Part Three
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics --- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of(Mis)information, ”which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened. ”
9.The word “schism”(Line 4, Paragraph 1)in the context probably means _____ .
A)confrontationB)dissatisfactionC)separation D)contempt
10. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _____ .
A)discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
B)show the author's sympathy with scientists
C)explain the way in which science develops
D)exemplify the division of science and the humanities
11. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A)Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
B)Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science
D)Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable
12. The author's attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is _____ .
A)impartialB)subjectiveC)biased D)puzzling
Unit 5 (1998) Part 3
重點(diǎn)詞匯:
1.relationship(關(guān)系)←relation關(guān)系+ship抽象名詞后綴(如:friendship友誼)。。
2.aspect(外表;方面); A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play only by chance and in a single field.真正的天才具有多方面的才能,只是處于偶然而僅在單一的領(lǐng)域中得到施展。
3.rebelling(n.反叛)看作re+bell+ing,re-反復(fù),bell鈴,-ing表“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”,聯(lián)想:監(jiān)獄里警鈴大作→犯人們“造反”了!rebel(v.反叛n.反叛者)。
4.Catholic?(天主教的;天主教徒)。
5.harsh (粗糙的;刺耳的;嚴(yán)厲的)
6.schism (組織的分裂;派系)←sch+ism,sch看作scholar(學(xué)者),-ism抽象名詞后綴,學(xué)者之間是分“派系”的。
7.superstition(迷信)即super+sti+tion,super-前綴=over,sti詞根=stand,-tion名詞后綴,“超出站的地方”→在理性觀念之外→迷信。Superstition comes from fear, while fear in turn comes from ignorance.迷信來(lái)自恐懼,恐懼又來(lái)自無(wú)知。creationism(神創(chuàng)論)←creation+ism。
8.elimination (消除)即e+limin+ation,e-(=ex-)出,limin詞根“門”,-ation名詞后綴,“拒之門外”→排除;動(dòng)詞形式為eliminate←e+limin+ate。同根詞:preliminary(預(yù)備的,初步的)←pre在前+limin+ary形容詞后綴。Envy is more difficult to eliminate than hate between two people.在兩個(gè)人之間,忌妒比仇恨更難消除。
9.smallpox(天花)
10.dispute(v.爭(zhēng)論)即dis+put+e,dis-否定前綴,put看作單詞“放”,e小詞,有人說(shuō)“放”有人說(shuō)“不放”→爭(zhēng)論。A long dispute means that both Parties are wrong.持久的爭(zhēng)論意味著雙方都是錯(cuò)的。
11.Unabomber?(郵寄炸彈的恐怖分子)是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)造的新詞,由university and airline bomber縮略而成。
12.manifesto? (n.宣言)←manifest+o,manifest(v.表明,見(jiàn)2000年P(guān)assage 1),o看作張大的嘴,“用嘴表明”→宣言。Manifesto of the Communist Party 《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》。
13.scorn (v.n.輕蔑)可看作s+corn,s象形“蛇”,corn谷,蛇因不吃谷物而對(duì)之“蔑視”。Silence is the perfect expression of scorn.沉默是輕蔑的充分表達(dá)。
14.depletion (損耗)即de+plet+ion,de-(=away),plet充滿,-ion名詞后綴,“離開(kāi)充滿的狀態(tài)”→損耗。
15.ozone ?(臭氧)←o+zone,o看作“洞”,zone區(qū)域,聯(lián)想:由于全球變暖,“臭氧”層出現(xiàn)一個(gè)大洞。
16.epithet(稱號(hào),綽號(hào))看作epi+the+t,epi-前綴=up,the定冠詞,t他,“在他名字上面加個(gè)東西”→綽號(hào)。
17.exemplify (v.舉例說(shuō)明)即exempl(e)+ify,exemple=example(元音替換詞義不變),-ify動(dòng)詞后綴。
難句解析:
① Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.
