President Bush believes that open markets and a level playing field are vital to job creation and economic growth. That is why the president rejects economic isolationism and why this administration is continuing to aggressively engage with China. Last week， along with Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao， I led the president's Export Council to China to advance economic engagement， expand access for U.S. exports and address areas of trade concern.
China is America's fastest-growing export market and our third-largest trading partner. Two-way trade exceeds $190 billion and over the last three years American exports to China increased 76%. But maintaining any relationship requires commitment and candor. We are working closely with the Chinese government to ensure that trade takes place through open markets and on a level playing field.
Two months ago， the Bush administration hosted Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi in Washington for the Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade. The meetings produced positive breakthroughs that will expand opportunities for U.S. businesses. They also resolved seven potential World Trade Organization cases on high-technology products， agriculture and intellectual-property protection. These breakthroughs will expand opportunities for American workers and businesses.
While pursuing cooperation with China， the Bush administration has not and will not hesitate to enforce America's trade laws. We filed the first-ever WTO enforcement action against China， for its discriminatory taxation of U.S. semiconductors. We imposed the first safeguard actions against Chinese textile and apparel imports， and roughly half of all U.S. antidumping cases filed in 2003 were against unfair Chinese imports. However， while some would prefer to litigate for litigation's sake， we are focused on achieving real results， in real time.
Earlier this year， the Bush administration declined to accept two petitions that could have had a highly adverse impact on the Sino-U.S. trading relationship. We did so， in part， because of a belief that dialogue with the Chinese government is the best chance to produce results.
U.S. support for free trade depends on a fair showing from its trading partners. China needs to act on trade barriers because economic distortions compromise long-term potential. Resolving these problems is in the interests of both countries. American companies have the right to expect that their trading partners will treat intellectual property theft as a crime. Estimates show the computer software piracy rate to exceed 90% in China —— costing U.S. industry $2.4 billion in 2002. Sound trading relationships depend on partnership —— not piracy.
China must significantly reduce government micromanagement of the economy and introduce a far higher level of transparency， among many changes， before its transition to a market-driven economy can make meaningful progress. Market forces will not govern China's economy until the state improves the regulatory system and releases control over raw materials， the financial system， real estate， utilities and large enterprises within China.
In northeastern China， the state still owns or controls a majority interest of roughly 90% of all enterprises. Not surprisingly， that region now supplies only 8% of China's output —— down from 14% in 1981. Government control over the means of production radically distorts economic conditions， undermines efficient capital usage and compromises long-term potential. In addition， it creates a tilted playing field.
Last year， I advised China to lift its capital controls so that its entrepreneurs could experience greater financial freedom. Capital controls also compromise prosperity by misallocating a country's wealth. The unsound banking practices funded through the capital controls are equally troubling. China's state-run banks routinely extend loans to state-owned enterprises that are not expected to be repaid. As a result， there is a disturbing level of nonperforming loans in the portfolios of China's state-run banking system. Today， the big four state banks in China are， essentially， insolvent.
Clearly， there is much work to be done to open China's economy and curb government subsidies. That is why we traveled to China with a clear message： The U.S. has opened its markets to you； now you must open your markets to us. The Bush administration is determined because we know that American workers excel on even terms and we recognize that open markets spur economic growth and create jobs in America.
