Part Three
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”)because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
9. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1)is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____.
A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
B) “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
10. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2)might mean _____.
A) widespread B) overwhelming C) piercing D) fashionable
11. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____.
A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
B) exclusive use of them for social purposes
C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
12. From the last paragraph we can infer that _____.
A) stimulants function positively on the mind
B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Unit4(1997) Part 3
重點詞匯:
1.substance(物質(zhì);實質(zhì);財產(chǎn))←sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名詞后綴。
2.addict(使成癮;成癮者)即ad+dict,ad-加強前綴,dict詞根“說”,“欲罷不能地說某事”→成癮。名詞形式為addiction (成癮)←ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的癮都是不好的,無論上癮的是酒精、嗎啡還是唯心主義。
3.psychologist(心理學家)←psycholog(y)+ist,psychology心理學, -ist后綴表“人”。
4.cocaine(可卡因)即coca+ine,coca古柯(一種藥用植物),-ine醫(yī)藥化學名詞后綴“生物堿”,故cocaine也譯作“古柯堿”。
5.pervasive(普遍的)是pervade(v.遍及)的形容詞形式,pervade即per+vade,per-(=through),vade詞根“走”(約等于wade,因v與w形近可替換),“到處都走遍的”→遍及的。同根詞:invade→in+vade→“未經(jīng)允許走進來”→入侵;形容詞形式為invasive(侵略的)
6.sociable (社交的)←soci社會+able形容詞后綴。
7.negative (否定的,消極的)←neg否定前綴+ative形容詞后綴; Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一個冠以肯定名稱的否定概念。
8.poisoning (n.中毒;毒害)←poison+ing,poison(v.n.毒害n.毒藥),-ing后綴;poisonous (有毒的)←poison+ous形容詞后綴。
9.distortion (扭曲;曲解)即dis+tort+ion,dis-“分離”,tort詞根“扭曲”,-ion名詞后綴,“使扭曲以離開原來狀態(tài)”→曲解;動詞為distort←dis+tort。同根詞:torture(v.n.拷問;折磨)←tort+ure后綴,“使身體扭曲的一種行為”。
10.tolerance(寬容)←toler+ance;
11.symptom(癥狀)可看作sym+ptom,sym-共同,ptom諧音“怕疼”,共同(sym)的癥狀(symptom)是怕疼(ptom)。
12.psychoactive (藥物等對心理起作用的)即psycho+active,psycho詞根“心理”,active“起作用的”。
13.stimulant(刺激物;興奮劑)←stimul刺激+ant物;源自stimulate(刺激;激勵)←stimul+ate動詞后綴。
14.depressant ?(抑制劑;鎮(zhèn)靜劑)←depress+ant物。
15.psychedelic(致幻的;致幻劑)看作psyche+del+ic,psyche=psycho精神(e與o都可視為連接字母),del即DOC命令“刪除”,-ic后綴,“能把精神刪除的”→致幻的→致幻劑。
難句解析:
① The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
句子的主干是句子的前半部分The phrase "substance abuse" is often used... to make clear...,to make clear that...是動詞不定式作狀語,表示目的。that后面接的是賓語從句作動詞make clear的賓語。
注意make+sht.+adj.:make sth. clear,這里因為sth.是一個that引導的從句,所以放在了形容詞clear的后面。另外注意as... as的用法。
② We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
句子的主干就是We live in a society...,后面which引導定語從句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive,修飾society。冒號后面的部分是并列關(guān)系的名詞詞組,用來舉例說明前面提出的觀點,開始可以略去不看。
注意冒號后面列舉的前三個名詞詞組中的動詞不定式都相當于定語成分,修飾前面的中心名詞,表示其功效。
③Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Dependence is marked first by..., and then by...,其逗號隔開的成分是with+n.+過去分詞:with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect作狀語,用來進一步解釋藥物依賴的第一種表現(xiàn)。when the substance is discontinued是表示時間的狀語從句。
注意and連接兩個by開始的介詞詞組是并列關(guān)系,這樣就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名詞在這里的特殊意義:dependence指“對藥物的依賴”,withdrawal的意思是“停止用藥”。
④Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.