這是一個(gè)類似祈使句的無(wú)主語(yǔ)句。think of后面的賓語(yǔ)部分比較繁雜,主要有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),主干部分其實(shí)是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。剩下的就是關(guān)于這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的修飾限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解釋的是trial的原因,before短語(yǔ)解釋的是trial的地點(diǎn);harsh remarks后面跟的against短語(yǔ)解釋的是remarks的內(nèi)容。
注意think of后面并列的雙賓語(yǔ),以及介詞for,before,against等在語(yǔ)義上的作用。另外注意作者舉的這兩個(gè)例子,前者是科學(xué)正確,而后者是人文學(xué)科正確。
② Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information", which assembled last June near Buffalo.
這個(gè)句子有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的介詞賓語(yǔ),主干句并不復(fù)雜:Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting。后面such as所跟的成分主要是舉例說(shuō)明meetings,引號(hào)里的是兩個(gè)meeting的名稱。第一個(gè)引號(hào)后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)是修飾前面引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容,指出這個(gè)會(huì)議召開(kāi)的地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間;第二個(gè)引號(hào)后面跟了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的是第二個(gè)會(huì)議召開(kāi)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。
先要知道voice their concerns的意思,然后就是such as后面列舉的是兩個(gè)會(huì)議的名稱,其后各有限定成分說(shuō)明會(huì)議召開(kāi)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。另外,注意the Age of (Mis)information有雙關(guān)的意思,the Age of information表示“信息時(shí)代”;而the Age of Misinformation表示“充滿了錯(cuò)誤信息的時(shí)代”。
③ A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research
理解這個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的剖析,主干句就是A survey reveals that...。賓語(yǔ)從句中的核心句比較簡(jiǎn)單:The tag has been attached to many groups。剩下的就是對(duì)用逗號(hào)部分隔開(kāi)的最后部分進(jìn)行分析:這是一個(gè)是from... to...連接的兩個(gè)并列名詞,每個(gè)名詞后面都有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)名詞是authorities,第二個(gè)名詞是Republicans,后面跟的都是一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,who在從句中作主語(yǔ)。
先要解決整個(gè)句子的基本句型,然后是賓語(yǔ)從句的句型,接著把from... to...結(jié)構(gòu)找出來(lái),搞清楚其中的定語(yǔ)從句就可以了。在閱讀中,考生不一定要關(guān)注那些細(xì)枝末節(jié)的信息,比如smallpox的意思對(duì)于本句的理解就不構(gòu)成障礙,因此只要知道是一種病就可以了。
④ Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.
這個(gè)句子也有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的、較長(zhǎng)的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句的核心句是:The term scorns science and longs for return。需要注意的是term后面跟了一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),這個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)部分the Unabomber跟了一個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句;return這個(gè)名詞后面跟的是一個(gè)介詞to引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)(生存狀態(tài))——a pretechnological utopia。
找出賓語(yǔ)從句中的主謂賓成分,明白主語(yǔ)后所跟的過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和定語(yǔ)從句的作用,就會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)句子有了清晰的理解。
⑤ The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
這個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)成了類似插入語(yǔ)的成分,插在了句子中間,表明的是發(fā)表這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的是什么人(姓名與身份)。而該句的主要內(nèi)容在于argue所跟的賓語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ)those有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句,其中who是主語(yǔ),question是謂語(yǔ),the evidence是賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)后面跟的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)修飾的是evidence,這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞supporting后面跟了三個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)。
