成人高考學(xué)好英語語法小秘籍(四)

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第十章 如何將動詞改成形容詞
    我們中文里,一個字有時是動詞,有時卻又可以用作形容詞,的例子是〝微笑老蕭〞(蕭萬長院長的外號)〝微笑〞應(yīng)該是動詞,可是在這里,顯然〝微笑〞是形容詞。〝哭泣〞通常是動詞,可是我們也可以說〝哭泣的孩子〞。也難怪我們常見到以下錯誤的英文句子:
    a smile face
    a run boy
    需知smile和cry都是動詞,是不能當(dāng)作形容詞來用的。
    可是,更糟糕的是以下句子:“住在臺灣的人很有錢”,我們很多人會說
    * People live in Taiwan are rich.
    以上的話為什么錯呢?因?yàn)镻eople是主詞,are是動詞,live in Taiwan形容people,可是live是一個動詞,不能用作形容詞的。怎么辦呢?我們可以將一個動詞用成一個形容詞,我們的做法是利用分詞(participle)和不定詞(infinitive),而分詞有兩種:現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)和過去分詞(past participle),我們在下一節(jié),先談現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。
    10§1 現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)作為形容詞
    任何一個動詞,都有一個現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle),現(xiàn)在分詞的形式是在動詞后面加上ing,如:
    laughing
    crying
    walking
    swimming
    running
    以下的例子中,現(xiàn)在分詞都是形容詞
    a crying baby
    a smiling girl
    an exciting story
    running water
    a running boy
    a rising star
    現(xiàn)在分詞不一定放在名詞的前面,在以下的句子中,現(xiàn)在分詞都在名詞的后面
    a person walking in the woods
    the young man running very fast
    people living in Taiwan
    the person driving that red car
    the singer singing the national anthem(國歌)
    the boys playing in the fields
    the young boy swimming in the pool
    以下句子中的現(xiàn)在分詞,都被用作形容詞。
    We have a crying baby here.
    Seeing is believing.(believing是形容詞,seeing是名詞)
    Loving is forgiving.
    He always wears a smiling face.
    Running water is important for mankind.
    Look at the rising sun.
    The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong.
    The young man driving the red car is rich.
    Those boys playing basketball are happy.
    This movie is exciting.
    This news is very upsetting.
    This story is troubling.
    The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother.
    People living in the United States consume more energy than other people.
    The person painting the house there is from Mexico.
    She has a loving hu**and.
    He is a rising star.
    [練習(xí)四十四]
    將以下的中文句子譯成英文,每句都要用現(xiàn)在分詞
    1. 這是一本有趣的故事。
    2. 這門課很無聊(boring)。
    3. 看那只在唱歌的鳥。
    4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
    5. 住在鄉(xiāng)下的人通常很健康。
    6. 我不認(rèn)識那位騎腳車的男孩子。
    7. 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的兒子。
    8. 那位在問問題的學(xué)生非常聰明。
    9. 你見過那位打籃球的男孩子嗎?
    10.那位垂死(dying)的病人是我的老師。
    10§2 過去分詞(past participle)作為形容詞
    在完成式中,我們要用過去分詞,過去分詞也可以作為形容詞,以下是一些例子:
    a broken window (破碎的窗)
    a fallen angel (墮落的天使)
    a fallen star (已經(jīng)不走紅的明星)
    a depressed person (一個沮喪的人)
    a much appreciated action (為人很欣賞的動作)
    究竟過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞何不同呢?過去分詞多半有動被和已經(jīng)完成的意思。好的例子是:開發(fā)中家叫做a developing country,已開發(fā)國家就叫做a developed country.
    以下的例子可以解釋過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的不同:
    1. (a)這本書很有趣。
    This book is interesting.
    (b)我對這本書很有興趣。
    I am interested in this book.
    2. (a)這是一部令人沮喪的電影。
    This is a depressing movie.
    (b)我看了這部電影以后,感到非常沮喪。
    I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie.
