語agreement跟了一個on引導(dǎo)的短語,說明的是agreement的內(nèi)容,即a crucial question;question后面有一個whether引導(dǎo)的不定式短語,其中包含了一個賓語從句,從句的主語缺省,應(yīng)該是legislation。在這個從句中有一個形式賓語it,真正的賓語是后面的for... to...結(jié)構(gòu)。
whether引導(dǎo)的不定式短語是這個句子的關(guān)鍵,注意其中的賓語從句以及it作為形式賓語所替代的真正賓語。
④ In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
這個簡單句的主干其實就是Shapiro suggested that從句。主語前面的部分是該句的狀語,其中recommendations后面的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是表明時間的修飾成分。主句的賓語從句中包含了一個consensus的同位語從句,解釋的是consensus的內(nèi)容,這個同位語從句中的it充當(dāng)?shù)氖切问街髡Z,真正的主語是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。
該句的主要信息集中的兩個地方,一個是the panel... found... consensus...,另一個是對于consensus的解釋,尤其是對其中形式主語的理解。
⑤ Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
在這個主從復(fù)合句中,前面是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,這個從句的賓語是use,of短語說明了use的對象(federal funds),隨后是兩個并列的不定式短語,表明的是用途(create embryos;to knowingly endanger an embryo's life),其中括號里的內(nèi)容是對embryos的解釋,然后才是主句,注意介詞on(關(guān)于)的用法。
這個句子的關(guān)鍵在于use后面的修飾成分,尤其是兩個to不定式的意義,說明了禁止的內(nèi)容。再者注意括號里對embryos的解釋。
試題解析:
13. 【正確答案】[B]
意為:白宮對這一克隆技術(shù)方面的消息反應(yīng)強烈。根據(jù)第一段第一、二句,當(dāng)蘇格蘭一個研究小組三個月前透露他們克隆了一只成年羊時,消息震動了世界,克林頓總統(tǒng)立即作出了反應(yīng),他宣布反對用這種特殊的畜牧技術(shù)克隆人,要求禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金進行這樣的研究——雖然尚未有人提出這樣做,他要求成立一個由普林斯頓校長Shapiro領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的獨立專家小組,就克隆人研究方面的國家政策問題拿出建議,在三個月內(nèi)向白宮匯報。從這兩句的內(nèi)容來看,白宮的反應(yīng)不僅迅速而且強烈。
A意為:聯(lián)邦基金已被用于一個克隆人的項目中。見對B的解釋。C意為:NBAC被授權(quán)控制克隆技術(shù)的濫用。國家生物道德顧問委員會(NBAC)的職責(zé)是向白宮提出有關(guān)克隆人技術(shù)的政策性建議。D意為:白宮已得到專家組有關(guān)克隆技術(shù)的建議。
14. 【正確答案】[C]
意為:使用私人基金研究克隆人技術(shù)是犯罪行為。在本文中,private funding區(qū)別于federal funds。根據(jù)第二段第三句,專家組還沒有在一個關(guān)鍵問題上達成一致,即:是否建議立法,規(guī)定私人出資研究克隆人技術(shù)是犯罪行為。后一段第一句也指出,NBAC成員們也表示,他們將呼吁私人資助的研究者和研究機構(gòu)不要用細胞核移植技術(shù)來克隆人。
A意為:應(yīng)該立法禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金研究克隆人技術(shù)。根據(jù)第二段第一句,NBAC將要求克林頓總統(tǒng)有關(guān)使用聯(lián)邦基金研究克隆人技術(shù)的禁令無限期延長,并且可能要求立法禁止。根據(jù)第四段,他們也計劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯(lián)邦政府基金利用人體細胞核來克隆嬰孩的企圖。B意為:不再對克隆人體DNA技術(shù)作更多的限制。根據(jù)第二段第二句,NBAC成員們計劃對建議的內(nèi)容嚴加措辭,以避免對涉及克隆人體DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)和細胞的研究增加新的限制——因為在分子生物研究中這種研究屬常規(guī)研究課題。D意為:克隆人類將是違背道德價值觀的。第三段第一句指出,Shapiro在5月17日開會討論的建議序言草稿中表示,專家組已取得廣泛的一致意見,認為“試圖利用成人細胞核克隆技術(shù)來創(chuàng)造人是不道德的?!?BR> 15. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為:有關(guān)這個問題法律己經(jīng)作出了明確的陳述和規(guī)定。根據(jù)第四段第二句,因為現(xiàn)行聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金創(chuàng)造供研究用的胚胎,或有意識地危害胚胎的性命,NBAC的建議將不再涉及胚胎的研究。