布什總統(tǒng)相信，開放的市場(chǎng)和公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境對(duì)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)極其重要。這就是為什么布什總統(tǒng)反對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)孤立主義以及本屆政府積極保持與中國(guó)接觸的原因。上星期，我率領(lǐng)美國(guó)總統(tǒng)出口委員會(huì)（President's Export Council）成員與勞工部長(zhǎng)趙小蘭（Elaine Chao）一起出訪中國(guó)，爭(zhēng)取促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)交往，擴(kuò)大美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的出口，并提出與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的關(guān)注。
中國(guó)是美國(guó)發(fā)展最快的出口市場(chǎng)，也是我們的第三大貿(mào)易夥伴。雙方的貿(mào)易額已超過1900億美元，美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的出口在過去的三年內(nèi)增長(zhǎng)了76%.但是，維持任何關(guān)系都需要承諾和坦誠(chéng)。我們正在與中國(guó)政府緊密合作，確保貿(mào)易在開放的市場(chǎng)和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。
兩個(gè)月前，布什政府在華盛頓接待了前來參加美中商貿(mào)聯(lián)合委員會(huì)（Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade）會(huì)議的中國(guó)副總理吳儀。會(huì)議為美國(guó)企業(yè)擴(kuò)大商機(jī)帶來了積極的突破。會(huì)議也解決了七項(xiàng)原本可能需要經(jīng)世界貿(mào)易組織處理的有關(guān)高科技產(chǎn)品、農(nóng)業(yè)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的爭(zhēng)端。這些突破性進(jìn)展將擴(kuò)大美國(guó)工人和企業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)。
布什政府在與中國(guó)合作的同時(shí)，從來沒有、今后也不會(huì)在貫徹實(shí)施美國(guó)貿(mào)易法方面有任何遲疑。我們向世界貿(mào)易組織首次提出對(duì)中國(guó)采取制裁行動(dòng)的訴求， 因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)品征收歧視性關(guān)稅。我們對(duì)中國(guó)的紡織品和服裝也首次采取了防范行動(dòng)。在2003年美國(guó)提出的所有反傾銷案中，幾乎一半是針對(duì)不公平的中國(guó)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品。雖然有些人寧可為訴訟而訴訟，但我們致力于迅速取得實(shí)質(zhì)效果。
今年早些時(shí)候，布什政府沒有接受兩項(xiàng)可能對(duì)中美貿(mào)易關(guān)系造成嚴(yán)重負(fù)面影響的申訴。我們這樣做的部份原因是相信只有同中國(guó)政府進(jìn)行對(duì)話，才最有可能取得成效。
美國(guó)對(duì)自由貿(mào)易的支持取決于美國(guó)的貿(mào)易夥伴進(jìn)行公平貿(mào)易的表現(xiàn)。中國(guó)需要采取行動(dòng)消除貿(mào)易壁壘，因?yàn)榕で?jīng)濟(jì)的措施有損于長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。解決這些問題符合兩國(guó)的利益。美國(guó)企業(yè)有權(quán)期待他們的貿(mào)易夥伴將盜版定為犯罪。據(jù)估計(jì)，中國(guó)的電腦軟件盜版率超過了90%，在2002年給美國(guó)企業(yè)造成了24億美元的損失。健康的貿(mào)易關(guān)系取決于夥伴關(guān)系，而不是盜版。
中國(guó)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的過渡要取得實(shí)質(zhì)進(jìn)展，必須實(shí)行包括大幅度減少政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的微觀管理和大大增加透明度在內(nèi)的多項(xiàng)改革。只有國(guó)家改善管理體制并放松對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)原材料、金融系統(tǒng)、房地產(chǎn)、公用事業(yè)和大型企業(yè)的控制，市場(chǎng)力量才能主宰中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
在中國(guó)東北，國(guó)家仍然擁有或控制著大約90%的企業(yè)的多數(shù)股權(quán)。因此，毫不奇怪，這個(gè)地區(qū)的產(chǎn)值現(xiàn)只占中國(guó)總產(chǎn)值的8%，低于1981年的14%.政府對(duì)生產(chǎn)方式的控制從根本上扭曲了經(jīng)濟(jì)，降低了資本使用率并損害了長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展?jié)摿?。此外還造成了不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
去年，我建議中國(guó)取消對(duì)資本的管制，以使中國(guó)的企業(yè)家在金融方面享有更大的自由。資本管制還造成國(guó)家財(cái)富分配不均，從而損害了國(guó)家的繁榮。資本管制在銀行系統(tǒng)中造成的不良行為也同樣令人不安。中國(guó)國(guó)有銀行常常向沒有償還能力的國(guó)有企業(yè)提供貸款。因此，中國(guó)國(guó)有銀行系統(tǒng)中存在著令人擔(dān)憂的大量呆帳。今天，中國(guó)四大國(guó)有銀行已經(jīng)基本不具備清償能力。
要開放中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)并削減政府補(bǔ)貼，顯然要做大量的工作。因此，我們前往中國(guó)訪問并傳達(dá)了明確的信息：美國(guó)已經(jīng)向你們開放了市場(chǎng)，現(xiàn)在你們必須向我們開放市場(chǎng)。布什政府的立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，因?yàn)槲覀冎烂绹?guó)工人能在公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中有卓越表現(xiàn)，而且我們認(rèn)識(shí)到開放的市場(chǎng)能刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并增加美國(guó)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
China is America's fastest-growing export market and our third-largest trading partner. Two-way trade exceeds $190 billion and over the last three years American exports to China increased 76%. But maintaining any relationship requires commitment and candor. We are working closely with the Chinese government to ensure that trade takes place through open markets and on a level playing field.