這是一個簡單句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are... grouped according to...,使用了被動語態(tài)。其中whether引導賓語從句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens作介詞according to的賓語。group這里用作動詞,是“分類”的意思。
試題解析:
9. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為:除海洛因或可卡因外,許多其他物質(zhì)也是有害的。第一段最后一句指出,許多醫(yī)生(physician)和心理學家常使用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不是“藥物濫用“這一概念,他們想以此說明:濫用像煙酒這樣的物質(zhì)與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
A意為:如果非法使用,物質(zhì)可能改變我們身體或大腦的功能。第一段第一句對“藥物”這一概念下了一個定義:從專業(yè)角度來講,除食品以外,任何改變我們的身體或大腦功能的物質(zhì)都是“藥物”。但是,正如第二句所指出的,許多人錯誤地認為“藥物”這一概念僅指某種醫(yī)藥或嗜毒者用的非法化學藥品。B意為:“藥物濫用”僅限指一少部分人的吸毒行為。C意為:煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命。這里,fatal(致命的)一詞太夸張了,與原文中所說的“有害”(harmfully)相去甚遠。
10. 【正確答案】[A]
該詞意為:普通的,廣泛的。事實上,由第二段第一句的冒號后部分所表達的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出該詞的意思。該句可譯為:在我們生活的社會里,醫(yī)用或社交用物質(zhì)(藥物)廣泛存在,如:用阿斯匹林制止頭痛,用酒交際,早晨用咖啡振作一下精神,抽支煙定定神(或:松弛一下)。
B意為:壓倒一切的,占主流的。C意為:尖銳的,尖的。D意為:時髦的,流行的。
11. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:長時間無節(jié)制地嗜用它們。根據(jù)第二段第四、五句,頻繁使用(repeated use)某種物質(zhì)(藥物)會使身體對之上癮或形成依賴。依賴起先表現(xiàn)為耐藥量(tolerance)的增加:要達到滿足,需要的劑量越來越多;停止服用后,一些不舒服的反應(yīng)就會出現(xiàn)??梢?,用藥量和用藥時間是造成藥物依賴的兩個重要因素。
B意為:僅將它們用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句確實提到了像酒這樣的“物質(zhì)”可以用于社交目的,但這不等于說只有用于社交目的的“物質(zhì)”才可以使人上癮。C意為:將它們大量地用來治病。量大僅是可能產(chǎn)生藥物依賴的原因之一,而頻繁使用也是形成藥物依賴的重要條件。D意為:粗心使用它們而產(chǎn)生不良癥狀。
12. 【正確答案】[B]
意為:幻覺劑本身就危害健康。根據(jù)第三段第四、五句,幻覺劑主要影響人的感知覺,以各種方式(包括產(chǎn)生幻覺)將它扭曲、改變。它們被稱作“引起幻覺的藥物”,因為它們似乎從根本上改變了人的意識狀態(tài)。
A意為:興奮劑對心智有積極影響。第三段前三句指出,影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺和行為的藥物屬于對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的(psychoactive)物質(zhì),它們通常分為興奮劑、抑制劑或幻覺劑。興奮劑具有開始加快或激活中樞神經(jīng)的作用,而抑制劑則具有減緩作用。但是,無論是哪種作用,其影響都是有害的。參閱第一段最后一句。C意為:抑制劑是對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)中最壞的一種。第三段提到了三種影響人的意識與行為的物質(zhì)(見上文),但并未指出哪種效果最壞。D意為:三種對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)經(jīng)常被一起使用。這一點第三段也未提到。
全文翻譯:
從專業(yè)角度說,除食品外,任何能改變我們生理和心理機能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認為“藥物”這個詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也是藥物。這也是現(xiàn)在許多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學家使用“物質(zhì)”這個更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不用“藥物濫用”來清楚表明濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
我們生活在一個物質(zhì)(藥物)在醫(yī)療和社交方面的使用都很廣泛的社會里:用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林,用來應(yīng)酬的酒,早晨用來提神的咖啡,還有定神用的香煙。使用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會認可,且顯然具有積極的作用,但什么時候就變成濫用了呢?首先,大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負面影響,如中毒或嚴重的感知錯亂。反復使用一種物質(zhì)可以導致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量,要產(chǎn)生預期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大,而一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。
影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺和行為的藥物(物質(zhì))屬于對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì),它們通常分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用,而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則相反:減緩它的活動?;糜X劑主要影響人的感知,通過多種方式對感知加以扭曲或改變,其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認為能“引起幻覺”(psychedelic一詞源于希臘語,意為“心靈顯現(xiàn)”),因為它們似乎能改變?nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)。
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”)because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
9. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1)is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____.