A意為:胚胎研究只不過是代表克隆技術(shù)的新發(fā)展。B意為:嬰兒的健康狀況不是胚胎研究所主要關(guān)心的問題。C意為:胚胎的性命在胚胎研究中不會受到威脅。
A、B、C提到的內(nèi)容均與文章內(nèi)容不符。
16. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:某些NBAC成員對徹底禁止克隆技術(shù)的研究表示猶豫不決。根據(jù)后一段第二句,在是否進一步呼吁制定聯(lián)邦法律徹底禁止克隆人技術(shù)研究方面,NBAC成員意見不一。雖然Shapiro和多數(shù)成員都贊成呼吁做這樣的立法,但是,在電話采訪中,他稱這一問題仍然“懸而未決”。
B意為:禁止克隆人技術(shù)研究的法律將很快獲得通過。C意為:私人資助的研究者將會響應(yīng)NBAC的呼吁。根據(jù)后一段第一句,雖然不作出法律上的強行禁止,NBAC成員們也表示,他們將呼吁私人資助的研究者和研究機構(gòu)不要用細胞核移植技術(shù)來克隆人。但是這里并沒有提到——也沒有足夠的證據(jù)推測出私人資助的研究者對這一呼吁的態(tài)度。D意為:克隆人技術(shù)研究這一問題將很快獲得解決。
全文翻譯:
當(dāng)一個蘇格蘭研究小組透露三個月前他們克隆了一只成年綿羊時,世界為之震驚,克林頓總統(tǒng)迅速做出反應(yīng)。他宣稱反對利用這種非同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術(shù)去克隆人,并下令禁止使用聯(lián)邦資金做這樣的實驗——盡管還沒有人提議要那樣做——并責(zé)成成立一個由普林斯頓大學(xué)校長哈羅德?夏皮羅為首的獨立專家小組,在90天內(nèi)拿出有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議,向白宮匯報。這個名為“全國生物倫理道德顧問委員會”(NBAC)的小組一直在非常積極地工作,集思廣益,并訴諸筆端;在5月17日的會議上,委員們就接近定稿的意見書取得了一致意見。
NBAC將要求克林頓總統(tǒng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦資金克隆人的90天禁令無限期地延長,并且還可能要求將之立法。但是,NBAC成員們正計劃在建議的措辭上更為嚴謹,以避免給克隆人體DNA或細胞等研究帶來更多地限制——(這屬于)分子生物研究中的常規(guī)課題。然而,該小組尚未在一個關(guān)鍵問題上達成一致,即是否建議立法機關(guān)把將私人資金用于克隆人的行為視為犯罪。
在5月17日會議上討論的建議序言草案中,夏皮羅表示,專家組已取得廣泛的共識,認為“試圖利用成人細胞核去克隆嬰兒將是違背道德倫理的”。夏皮羅解釋說在與會期間,道德上的懷疑主要源于對嬰兒健康帶來危害的擔(dān)憂。隨后,該小組非正式地接受了幾條一般的結(jié)論,盡管有些細節(jié)尚無定論。
NBAC計劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯(lián)邦政府基金利用人體細胞核去克隆嬰孩的任何企圖。因為現(xiàn)行的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆研究用的胚胎(人類子代出生前的早階段)或有意識地危及胚胎的生命,NBAC在胚胎研究這一問題上保持沉默。
NBAC的成員明確表示,他們呼吁由私人提供資金的研究人員和機構(gòu)不要試圖通過人體細胞核轉(zhuǎn)移去克隆人。但他們在是否進一步要求聯(lián)邦立法強令徹底禁止克隆人這一問題上存在分歧。夏皮羅和大多數(shù)委員贊成將此立法,但在電話采訪中,他透露這一議題仍“懸而未決”。
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "
13. We can learn from the first paragraph that__
[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning
14. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__
[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
[C]it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
15 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__
[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research