要弄清suporting與evidence的關(guān)系:supporting引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)修飾evidence,規(guī)定了evidence的內(nèi)容。
試題解析:
9. 【正確答案】 [C]
意為:分裂,分歧。該句可譯為:本世紀(jì)如果有什么變化的話,只是科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以為理解該詞提供線索,該句可譯為:長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以來(lái),科學(xué)和文化的其他領(lǐng)域的關(guān)系一直不諧調(diào)(uneasy)。不諧調(diào)即對(duì)抗,即分歧。實(shí)際上,第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨,所以對(duì)全文的理解也可以幫助考生理解該段第三句的意思。
A意為:對(duì)抗。表面看起來(lái),這似乎與C沒(méi)有多大差別,但是,考生在理解句子的意思的同時(shí),也應(yīng)該稍微注意一下該句的措辭:該句的主語(yǔ)是schism,謂語(yǔ)是deepen,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而對(duì)抗只能“加強(qiáng)”。B意為:不滿。D意為:蔑視。
10. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為:(舉例)說(shuō)明科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科的分歧。其實(shí),不僅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展開(kāi)論述,其他各段也不例外。第二段指出,直到近期,科學(xué)界(the scientific commUnity)力量壯大,沒(méi)有必要理睬其批評(píng)者,但是,現(xiàn)在情況不同了(but no longer)。由于科學(xué)經(jīng)費(fèi)減少,科學(xué)家開(kāi)始著書抨擊“反科學(xué)”傾向;第三段指出,科學(xué)的維護(hù)者也在聚會(huì)上表達(dá)他們的擔(dān)憂。這兩種表現(xiàn)都是二者矛盾公開(kāi)化、加深的表現(xiàn)。
A意為:探討科學(xué)的威力減少的原因。B意為:表示作者對(duì)科學(xué)家的同情。C意為:說(shuō)明科學(xué)發(fā)展的方式。
11. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:一篇文章指責(zé)環(huán)境保護(hù)者為反科學(xué)者。第六段第二句指出,但是,這當(dāng)然不意味著為工業(yè)的無(wú)限制的擴(kuò)展而擔(dān)憂的環(huán)境保護(hù)者都是反科學(xué)者,(美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道)五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他們歸做反科學(xué)者。對(duì)該句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到線索,該句可譯為:環(huán)境保護(hù)者當(dāng)然對(duì)這種批評(píng)進(jìn)行了還擊。如果沒(méi)受到攻擊,當(dāng)然也沒(méi)有必要還擊。
B意為:政治家沒(méi)有被貼上反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽。第五段指出,1996年發(fā)表的新聞?wù){(diào)查表明,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽也貼在許多其他人的身上,包括主張消除所存的最后的天花病毒樣本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu),和主張減少基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的共和黨人。這兩種人——尤其是第二種人都是政治家。C意為:“更開(kāi)明的人士”經(jīng)常給別人貼上反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽。D意為:給環(huán)境保護(hù)者貼上“反科學(xué)”的標(biāo)簽是有道理的。
12. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:客觀的。作者似乎只是客觀地?cái)⑹隽丝茖W(xué)和人文學(xué)科之間的分歧,而并未評(píng)價(jià)孰是孰非。
B意為:主觀的。C意為:有偏向的。D意為:令人困惑的。
全文翻譯:
科學(xué)與文化的其他方面的關(guān)系一直都很緊張。想想看,17世紀(jì)伽利略為他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教會(huì)的審判,還有詩(shī)人威廉?布萊克對(duì)艾薩克?牛頓的機(jī)械的世界觀所發(fā)表的尖銳批判。本世紀(jì),(自然)科學(xué)與人文科學(xué)之間的分裂更深了。
以前,科學(xué)界如此之強(qiáng)大以致可以對(duì)批評(píng)者置之不理——但現(xiàn)在不同了。由于科研經(jīng)費(fèi)減少了,科學(xué)家出了幾本書來(lái)抨擊“反科學(xué)”勢(shì)力,其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學(xué)生物學(xué)家保羅?R?格羅斯和拉特格斯大學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)家諾曼?萊維特合著的《高級(jí)迷信》及康奈爾大學(xué)的卡爾?薩根著的《鬼怪世界》。
科學(xué)的捍衛(wèi)者們也在一些會(huì)議上表示了他們的擔(dān)憂。比如,1995年在紐約舉行的“遠(yuǎn)離科學(xué)和理性”會(huì)議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開(kāi)的“信息(迷信)時(shí)代的科學(xué)”會(huì)議。