    3. (a)結(jié)果令人失望。
    The result is frustrating.
    (b)他因這個結(jié)果而非常失望。
    He was frustrated because of the result.
    4. (a)這個消息真令人難過。
    This news is really upsetting.
    (b)他們都很難過。
    They are all upset.
    5. (a)約翰的進(jìn)步令人鼓舞。
    John's progress is encouraging.
    (b)我因約翰的進(jìn)步而感到鼓舞。
    I am encouraged by John's progress.
    6. (a)水在燒。
    The water is boiling.
    (b)這是燒開的水。
    This is boiled water.
    7.(a)這個消息出人意外。
    This news is surprising.
    (b)我對這個消息感到意外。
    I was surprised by the news.
    8. (a)他的談話令人困惑。
    His words are confusing.
    (b)他是一個充滿困惑的人。
    He is a confused person.
    記住,以下的句子都是錯的:
    *His statements are confused to me.
    *I am interesting in music.
    *He is an interested person.
    *This is indeed a surprised news.
    *This news is encouraged.
    正確的句子應(yīng)該是:
    His statements are confusing.
    I am interested in music.
    He is an interesting person.
    This is indeed a surprising news.
    This news is encouraging.
    以下是含有過去分詞的句子,每一個過去分詞都用作形容詞:
    America is a developed country.
    I found that dog killed in a car accident.
    The frustrated student needs help.
    I want the report completed before midnight.
    He is totally depressed.
    They are all frustrated.
    The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac.
    This book, read by almost every one, was written by Charles Dickens.
    This is still an unrealized dream.
    Are you interested in music?
    I am really surprised to meet you.
    I was excited by his arrival.
    The girl dressed in white is from Japan.
    A depressed person needs love from others.
    Millions got killed in the Second World War.
    He is a troubled child who needs advice.
    I have a broken leg.
    Broken glass is all over the place.
    千萬注意,我們不可以輕易亂用過去分詞,以下的句子都是錯的:
    *He is suffered.
    *This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science.
    正確的說法是:
    He suffers.
    This article will appear in the next issue of Science.
    [練習(xí)四十五]
    將以下的中文句子譯成英文:
    我對音樂有興趣。
    這部人人都看過的電影是在好萊塢制作的。
    他來自一個破碎的家庭。
    這個國家的法律已經(jīng)崩潰(break down)了。
    我因這個消息而感到興奮。
    我們應(yīng)該幫助那位沮喪的學(xué)生。
    三個人死于(get killed)這場車禍。
    這是一個充滿了困惑的學(xué)生。
    他是一個很有趣的人。
    [練習(xí)四十六]
    填空,全部用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞:
    1. He is totally (confuse)。
    2. I am (interest) in seeing that movie.
    3. This movie is really (excite)。
    4. That is a (break) promise.
    5. He has a (break) arm.
    6. Their marriage was (break) up.
    7. Justice is still not a (realize) dream.
    8. He is a (depress) person.
    9. The bicycle (ride) by the young kid is mine.
    10. I do not like to see any person (injure)。
    11. I was very much (surprise) to hear that news.
    12. His statements are (encourage)。
    13. The man (talk) about Hitler is a professor.
    14. The man (pilot) the airplane is quite young.
    15. The company (manage) by Mr. Lee is getting better and better.
    16. Poor John now has a (break) heart.
    17. There are boys and girls (dance) in the garden.
    18. The (steal) jacket has been found.
    19. The boy (laugh) there is not my son.
    20. He has a (smile) face.
    21. This is indeed very (excite)。
    22. This song, (hear) by almost everyone, was written by me.
    23. I don't like the song (write) by the Beatles.
    24. She is a (care) woman.
    10§3 不定詞(Infinitives)作為形容詞和副詞
    不定詞可以用作名詞,也可以用作形容詞,以下都是不定詞用作形容詞的例子,要注意的是不定詞不會放在名詞的前面:
    You don't have the right to talk so loudly.