[D]the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
16. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__
[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal
[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Unit 6(1999) Part 4
重點詞匯:
1.startle(使吃驚)
2.husbandry(n.耕作;飼養(yǎng))看作husband+(d)ry,讓丈夫(husband)口干舌燥(dry)的事→耕作;飼養(yǎng)。
3.feverishly(激動地,狂熱地)←fever+ish+ly。
4.indefinitely(不確定地)即in+de+fin+ite+ly,in-否定前綴,de-向下,fin詞根“界限”,-ite形容詞后綴,-ly副詞后綴,“不能下定界限地”→不確定地。definite(明確的)←de+fin+ite。
5.restriction (限制,約束)即re+strict+ion,re-一再,strict單詞“嚴厲的”,-ion名詞后綴,“一再嚴厲的事”→約束;動詞形式為restrict←re+strict。
6.molecular (分子的)即mole+cul(e)+ar,mole單詞“痣”,-cule后綴表示“小”,-ar形容詞后綴,
7.legislation(立法;法規(guī))看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion,leg詞根“法律”,is是,late遲的,-ion名詞后綴,
8.consensus(意見一致)即con+sens(e)+us,con-一起,sense感覺,-us名詞后綴,“共同的感覺”→意見一致。
9.nuclear (核的,原子核的)即nuc+le+ar,nuc=nut堅果,-le后綴表示“小”,-ar形容詞后綴,“像小堅果一樣的”→原子核的。nucleus(核心,原子核)←nuc+le+us名詞后綴,復(fù)述形式為nuclei或nucleuses。Pro football is like nuclear warfare. There are no winners, only survivors.職業(yè)足球有如核戰(zhàn)爭,其中沒有贏家,只有幸存者。
10.embryo (胚胎;胚胎的)即em+bryo,em-“使”,bryo詞根“膨脹的”(聯(lián)想bra),“正蓬勃生長的”→胚胎。
11.impose (v.強加;征稅)即im+pose,im-加強前綴,pose詞根“放”,“強制性地放”→強加→引申為:征稅。
12.ethical (倫理的,合乎道德的)←eth+ical,eth詞根“道德”,-ical后綴;ethics(倫理,倫理學(xué))←eth+ics后綴表“學(xué)科”←研究道德的學(xué)問。ethics — aesthetics from within 倫理學(xué)——出自內(nèi)心的美學(xué)。
13.explicitly(明晰地;坦率地)即ex+plic+it+ly,ex-(=out of),plic詞根“折疊”,-it形容詞后綴,-ly副詞后綴,“沒有折疊地”→完全顯露地→清楚地。panel of experts 專家小組;up in the air 懸而未決。
難句解析:
① Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
這個長句嚴格來說主語只有一個he和兩個謂語(order和ask)。第一個逗號之前是一個表示伴隨狀態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語,declaring后面是一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,注意其中有一個use... to...的動詞結(jié)構(gòu),然后是主句,第一個謂語ordered后面也是一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,這個從句用了虛擬語氣,在謂語動詞be前面省略了should;破折號之間是個although引導(dǎo)的讓步從句,是對前面的補充;and后面是第二個謂語asked,用了短語搭配ask... to...,ask的賓語其實是panel,這個單詞的前后都是它的修飾成分,尤其是有過去分詞chaired引導(dǎo)的短語,表明的是這個panel的是誰;to后面的動詞report接的是目的地the White House,時間要求in 90 days,內(nèi)容recommendations,后面的for短語說明的是recommendations的內(nèi)容。
理解這個句子的關(guān)鍵在于找到主句的兩個謂語,然后理清兩個謂語動詞后面的賓語成分;再者就是句子開始的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和破折號之間的補充成分。
② NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.