Two months ago， the Bush administration hosted Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi in Washington for the Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade. The meetings produced positive breakthroughs that will expand opportunities for U.S. businesses. They also resolved seven potential World Trade Organization cases on high-technology products， agriculture and intellectual-property protection. These breakthroughs will expand opportunities for American workers and businesses.
While pursuing cooperation with China， the Bush administration has not and will not hesitate to enforce America's trade laws. We filed the first-ever WTO enforcement action against China， for its discriminatory taxation of U.S. semiconductors. We imposed the first safeguard actions against Chinese textile and apparel imports， and roughly half of all U.S. antidumping cases filed in 2003 were against unfair Chinese imports. However， while some would prefer to litigate for litigation's sake， we are focused on achieving real results， in real time.
Earlier this year， the Bush administration declined to accept two petitions that could have had a highly adverse impact on the Sino-U.S. trading relationship. We did so， in part， because of a belief that dialogue with the Chinese government is the best chance to produce results.
U.S. support for free trade depends on a fair showing from its trading partners. China needs to act on trade barriers because economic distortions compromise long-term potential. Resolving these problems is in the interests of both countries. American companies have the right to expect that their trading partners will treat intellectual property theft as a crime. Estimates show the computer software piracy rate to exceed 90% in China —— costing U.S. industry $2.4 billion in 2002. Sound trading relationships depend on partnership —— not piracy.
China must significantly reduce government micromanagement of the economy and introduce a far higher level of transparency， among many changes， before its transition to a market-driven economy can make meaningful progress. Market forces will not govern China's economy until the state improves the regulatory system and releases control over raw materials， the financial system， real estate， utilities and large enterprises within China.
In northeastern China， the state still owns or controls a majority interest of roughly 90% of all enterprises. Not surprisingly， that region now supplies only 8% of China's output —— down from 14% in 1981. Government control over the means of production radically distorts economic conditions， undermines efficient capital usage and compromises long-term potential. In addition， it creates a tilted playing field.
Last year， I advised China to lift its capital controls so that its entrepreneurs could experience greater financial freedom. Capital controls also compromise prosperity by misallocating a country's wealth. The unsound banking practices funded through the capital controls are equally troubling. China's state-run banks routinely extend loans to state-owned enterprises that are not expected to be repaid. As a result， there is a disturbing level of nonperforming loans in the portfolios of China's state-run banking system. Today， the big four state banks in China are， essentially， insolvent.
Clearly， there is much work to be done to open China's economy and curb government subsidies. That is why we traveled to China with a clear message： The U.S. has opened its markets to you； now you must open your markets to us. The Bush administration is determined because we know that American workers excel on even terms and we recognize that open markets spur economic growth and create jobs in America.