    He is to blame.
    To see is to believe.(To see是名詞,to believe是形容詞)
    My job is to teach poor kids to learn.
    We all have the duty to serve our country.
    He has a talent to sing.
    I don't have time to play.
    He is a person to be liked by us all.
    This is a book to be read by all students.
    He has no money to spend.
    This is not a good place for kids to grow up in.
    This law is to protect innocent citizens.
    I am glad to see you.
    He is ready to start a war.
    He is rich enough to buy the entire building.
    They are afraid to die.
    He has no right to kill anyone.
    John is too weak to do this job.
    My mother is too old to drive a car.
    It is easy to fall behind in school.
    [練習(xí)四十七]
    將以下句子改成英文:
    我們都有納稅的義務(wù)。
    我們都有保持緘默(remain silent)的權(quán)利。
    他有游泳的天才。
    我已無錢可花。
    我無處可去。
    他太累了,不能開車了。(too………to………)
    我很高興看到你。
    他夠聰明,可以進(jìn)入大學(xué)。(enough………to………)
    我的工作是教小孩英文。
    我看到你,感到很意外。(surprised to………)
    我們有很多可談的事。
    他沒有可以交談的朋友。
    [練習(xí)四十七]
    將以下句子改成英文:
    我們都有納稅的義務(wù)。
    我們都有保持緘默(remain silent)的權(quán)利。
    他有游泳的天才。
    我已無錢可花。
    我無處可去。
    他太累了,不能開車了。(too………to………)
    我很高興看到你。
    他夠聰明,可以進(jìn)入大學(xué)。(enough………to………)
    我的工作是教小孩英文。
    我看到你,感到很意外。(surprised to………)
    我們有很多可談的事。
    他沒有可以交談的朋友。
    第十一章 詞組(Phrases)和子句(Clauses)
    請看以下的句子,特別注意劃線的字群:
    Understanding English is easy.
    I want you to work hard.
    Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English.
    I told him that I was going away.
    Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色,他們都沒有主詞,也沒有動詞,這種字群,叫做詞組(phrase)。
    Who has been to England和I was going away中,內(nèi)部都有主詞和動詞,這種字群,叫子句(clause)。
    由于我們已經(jīng)對詞組很熟悉,我們在這里不再討論,而我們在這一章將多多介紹子句的用法。
    11§1 問題型式的名詞子句
    假如我們說〝我不知道他住在哪里〞,或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是個謎〞,我們就可以用這種問題型式的名詞子句,每一個名詞子句都要用who, where, whether, which等來開始。以下是典型的例子:
    I don't know where he came from.(我不知道他來自何處。)
    Whether or not he is an American is still a secret.(他是否是個美國人仍然是個秘密。)
    I will find out where he is living.(我要找出他住在哪里。)
    I can not remember whether he smokes or not.(我不記得他是否吸煙。)
    Please let me know how old he is.(請讓我知道他多大年紀(jì)。)
    Kindly tell me what you really need.(請讓我知道你需要什么。)
    You have to decide which book you want to buy.(你應(yīng)該決定買哪一本書。)
    Do you know where he is from?(你知道他是從哪里來的?)
    Do you know who he is?(你知道他是誰嗎?)
    Please ask your brother whether he is coming or not.(請問你的兄弟他會不會來。)
    When she is coming remains a puzzle.(她何時來仍然是個謎。)
    I don't know what he is interested in.(我不知道他的興趣何在。)
    I don't understand what he is talking about.(我不知道他在談什么。)
    Do you know whose bicycle this is?(你知道這輛腳踏車是誰的嗎?)
    Do you know which country Hawaii belongs to?(你知道夏威夷屬于哪一個國家嗎?)
    You should ask your mother where you were born.