這個句子的主語是NBAC,謂語ask后面是兩個并列的賓語從句,從句都用了虛擬語氣的謂語形式,即省略了should,謂語動詞用原形be。第一個從句的主語是ban,這個詞前后都是修飾成分;第二個從句還是用that引導(dǎo),句式簡單。要注意的是,如果把第二個從句補齊的話,應(yīng)該是and possibly ask that it be made law。
找出ask的兩個賓語從句是理解這個句子的關(guān)鍵,同時注意虛擬語氣的運用,明白謂語動詞為什么用be動詞原形。
③ The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
這個簡單句的賓語agreement跟了一個on引導(dǎo)的短語,說明的是agreement的內(nèi)容,即a crucial question;question后面有一個whether引導(dǎo)的不定式短語,其中包含了一個賓語從句,從句的主語缺省,應(yīng)該是legislation。在這個從句中有一個形式賓語it,真正的賓語是后面的for... to...結(jié)構(gòu)。
whether引導(dǎo)的不定式短語是這個句子的關(guān)鍵,注意其中的賓語從句以及it作為形式賓語所替代的真正賓語。
④ In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
這個簡單句的主干其實就是Shapiro suggested that從句。主語前面的部分是該句的狀語,其中recommendations后面的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是表明時間的修飾成分。主句的賓語從句中包含了一個consensus的同位語從句,解釋的是consensus的內(nèi)容,這個同位語從句中的it充當(dāng)?shù)氖切问街髡Z,真正的主語是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。
該句的主要信息集中的兩個地方,一個是the panel... found... consensus...,另一個是對于consensus的解釋,尤其是對其中形式主語的理解。
⑤ Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
在這個主從復(fù)合句中,前面是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,這個從句的賓語是use,of短語說明了use的對象(federal funds),隨后是兩個并列的不定式短語,表明的是用途(create embryos;to knowingly endanger an embryo's life),其中括號里的內(nèi)容是對embryos的解釋,然后才是主句,注意介詞on(關(guān)于)的用法。
這個句子的關(guān)鍵在于use后面的修飾成分,尤其是兩個to不定式的意義,說明了禁止的內(nèi)容。再者注意括號里對embryos的解釋。
試題解析:
13. 【正確答案】[B]
意為:白宮對這一克隆技術(shù)方面的消息反應(yīng)強烈。根據(jù)第一段第一、二句,當(dāng)蘇格蘭一個研究小組三個月前透露他們克隆了一只成年羊時,消息震動了世界,克林頓總統(tǒng)立即作出了反應(yīng),他宣布反對用這種特殊的畜牧技術(shù)克隆人,要求禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金進行這樣的研究——雖然尚未有人提出這樣做,他要求成立一個由普林斯頓校長Shapiro領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的獨立專家小組,就克隆人研究方面的國家政策問題拿出建議,在三個月內(nèi)向白宮匯報。從這兩句的內(nèi)容來看,白宮的反應(yīng)不僅迅速而且強烈。
A意為:聯(lián)邦基金已被用于一個克隆人的項目中。見對B的解釋。C意為:NBAC被授權(quán)控制克隆技術(shù)的濫用。國家生物道德顧問委員會(NBAC)的職責(zé)是向白宮提出有關(guān)克隆人技術(shù)的政策性建議。D意為:白宮已得到專家組有關(guān)克隆技術(shù)的建議。
14. 【正確答案】[C]
意為:使用私人基金研究克隆人技術(shù)是犯罪行為。在本文中,private funding區(qū)別于federal funds。根據(jù)第二段第三句,專家組還沒有在一個關(guān)鍵問題上達成一致,即:是否建議立法,規(guī)定私人出資研究克隆人技術(shù)是犯罪行為。后一段第一句也指出,NBAC成員們也表示,他們將呼吁私人資助的研究者和研究機構(gòu)不要用細胞核移植技術(shù)來克隆人。