A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
B) “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
10. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2)might mean _____.
A) widespread B) overwhelming C) piercing D) fashionable
11. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____.
A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
B) exclusive use of them for social purposes
C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
12. From the last paragraph we can infer that _____.
A) stimulants function positively on the mind
B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Unit4(1997) Part 3
重點詞匯:
1.substance(物質(zhì);實質(zhì);財產(chǎn))←sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名詞后綴。
2.addict(使成癮;成癮者)即ad+dict,ad-加強前綴,dict詞根“說”,“欲罷不能地說某事”→成癮。名詞形式為addiction (成癮)←ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的癮都是不好的,無論上癮的是酒精、嗎啡還是唯心主義。
3.psychologist(心理學家)←psycholog(y)+ist,psychology心理學, -ist后綴表“人”。
4.cocaine(可卡因)即coca+ine,coca古柯(一種藥用植物),-ine醫(yī)藥化學名詞后綴“生物堿”,故cocaine也譯作“古柯堿”。
5.pervasive(普遍的)是pervade(v.遍及)的形容詞形式,pervade即per+vade,per-(=through),vade詞根“走”(約等于wade,因v與w形近可替換),“到處都走遍的”→遍及的。同根詞:invade→in+vade→“未經(jīng)允許走進來”→入侵;形容詞形式為invasive(侵略的)
6.sociable (社交的)←soci社會+able形容詞后綴。
7.negative (否定的,消極的)←neg否定前綴+ative形容詞后綴; Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一個冠以肯定名稱的否定概念。
8.poisoning (n.中毒;毒害)←poison+ing,poison(v.n.毒害n.毒藥),-ing后綴;poisonous (有毒的)←poison+ous形容詞后綴。
9.distortion (扭曲;曲解)即dis+tort+ion,dis-“分離”,tort詞根“扭曲”,-ion名詞后綴,“使扭曲以離開原來狀態(tài)”→曲解;動詞為distort←dis+tort。同根詞:torture(v.n.拷問;折磨)←tort+ure后綴,“使身體扭曲的一種行為”。
10.tolerance(寬容)←toler+ance;
11.symptom(癥狀)可看作sym+ptom,sym-共同,ptom諧音“怕疼”,共同(sym)的癥狀(symptom)是怕疼(ptom)。
12.psychoactive (藥物等對心理起作用的)即psycho+active,psycho詞根“心理”,active“起作用的”。
13.stimulant(刺激物;興奮劑)←stimul刺激+ant物;源自stimulate(刺激;激勵)←stimul+ate動詞后綴。
14.depressant ?(抑制劑;鎮(zhèn)靜劑)←depress+ant物。
15.psychedelic(致幻的;致幻劑)看作psyche+del+ic,psyche=psycho精神(e與o都可視為連接字母),del即DOC命令“刪除”,-ic后綴,“能把精神刪除的”→致幻的→致幻劑。
難句解析:
① The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
句子的主干是句子的前半部分The phrase "substance abuse" is often used... to make clear...,to make clear that...是動詞不定式作狀語,表示目的。that后面接的是賓語從句作動詞make clear的賓語。
注意make+sht.+adj.:make sth. clear,這里因為sth.是一個that引導的從句,所以放在了形容詞clear的后面。另外注意as... as的用法。
② We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
句子的主干就是We live in a society...,后面which引導定語從句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive,修飾society。冒號后面的部分是并列關(guān)系的名詞詞組,用來舉例說明前面提出的觀點,開始可以略去不看。
注意冒號后面列舉的前三個名詞詞組中的動詞不定式都相當于定語成分,修飾前面的中心名詞,表示其功效。
③Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Dependence is marked first by..., and then by...,其逗號隔開的成分是with+n.+過去分詞:with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect作狀語,用來進一步解釋藥物依賴的第一種表現(xiàn)。when the substance is discontinued是表示時間的狀語從句。
注意and連接兩個by開始的介詞詞組是并列關(guān)系,這樣就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名詞在這里的特殊意義:dependence指“對藥物的依賴”,withdrawal的意思是“停止用藥”。
④Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.