顯然,反科學(xué)對(duì)不同的人有不同的含義。格羅斯和萊維特主要挑那些質(zhì)疑科學(xué)客觀性的社會(huì)學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家和其他學(xué)者的毛病。而薩根則更關(guān)注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物論和其他與科學(xué)世界觀相左的人。
1996年對(duì)新聞報(bào)道的調(diào)查表明,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽也貼在了許多其他群體上,從提倡消滅所有現(xiàn)存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡議削減基礎(chǔ)研究基金的共和黨人。
將該詞用在仇視現(xiàn)代文明的恐怖主義者身上,也不會(huì)引起多大爭(zhēng)議,它在1995年公開(kāi)發(fā)表蔑視科學(xué)、渴望回到前技術(shù)時(shí)代理想社會(huì)的聲明。當(dāng)然,這并不意味著,對(duì)不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔(dān)憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學(xué)的,而去年5月份刊登在《美國(guó)新聞和世界報(bào)導(dǎo)》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),環(huán)境主義者要對(duì)這些批評(píng)做出反應(yīng)。作為環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)者,斯坦福大學(xué)的保羅?埃利希認(rèn)為,科學(xué)的真正的敵人是那些對(duì)支持全球變暖、臭氧層稀薄和工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)的其他后果的證據(jù)提出質(zhì)疑的人。
的確,一些觀察者擔(dān)心反科學(xué)這個(gè)詞會(huì)失去意義?!啊纯茖W(xué)’這個(gè)詞可以涵蓋很多截然不同的東西”,哈佛大學(xué)的哲學(xué)家杰拉爾德?霍爾頓在其1993年的著作《科學(xué)和反科學(xué)》中寫道:“它們惟一的共同點(diǎn)就是會(huì)激怒或威脅那些自以為比別人更有見(jiàn)識(shí)的人?!?BR>
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics --- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of(Mis)information, ”which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened. ”
9.The word “schism”(Line 4, Paragraph 1)in the context probably means _____ .
A)confrontationB)dissatisfactionC)separation D)contempt
10. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _____ .
A)discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
B)show the author's sympathy with scientists
C)explain the way in which science develops
D)exemplify the division of science and the humanities
11. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A)Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
B)Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science
D)Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable
12. The author's attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is _____ .
A)impartialB)subjectiveC)biased D)puzzling
Unit 5 (1998) Part 3
重點(diǎn)詞匯:
1.relationship(關(guān)系)←relation關(guān)系+ship抽象名詞后綴(如:friendship友誼)。。
2.aspect(外表;方面); A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play only by chance and in a single field.真正的天才具有多方面的才能,只是處于偶然而僅在單一的領(lǐng)域中得到施展。
3.rebelling(n.反叛)看作re+bell+ing,re-反復(fù),bell鈴,-ing表“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”,聯(lián)想:監(jiān)獄里警鈴大作→犯人們“造反”了!rebel(v.反叛n.反叛者)。
4.Catholic?(天主教的;天主教徒)。
5.harsh (粗糙的;刺耳的;嚴(yán)厲的)
6.schism (組織的分裂;派系)←sch+ism,sch看作scholar(學(xué)者),-ism抽象名詞后綴,學(xué)者之間是分“派系”的。
7.superstition(迷信)即super+sti+tion,super-前綴=over,sti詞根=stand,-tion名詞后綴,“超出站的地方”→在理性觀念之外→迷信。Superstition comes from fear, while fear in turn comes from ignorance.迷信來(lái)自恐懼,恐懼又來(lái)自無(wú)知。creationism(神創(chuàng)論)←creation+ism。
8.elimination (消除)即e+limin+ation,e-(=ex-)出,limin詞根“門”,-ation名詞后綴,“拒之門外”→排除;動(dòng)詞形式為eliminate←e+limin+ate。同根詞:preliminary(預(yù)備的,初步的)←pre在前+limin+ary形容詞后綴。Envy is more difficult to eliminate than hate between two people.在兩個(gè)人之間,忌妒比仇恨更難消除。