    (你應(yīng)該問你的母親你在哪里生的。)
    雖然每一個名詞都有問題的意義,我們卻不能在名詞子句中用問句的型式,因?yàn)楫吘惯@個名詞子句僅僅是一個子句而已,它的結(jié)尾并不是〝?〞。
    因此以下的句子都是錯的:
    *I don't know where did he come from.
    *I will find out how old is he.
    *Kindly tell me what do you need.
    *You have to decide which book do you want to buy.
    *When is he coming remains a puzzle.
    [練習(xí)四十八]
    將以下的中文句子譯成英文:
    1. 我不2. 知道你是誰。
    3. 請告訴我你是否是美國人。
    4. 我不5. 記得你是否喝咖啡。
    6. 請問你的姊姊她去年是否去過日本。
    7. 你知道他是誰嗎?
    8. 他從哪里來的是一個謎(puzzle)。
    9. 我要找出他哥哥會不10. 會游泳。
    11. 我知道他為何如此悲傷。
    12. 你知道瑪麗什么時候來嗎?
    13. 你知道發(fā)生了什么事嗎?
    14. 我知道天空為什么是藍(lán)的。
    15. 請告訴我你去年去哪里工作的。
    16. 你知道他在談什么嗎?
    17. 我不18. 懂他的問題是什么。
    [練習(xí)四十九]
    改錯:
    Please tell me why is he so sad.
    I do not know where is she from.
    Please tell me how many people are there in this house.
    Let me know how old are you.
    Is he a Japanese is a mystery.
    Do you know who is the president of the United States?
    May I ask you which kind of coffee do you like?
    I can not remember how old am I?
    What is he talking about is unclear to me.
    Do you know why is he coming?
    [練習(xí)五十]
    選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~,如whether, which, what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格(有時會有多種正確的填法):
    1. I don't know book you bought.
    2. Do you know he is from?
    3. Please ask him he drinks tea or not.
    4. he is thinking about is well known to all of us.
    5. Let me guess old you are.
    6. May I ask you are so sad?
    7. I don't know he is.
    8. Do you know house this is?
    9. This is not I want.
    10. I don't care you want to say
    11§2 以that開始的名詞子句
    現(xiàn)在我們先試著翻譯以下的句子:
    地球是圓的是眾所周知的事。
    一種直接了當(dāng)?shù)姆g是:
    *The earth is round is known to everyone.
    遺憾的是,以上的句子是不對,我們必須加一個that到名詞子句里去,以下的翻譯是正確的:
    That the earth is round is known to everyone.
    我們再來翻譯一個中文句子:
    我要求他一定要用功念書。
    直接了當(dāng)?shù)姆g可能像下面的:
    *I demand he must work hard.
    這是錯的,我們應(yīng)該加一個that在這個名詞子句的前面。以下的翻譯才是正確的:
    I demand that he must work hard.
    雖然我們??吹竭@種that被省略的情形,我們?nèi)韵M蠹抑?,為保險起見,好不要省掉that.以下是一些例子:
    That the sun rises from the west is wrong.(太陽從西方升起是錯的)
    That a lot of Jews were killed during the Second World War is now a historical fact.
    (大批*人在第二次大戰(zhàn)中被殺是歷的事實(shí))
    I didn't know that he is such a diligent student.(我不知道他是如此勤快的學(xué)生)
    I demand that you go away.(我要求你離開)
    I suggest that you go swimming every morning.(我建議你每天早上游泳)
    That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
    (我們該教孩子們尊敬父母)
    I don‘t think that he is a good athlete.(我不認(rèn)為他是一個好運(yùn)動員)
    Do you think that she is a good actress?(你認(rèn)為她是一個好的演員嗎?)
    That he can speak good English helps him.(他能說很好的文,這點(diǎn)對他很有幫助)
    I propose that we get married.(我建議我們結(jié)婚)
    Let us always remember that there are a lot of poor people in the world.