布什總統(tǒng)相信，開放的市場(chǎng)和公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境對(duì)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)極其重要。這就是為什么布什總統(tǒng)反對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)孤立主義以及本屆政府積極保持與中國(guó)接觸的原因。上星期，我率領(lǐng)美國(guó)總統(tǒng)出口委員會(huì)（President's Export Council）成員與勞工部長(zhǎng)趙小蘭（Elaine Chao）一起出訪中國(guó)，爭(zhēng)取促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)交往，擴(kuò)大美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的出口，并提出與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的關(guān)注。
中國(guó)是美國(guó)發(fā)展最快的出口市場(chǎng)，也是我們的第三大貿(mào)易夥伴。雙方的貿(mào)易額已超過1900億美元，美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的出口在過去的三年內(nèi)增長(zhǎng)了76%.但是，維持任何關(guān)系都需要承諾和坦誠(chéng)。我們正在與中國(guó)政府緊密合作，確保貿(mào)易在開放的市場(chǎng)和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。
兩個(gè)月前，布什政府在華盛頓接待了前來參加美中商貿(mào)聯(lián)合委員會(huì)（Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade）會(huì)議的中國(guó)副總理吳儀。會(huì)議為美國(guó)企業(yè)擴(kuò)大商機(jī)帶來了積極的突破。會(huì)議也解決了七項(xiàng)原本可能需要經(jīng)世界貿(mào)易組織處理的有關(guān)高科技產(chǎn)品、農(nóng)業(yè)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的爭(zhēng)端。這些突破性進(jìn)展將擴(kuò)大美國(guó)工人和企業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)。
布什政府在與中國(guó)合作的同時(shí)，從來沒有、今后也不會(huì)在貫徹實(shí)施美國(guó)貿(mào)易法方面有任何遲疑。我們向世界貿(mào)易組織首次提出對(duì)中國(guó)采取制裁行動(dòng)的訴求， 因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)品征收歧視性關(guān)稅。我們對(duì)中國(guó)的紡織品和服裝也首次采取了防范行動(dòng)。在2003年美國(guó)提出的所有反傾銷案中，幾乎一半是針對(duì)不公平的中國(guó)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品。雖然有些人寧可為訴訟而訴訟，但我們致力于迅速取得實(shí)質(zhì)效果。
今年早些時(shí)候，布什政府沒有接受兩項(xiàng)可能對(duì)中美貿(mào)易關(guān)系造成嚴(yán)重負(fù)面影響的申訴。我們這樣做的部份原因是相信只有同中國(guó)政府進(jìn)行對(duì)話，才最有可能取得成效。
美國(guó)對(duì)自由貿(mào)易的支持取決于美國(guó)的貿(mào)易夥伴進(jìn)行公平貿(mào)易的表現(xiàn)。中國(guó)需要采取行動(dòng)消除貿(mào)易壁壘，因?yàn)榕で?jīng)濟(jì)的措施有損于長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。解決這些問題符合兩國(guó)的利益。美國(guó)企業(yè)有權(quán)期待他們的貿(mào)易夥伴將盜版定為犯罪。據(jù)估計(jì)，中國(guó)的電腦軟件盜版率超過了90%，在2002年給美國(guó)企業(yè)造成了24億美元的損失。健康的貿(mào)易關(guān)系取決于夥伴關(guān)系，而不是盜版。
中國(guó)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的過渡要取得實(shí)質(zhì)進(jìn)展，必須實(shí)行包括大幅度減少政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的微觀管理和大大增加透明度在內(nèi)的多項(xiàng)改革。只有國(guó)家改善管理體制并放松對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)原材料、金融系統(tǒng)、房地產(chǎn)、公用事業(yè)和大型企業(yè)的控制，市場(chǎng)力量才能主宰中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
在中國(guó)東北，國(guó)家仍然擁有或控制著大約90%的企業(yè)的多數(shù)股權(quán)。因此，毫不奇怪，這個(gè)地區(qū)的產(chǎn)值現(xiàn)只占中國(guó)總產(chǎn)值的8%，低于1981年的14%.政府對(duì)生產(chǎn)方式的控制從根本上扭曲了經(jīng)濟(jì)，降低了資本使用率并損害了長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展?jié)摿?。此外還造成了不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
去年，我建議中國(guó)取消對(duì)資本的管制，以使中國(guó)的企業(yè)家在金融方面享有更大的自由。資本管制還造成國(guó)家財(cái)富分配不均，從而損害了國(guó)家的繁榮。資本管制在銀行系統(tǒng)中造成的不良行為也同樣令人不安。中國(guó)國(guó)有銀行常常向沒有償還能力的國(guó)有企業(yè)提供貸款。因此，中國(guó)國(guó)有銀行系統(tǒng)中存在著令人擔(dān)憂的大量呆帳。今天，中國(guó)四大國(guó)有銀行已經(jīng)基本不具備清償能力。
要開放中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)并削減政府補(bǔ)貼，顯然要做大量的工作。因此，我們前往中國(guó)訪問并傳達(dá)了明確的信息：美國(guó)已經(jīng)向你們開放了市場(chǎng)，現(xiàn)在你們必須向我們開放市場(chǎng)。布什政府的立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，因?yàn)槲覀冎烂绹?guó)工人能在公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中有卓越表現(xiàn)，而且我們認(rèn)識(shí)到開放的市場(chǎng)能刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并增加美國(guó)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。