9.smallpox(天花)
10.dispute(v.爭(zhēng)論)即dis+put+e,dis-否定前綴,put看作單詞“放”,e小詞,有人說(shuō)“放”有人說(shuō)“不放”→爭(zhēng)論。A long dispute means that both Parties are wrong.持久的爭(zhēng)論意味著雙方都是錯(cuò)的。
11.Unabomber?(郵寄炸彈的恐怖分子)是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)造的新詞,由university and airline bomber縮略而成。
12.manifesto? (n.宣言)←manifest+o,manifest(v.表明,見(jiàn)2000年P(guān)assage 1),o看作張大的嘴,“用嘴表明”→宣言。Manifesto of the Communist Party 《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》。
13.scorn (v.n.輕蔑)可看作s+corn,s象形“蛇”,corn谷,蛇因不吃谷物而對(duì)之“蔑視”。Silence is the perfect expression of scorn.沉默是輕蔑的充分表達(dá)。
14.depletion (損耗)即de+plet+ion,de-(=away),plet充滿,-ion名詞后綴,“離開(kāi)充滿的狀態(tài)”→損耗。
15.ozone ?(臭氧)←o+zone,o看作“洞”,zone區(qū)域,聯(lián)想:由于全球變暖,“臭氧”層出現(xiàn)一個(gè)大洞。
16.epithet(稱號(hào),綽號(hào))看作epi+the+t,epi-前綴=up,the定冠詞,t他,“在他名字上面加個(gè)東西”→綽號(hào)。
17.exemplify (v.舉例說(shuō)明)即exempl(e)+ify,exemple=example(元音替換詞義不變),-ify動(dòng)詞后綴。
難句解析:
① Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.
這是一個(gè)類似祈使句的無(wú)主語(yǔ)句。think of后面的賓語(yǔ)部分比較繁雜,主要有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),主干部分其實(shí)是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。剩下的就是關(guān)于這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的修飾限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解釋的是trial的原因,before短語(yǔ)解釋的是trial的地點(diǎn);harsh remarks后面跟的against短語(yǔ)解釋的是remarks的內(nèi)容。
注意think of后面并列的雙賓語(yǔ),以及介詞for,before,against等在語(yǔ)義上的作用。另外注意作者舉的這兩個(gè)例子,前者是科學(xué)正確,而后者是人文學(xué)科正確。
② Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information", which assembled last June near Buffalo.
這個(gè)句子有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的介詞賓語(yǔ),主干句并不復(fù)雜:Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting。后面such as所跟的成分主要是舉例說(shuō)明meetings,引號(hào)里的是兩個(gè)meeting的名稱。第一個(gè)引號(hào)后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)是修飾前面引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容,指出這個(gè)會(huì)議召開(kāi)的地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間;第二個(gè)引號(hào)后面跟了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的是第二個(gè)會(huì)議召開(kāi)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。
先要知道voice their concerns的意思,然后就是such as后面列舉的是兩個(gè)會(huì)議的名稱,其后各有限定成分說(shuō)明會(huì)議召開(kāi)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。另外,注意the Age of (Mis)information有雙關(guān)的意思,the Age of information表示“信息時(shí)代”;而the Age of Misinformation表示“充滿了錯(cuò)誤信息的時(shí)代”。
③ A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research
理解這個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的剖析,主干句就是A survey reveals that...。賓語(yǔ)從句中的核心句比較簡(jiǎn)單:The tag has been attached to many groups。剩下的就是對(duì)用逗號(hào)部分隔開(kāi)的最后部分進(jìn)行分析:這是一個(gè)是from... to...連接的兩個(gè)并列名詞,每個(gè)名詞后面都有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)名詞是authorities,第二個(gè)名詞是Republicans,后面跟的都是一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,who在從句中作主語(yǔ)。
先要解決整個(gè)句子的基本句型,然后是賓語(yǔ)從句的句型,接著把from... to...結(jié)構(gòu)找出來(lái),搞清楚其中的定語(yǔ)從句就可以了。在閱讀中,考生不一定要關(guān)注那些細(xì)枝末節(jié)的信息,比如smallpox的意思對(duì)于本句的理解就不構(gòu)成障礙,因此只要知道是一種病就可以了。
④ Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.