    (我們永遠(yuǎn)記住世界上有很多窮人)
    Never forget that we should always love one another.(不要忘記我們應(yīng)該互相友愛)
    I am surprised to find out that he is a Catholic.(我很驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個天主教徒)
    That we lost the game made all of us frustrated.(我們輸了,這件事令我們大感沮喪)
    I can hardly believe that his English is so good.(我不能相信他的英文如此之好)
    [練習(xí)五十一]
    請將that加到以下句子去:
    1.*I told you you must leave.
    2.*I am glad you are here now.
    3.*He is an American is unknown to us.
    4.*Can you imagine he is Chinese?
    5.*Do you think he is a Chinese?
    6.*Hitler was defeated in the Second World War is an important event in the history of mankind.
    7.*I do not think he is a bad student.
    8.*I am surprised to know she is from Japan.
    9.*It is hard to imagine he does not have a high school diploma.
    10.*Do you believe he is innocent?
    11.*I demand my students they work hard.
    12.*The sun rises in the east is a fact.
    [練習(xí)五十二]
    將以下句子翻譯成英文:(用that)
    1. 我不相信他是我的哥哥。
    2. 我勸(advice)他到美國去。
    3. 你相信地球是圓的嗎?
    4. 我告訴他他一定要讀這本書。
    5. 我忘記了你是個小孩。
    6. 你能相信我會講英文(speak English)嗎?
    7. 他沒有來令我生氣(make me angry)。
    8. 我認(rèn)為他是個好人。
    9. 不要忘記世界上有很多窮人。
    10. 我知道他教英文。
    11. 我從不知道他如此聰明。
    12. 我知道他不能來。
    13. 我希望他能來。
    14. 你相不相信他在臺灣長大的?
    15. 我無法決定他該不該念大學(xué)。
    16. 你告訴我他去年到美國了。
    17. 這位老師不知道我的爸爸也是老師。
    18. 我要問他明天會不會來我家。
    19. 你知道這火車到臺北嗎?
    20. 請告訴我你會不會說英文。
    11§3 形容詞子句(Adjective Clauses)
    在上二節(jié),子句都是用作名詞的。在這一節(jié),我們要介紹一種新的子句,那就是形容詞子句。請看以的中文句子:
    位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。
    我們不能直接了當(dāng)?shù)貙⒁陨系木渥幼g成:
    *The person live in that house is my brother
    第一種辦法是將live in the house改成living in the house,也就是說,我們可以將那個中文句子譯成下列的形式:
    The person living in the house is my brother.
    以上的句子中,living in the house是一個詞組,我們可以將這個詞組改成子句。因此,以下的翻譯是正確的:
    The person who lives in the house is my brother.
    在以上的句子中,who lives in the house是一個子句,因?yàn)樗兄髟~,也有動詞。他的作用是形容The person,所以是一個形容詞子句。
    由于形容詞子句永遠(yuǎn)都是在形容一個名詞,因此我們在這個子句中必需有一個代名詞(pronoun),像who, when, where, whom等。
    以下是一些形容詞子句的例子,讀者應(yīng)該弄清楚每一個形容詞子句所形容的名詞。
    The people who live in the country are often very healthy.
    (住在鄉(xiāng)下的人常常很健康)
    Do you like people who always talk about themselves.
    (你喜歡那些永遠(yuǎn)講他自己的人嗎?)
    The house which we bought last year is located beside a lake.
    (我們?nèi)ツ曩I的房子座落在湖邊)
    I met your uncle who has a red car.(我遇見了你的有紅色汽車的叔叔)
    Do you know the author who wrote this novel?(你知道寫這本書的作者嗎?)
    I have been to the house where Charles Dickens lived.
    (我曾去過狄更司住過的房子)
    I don‘t remember the year when the Second World War broke out.
    (我不記得二次世界大戰(zhàn)哪一年爆發(fā)的)
    Let me know the date when you got married.(讓我知道你是哪一天結(jié)婚的)
    I bought the car which Michael Johnson drove.(我下了麥克強(qiáng)森開的車子)
    The storm which hit India last week is very strong.