這是一個簡單句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are... grouped according to...,使用了被動語態(tài)。其中whether引導賓語從句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens作介詞according to的賓語。group這里用作動詞,是“分類”的意思。
試題解析:
9. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為:除海洛因或可卡因外,許多其他物質(zhì)也是有害的。第一段最后一句指出,許多醫(yī)生(physician)和心理學家常使用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不是“藥物濫用“這一概念,他們想以此說明:濫用像煙酒這樣的物質(zhì)與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
A意為:如果非法使用,物質(zhì)可能改變我們身體或大腦的功能。第一段第一句對“藥物”這一概念下了一個定義:從專業(yè)角度來講,除食品以外,任何改變我們的身體或大腦功能的物質(zhì)都是“藥物”。但是,正如第二句所指出的,許多人錯誤地認為“藥物”這一概念僅指某種醫(yī)藥或嗜毒者用的非法化學藥品。B意為:“藥物濫用”僅限指一少部分人的吸毒行為。C意為:煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命。這里,fatal(致命的)一詞太夸張了,與原文中所說的“有害”(harmfully)相去甚遠。
10. 【正確答案】[A]
該詞意為:普通的,廣泛的。事實上,由第二段第一句的冒號后部分所表達的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出該詞的意思。該句可譯為:在我們生活的社會里,醫(yī)用或社交用物質(zhì)(藥物)廣泛存在,如:用阿斯匹林制止頭痛,用酒交際,早晨用咖啡振作一下精神,抽支煙定定神(或:松弛一下)。
B意為:壓倒一切的,占主流的。C意為:尖銳的,尖的。D意為:時髦的,流行的。
11. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為:長時間無節(jié)制地嗜用它們。根據(jù)第二段第四、五句,頻繁使用(repeated use)某種物質(zhì)(藥物)會使身體對之上癮或形成依賴。依賴起先表現(xiàn)為耐藥量(tolerance)的增加:要達到滿足,需要的劑量越來越多;停止服用后,一些不舒服的反應(yīng)就會出現(xiàn)??梢?,用藥量和用藥時間是造成藥物依賴的兩個重要因素。
B意為:僅將它們用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句確實提到了像酒這樣的“物質(zhì)”可以用于社交目的,但這不等于說只有用于社交目的的“物質(zhì)”才可以使人上癮。C意為:將它們大量地用來治病。量大僅是可能產(chǎn)生藥物依賴的原因之一,而頻繁使用也是形成藥物依賴的重要條件。D意為:粗心使用它們而產(chǎn)生不良癥狀。
12. 【正確答案】[B]
意為:幻覺劑本身就危害健康。根據(jù)第三段第四、五句,幻覺劑主要影響人的感知覺,以各種方式(包括產(chǎn)生幻覺)將它扭曲、改變。它們被稱作“引起幻覺的藥物”,因為它們似乎從根本上改變了人的意識狀態(tài)。
A意為:興奮劑對心智有積極影響。第三段前三句指出,影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺和行為的藥物屬于對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的(psychoactive)物質(zhì),它們通常分為興奮劑、抑制劑或幻覺劑。興奮劑具有開始加快或激活中樞神經(jīng)的作用,而抑制劑則具有減緩作用。但是,無論是哪種作用,其影響都是有害的。參閱第一段最后一句。C意為:抑制劑是對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)中最壞的一種。第三段提到了三種影響人的意識與行為的物質(zhì)(見上文),但并未指出哪種效果最壞。D意為:三種對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)經(jīng)常被一起使用。這一點第三段也未提到。
全文翻譯:
從專業(yè)角度說,除食品外,任何能改變我們生理和心理機能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認為“藥物”這個詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也是藥物。這也是現(xiàn)在許多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學家使用“物質(zhì)”這個更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不用“藥物濫用”來清楚表明濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
我們生活在一個物質(zhì)(藥物)在醫(yī)療和社交方面的使用都很廣泛的社會里:用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林,用來應(yīng)酬的酒,早晨用來提神的咖啡,還有定神用的香煙。使用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會認可,且顯然具有積極的作用,但什么時候就變成濫用了呢?首先,大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負面影響,如中毒或嚴重的感知錯亂。反復使用一種物質(zhì)可以導致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量,要產(chǎn)生預期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大,而一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。
影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺和行為的藥物(物質(zhì))屬于對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì),它們通常分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用,而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則相反:減緩它的活動?;糜X劑主要影響人的感知,通過多種方式對感知加以扭曲或改變,其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認為能“引起幻覺”(psychedelic一詞源于希臘語,意為“心靈顯現(xiàn)”),因為它們似乎能改變?nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)。