這個(gè)句子也有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的、較長(zhǎng)的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句的核心句是:The term scorns science and longs for return。需要注意的是term后面跟了一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),這個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)部分the Unabomber跟了一個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句;return這個(gè)名詞后面跟的是一個(gè)介詞to引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)(生存狀態(tài))——a pretechnological utopia。
找出賓語(yǔ)從句中的主謂賓成分,明白主語(yǔ)后所跟的過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和定語(yǔ)從句的作用,就會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)句子有了清晰的理解。
⑤ The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
這個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)成了類似插入語(yǔ)的成分,插在了句子中間,表明的是發(fā)表這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的是什么人(姓名與身份)。而該句的主要內(nèi)容在于argue所跟的賓語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ)those有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句,其中who是主語(yǔ),question是謂語(yǔ),the evidence是賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)后面跟的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)修飾的是evidence,這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞supporting后面跟了三個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)。
要弄清suporting與evidence的關(guān)系:supporting引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)修飾evidence,規(guī)定了evidence的內(nèi)容。
試題解析:
9. 【正確答案】 [C]
意為:分裂,分歧。該句可譯為:本世紀(jì)如果有什么變化的話,只是科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以為理解該詞提供線索,該句可譯為:長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以來(lái),科學(xué)和文化的其他領(lǐng)域的關(guān)系一直不諧調(diào)(uneasy)。不諧調(diào)即對(duì)抗,即分歧。實(shí)際上,第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨,所以對(duì)全文的理解也可以幫助考生理解該段第三句的意思。
A意為:對(duì)抗。表面看起來(lái),這似乎與C沒(méi)有多大差別,但是,考生在理解句子的意思的同時(shí),也應(yīng)該稍微注意一下該句的措辭:該句的主語(yǔ)是schism,謂語(yǔ)是deepen,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而對(duì)抗只能“加強(qiáng)”。B意為:不滿。D意為:蔑視。
10. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為:(舉例)說(shuō)明科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科的分歧。其實(shí),不僅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展開(kāi)論述,其他各段也不例外。第二段指出,直到近期,科學(xué)界(the scientific commUnity)力量壯大,沒(méi)有必要理睬其批評(píng)者,但是,現(xiàn)在情況不同了(but no longer)。由于科學(xué)經(jīng)費(fèi)減少,科學(xué)家開(kāi)始著書抨擊“反科學(xué)”傾向;第三段指出,科學(xué)的維護(hù)者也在聚會(huì)上表達(dá)他們的擔(dān)憂。這兩種表現(xiàn)都是二者矛盾公開(kāi)化、加深的表現(xiàn)。
A意為:探討科學(xué)的威力減少的原因。B意為:表示作者對(duì)科學(xué)家的同情。C意為:說(shuō)明科學(xué)發(fā)展的方式。
11. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:一篇文章指責(zé)環(huán)境保護(hù)者為反科學(xué)者。第六段第二句指出,但是,這當(dāng)然不意味著為工業(yè)的無(wú)限制的擴(kuò)展而擔(dān)憂的環(huán)境保護(hù)者都是反科學(xué)者,(美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道)五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他們歸做反科學(xué)者。對(duì)該句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到線索,該句可譯為:環(huán)境保護(hù)者當(dāng)然對(duì)這種批評(píng)進(jìn)行了還擊。如果沒(méi)受到攻擊,當(dāng)然也沒(méi)有必要還擊。
B意為:政治家沒(méi)有被貼上反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽。第五段指出,1996年發(fā)表的新聞?wù){(diào)查表明,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽也貼在許多其他人的身上,包括主張消除所存的最后的天花病毒樣本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu),和主張減少基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的共和黨人。這兩種人——尤其是第二種人都是政治家。C意為:“更開(kāi)明的人士”經(jīng)常給別人貼上反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽。D意為:給環(huán)境保護(hù)者貼上“反科學(xué)”的標(biāo)簽是有道理的。
12. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:客觀的。作者似乎只是客觀地?cái)⑹隽丝茖W(xué)和人文學(xué)科之間的分歧,而并未評(píng)價(jià)孰是孰非。
B意為:主觀的。C意為:有偏向的。D意為:令人困惑的。
全文翻譯:
科學(xué)與文化的其他方面的關(guān)系一直都很緊張。想想看,17世紀(jì)伽利略為他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教會(huì)的審判,還有詩(shī)人威廉?布萊克對(duì)艾薩克?牛頓的機(jī)械的世界觀所發(fā)表的尖銳批判。本世紀(jì),(自然)科學(xué)與人文科學(xué)之間的分裂更深了。
以前,科學(xué)界如此之強(qiáng)大以致可以對(duì)批評(píng)者置之不理——但現(xiàn)在不同了。由于科研經(jīng)費(fèi)減少了,科學(xué)家出了幾本書來(lái)抨擊“反科學(xué)”勢(shì)力,其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學(xué)生物學(xué)家保羅?R?格羅斯和拉特格斯大學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)家諾曼?萊維特合著的《高級(jí)迷信》及康奈爾大學(xué)的卡爾?薩根著的《鬼怪世界》。
科學(xué)的捍衛(wèi)者們也在一些會(huì)議上表示了他們的擔(dān)憂。比如,1995年在紐約舉行的“遠(yuǎn)離科學(xué)和理性”會(huì)議,以及去年6月在布法羅附近召開(kāi)的“信息(迷信)時(shí)代的科學(xué)”會(huì)議。
顯然,反科學(xué)對(duì)不同的人有不同的含義。格羅斯和萊維特主要挑那些質(zhì)疑科學(xué)客觀性的社會(huì)學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家和其他學(xué)者的毛病。而薩根則更關(guān)注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物論和其他與科學(xué)世界觀相左的人。
1996年對(duì)新聞報(bào)道的調(diào)查表明,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽也貼在了許多其他群體上,從提倡消滅所有現(xiàn)存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡議削減基礎(chǔ)研究基金的共和黨人。
將該詞用在仇視現(xiàn)代文明的恐怖主義者身上,也不會(huì)引起多大爭(zhēng)議,它在1995年公開(kāi)發(fā)表蔑視科學(xué)、渴望回到前技術(shù)時(shí)代理想社會(huì)的聲明。當(dāng)然,這并不意味著,對(duì)不加控制的工業(yè)發(fā)展表示擔(dān)憂的環(huán)境主義者也是反科學(xué)的,而去年5月份刊登在《美國(guó)新聞和世界報(bào)導(dǎo)》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),環(huán)境主義者要對(duì)這些批評(píng)做出反應(yīng)。作為環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)者,斯坦福大學(xué)的保羅?埃利希認(rèn)為,科學(xué)的真正的敵人是那些對(duì)支持全球變暖、臭氧層稀薄和工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)的其他后果的證據(jù)提出質(zhì)疑的人。
的確,一些觀察者擔(dān)心反科學(xué)這個(gè)詞會(huì)失去意義?!啊纯茖W(xué)’這個(gè)詞可以涵蓋很多截然不同的東西”,哈佛大學(xué)的哲學(xué)家杰拉爾德?霍爾頓在其1993年的著作《科學(xué)和反科學(xué)》中寫道:“它們惟一的共同點(diǎn)就是會(huì)激怒或威脅那些自以為比別人更有見(jiàn)識(shí)的人?!?BR>