A意為:應(yīng)該立法禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金研究克隆人技術(shù)。根據(jù)第二段第一句,NBAC將要求克林頓總統(tǒng)有關(guān)使用聯(lián)邦基金研究克隆人技術(shù)的禁令無限期延長,并且可能要求立法禁止。根據(jù)第四段,他們也計劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯(lián)邦政府基金利用人體細胞核來克隆嬰孩的企圖。B意為:不再對克隆人體DNA技術(shù)作更多的限制。根據(jù)第二段第二句,NBAC成員們計劃對建議的內(nèi)容嚴加措辭,以避免對涉及克隆人體DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)和細胞的研究增加新的限制——因為在分子生物研究中這種研究屬常規(guī)研究課題。D意為:克隆人類將是違背道德價值觀的。第三段第一句指出,Shapiro在5月17日開會討論的建議序言草稿中表示,專家組已取得廣泛的一致意見,認為“試圖利用成人細胞核克隆技術(shù)來創(chuàng)造人是不道德的?!?BR> 15. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為:有關(guān)這個問題法律己經(jīng)作出了明確的陳述和規(guī)定。根據(jù)第四段第二句,因為現(xiàn)行聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金創(chuàng)造供研究用的胚胎,或有意識地危害胚胎的性命,NBAC的建議將不再涉及胚胎的研究。
A意為:胚胎研究只不過是代表克隆技術(shù)的新發(fā)展。B意為:嬰兒的健康狀況不是胚胎研究所主要關(guān)心的問題。C意為:胚胎的性命在胚胎研究中不會受到威脅。
A、B、C提到的內(nèi)容均與文章內(nèi)容不符。
16. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:某些NBAC成員對徹底禁止克隆技術(shù)的研究表示猶豫不決。根據(jù)后一段第二句,在是否進一步呼吁制定聯(lián)邦法律徹底禁止克隆人技術(shù)研究方面,NBAC成員意見不一。雖然Shapiro和多數(shù)成員都贊成呼吁做這樣的立法,但是,在電話采訪中,他稱這一問題仍然“懸而未決”。
B意為:禁止克隆人技術(shù)研究的法律將很快獲得通過。C意為:私人資助的研究者將會響應(yīng)NBAC的呼吁。根據(jù)后一段第一句,雖然不作出法律上的強行禁止,NBAC成員們也表示,他們將呼吁私人資助的研究者和研究機構(gòu)不要用細胞核移植技術(shù)來克隆人。但是這里并沒有提到——也沒有足夠的證據(jù)推測出私人資助的研究者對這一呼吁的態(tài)度。D意為:克隆人技術(shù)研究這一問題將很快獲得解決。
全文翻譯:
當(dāng)一個蘇格蘭研究小組透露三個月前他們克隆了一只成年綿羊時,世界為之震驚,克林頓總統(tǒng)迅速做出反應(yīng)。他宣稱反對利用這種非同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術(shù)去克隆人,并下令禁止使用聯(lián)邦資金做這樣的實驗——盡管還沒有人提議要那樣做——并責(zé)成成立一個由普林斯頓大學(xué)校長哈羅德?夏皮羅為首的獨立專家小組,在90天內(nèi)拿出有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議,向白宮匯報。這個名為“全國生物倫理道德顧問委員會”(NBAC)的小組一直在非常積極地工作,集思廣益,并訴諸筆端;在5月17日的會議上,委員們就接近定稿的意見書取得了一致意見。
NBAC將要求克林頓總統(tǒng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦資金克隆人的90天禁令無限期地延長,并且還可能要求將之立法。但是,NBAC成員們正計劃在建議的措辭上更為嚴謹,以避免給克隆人體DNA或細胞等研究帶來更多地限制——(這屬于)分子生物研究中的常規(guī)課題。然而,該小組尚未在一個關(guān)鍵問題上達成一致,即是否建議立法機關(guān)把將私人資金用于克隆人的行為視為犯罪。
在5月17日會議上討論的建議序言草案中,夏皮羅表示,專家組已取得廣泛的共識,認為“試圖利用成人細胞核去克隆嬰兒將是違背道德倫理的”。夏皮羅解釋說在與會期間,道德上的懷疑主要源于對嬰兒健康帶來危害的擔(dān)憂。隨后,該小組非正式地接受了幾條一般的結(jié)論,盡管有些細節(jié)尚無定論。
NBAC計劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯(lián)邦政府基金利用人體細胞核去克隆嬰孩的任何企圖。因為現(xiàn)行的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆研究用的胚胎(人類子代出生前的早階段)或有意識地危及胚胎的生命,NBAC在胚胎研究這一問題上保持沉默。
NBAC的成員明確表示,他們呼吁由私人提供資金的研究人員和機構(gòu)不要試圖通過人體細胞核轉(zhuǎn)移去克隆人。但他們在是否進一步要求聯(lián)邦立法強令徹底禁止克隆人這一問題上存在分歧。夏皮羅和大多數(shù)委員贊成將此立法,但在電話采訪中,他透露這一議題仍“懸而未決”。