    (上周襲擊印度的暴風(fēng)雨是很強(qiáng)烈的)
    I thank all of you who helped me.(我要謝謝所有幫助過我的人)
    The girl whom you met last night works in a library.
    (你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一個圖書館里工作)
    The students whom you taught like you very much.(那些你教過的學(xué)生很喜歡你)
    I like the professor who taught me English.(我喜歡那位教我英文的老師)
    In this country, there are a lot of students who go to school by bus.
    (這個國家有很多學(xué)生搭乘公交車上學(xué))
    Have you heard about the murder case that occurred last night?
    (你有沒有聽到有關(guān)昨天晚上發(fā)生的謀殺案?)
    Those who love others will be loved by others.(愛人者人恒愛之)
    He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.(他是大家近在討論的人)
    The party which I went to is interesting.(我去參加的宴會很有趣)
    The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly.(這位我和他談話的教授很和善)
    Russia, which this island belongs to, is a big country.
    (這個島嶼屬于俄國,俄國是一個大的國家)
    請注意以上后的四個句子,它們有一個共同的特性,那就是子句的后一個字是一個介系詞(preposition),我們先看第一個句子:
    He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
    這一句話可以分成兩個句子來講
    He is a person.
    Everyone is talking about him these days.
    因此我們將這兩句話合并而成為
    He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
    在正式的英文中,我們必須說:
    He is a person about whom everyone is talking these days.
    再看下一句:
    The party Which I went to is interesting.
    這句話也可以分成兩句來講:
    The party is interesting.
    I went to the party.
    因此我們將兩個句子合并為一個句子:
    The party which I went to is interesting.
    正式的講法應(yīng)該是
    The party to which I went is interesting.
    同理,在正式英文中,其它二個名詞子句中的介系詞,也應(yīng)該放到前面去:
    The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.
    Russia, to which this island belongs, is a big country.
    我們還有一點(diǎn)必須在此指出,請看以下錯誤的句子:
    *I like the book which you gave it to me.
    以上句子中的it是多余的,因?yàn)間ave的受詞是which,不需要加it.
    以下的句子都是錯的:
    *He is the person whom everyone loves him.
    *He is not the person whom you saw him.
    [練習(xí)五十三]
    將以下句子譯成英文:(用形容詞子句)
    1. 我見到那位開快車的孩子。
    2. 我們在討論那些有問題的學(xué)生。
    3. 每天游泳的人一定很強(qiáng)壯。
    4. 開車送我去火車站的人是我的學(xué)生。
    5. 你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。
    6. 我喜歡你所寫的詩。
    7. 你們談到的那位教授是我的哥哥。
    8. 你們所聽到的音樂是藍(lán)調(diào)韻律(R & B)。
    9. 我喜歡那些有圖畫的書。
    10. 我不知道林肯在哪一個城市出生的。
    11. 我很喜歡你送我的CD.
    12. 我昨晚看的電影很無聊(boring)。
    [練習(xí)五十四]
    改錯:
    1.*I saw the man who you talked about.
    2.*He is not the man who we met.
    3.*Those cry very often are usually not liked.
    4.*I like to talk to people which are friendly.
    5.*I enjoy reading the book which you gave it to me.
    6.*Do you know the person which every one knows?
    7.*Peter is a good singer practices singing everyday.
    8.*Do you know Peter who we talked about?
    9.*Did you see the person who I spoke to?
    10.*I have seen the person whom we talked about him.
    [練習(xí)五十五]
    將代名詞如when, where, which等填入空格:
    1. He is the man is very good in English.
    2. I don't know the person you talked to.
    3. This is not the house the president lives.
    4. I do not like any one cries frequently.
    5. Did you read the book you bought last month?
    6. Do you know the year the Second World War ended?
    7. Do you know that student I taught?
    8. I have no idea about the person you are talking about.
    9. Do you know he is talking about?
    10. Do you know dress it is?