TEXT 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology
[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialisation is .
[A] the development in communication
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D] the splitting up of academic societies
academic7a.①學(xué)校的,學(xué)院的;②學(xué)術(shù)的;n.學(xué)者,大學(xué)教師
activity17n.①活動(dòng);②活性,活力
affect6v.①影響;②感動(dòng)
amateur7a.業(yè)余的;n.業(yè)余(活動(dòng))愛好者
author69n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
basis4n.基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)
communication11n.①通訊,傳達(dá);②[pl.]通訊系統(tǒng);③[pl.]交通(工具);④交流
community17n.①同一地區(qū)的全體居民,社會(huì),社區(qū);②共同體,團(tuán)體
comparison3n.比較,對(duì)比,比喻,比擬
compete5v.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
complex7a.①復(fù)雜的;②合成的,綜合的;n.聯(lián)合體
concern20v.①涉及,關(guān)系到;②(常與with,about,in連用)關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂;n.①(利害)關(guān)系;②關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂
consequence13n.結(jié)果,影響,重要性
constitute4v.組成,構(gòu)成
crucial5a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
definition8n.定義,解釋
demonstrate4v.①論證,證實(shí);②演示,說明
distinction5n.差別,區(qū)分
emphasis9n.強(qiáng)調(diào),重點(diǎn)
exception3n.例外,除外
expansion2n.①擴(kuò)張,膨脹;②張開,伸展
geology3n.地質(zhì)(學(xué))
growth22n.生長(zhǎng),增長(zhǎng),發(fā)展
handle4n.柄,把手,拉手;v.①處理,對(duì)待,操縱;②觸,摸,撫養(yǎng)
hardship2n.艱難,困苦
illustrate6v.①舉例說明,闡明;②圖解,加插圖
imply12v.意指,含...意思,暗示
incorporate1v.合并,納入,結(jié)合;a.合并的
increasingly11ad.不斷增加地,日益
infer21v.推論,推斷
information44n.①通知,報(bào)告;②情報(bào),信息
integrate3v.(into,with)(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起,(使)合并
introduction4n.①(to)介紹;②傳入,引進(jìn);③導(dǎo)言,導(dǎo)論,緒論
journal6n.①定期刊物,雜志,日?qǐng)?bào);②日志,日記
kingdom1n.王國,領(lǐng)域
knowledge15n.①知識(shí),學(xué)識(shí);②知道,了解
laboratory3n.實(shí)驗(yàn)室
lead21v.①領(lǐng)導(dǎo),引導(dǎo);②,占首位;③(to)通向,導(dǎo)致,引起;④經(jīng)歷,過(生活);n.帶領(lǐng),引導(dǎo);n.鉛
local9a.①地方的,當(dāng)?shù)氐?;②局部?BR> logical4a.①邏輯的,符合邏輯的;②必然的
mathematical2a.數(shù)學(xué)(上)的
nevertheless7conj./ad.雖然如此
obvious13a.明顯的,顯而易見的
overall3a.全面的,綜合的;n.[pl.]工作服,工裝褲
policy12n.政策,方針
process34n.①過程,進(jìn)程;②工序,制作法;③工藝;v.加工,處理
professional15a.職業(yè)的,專業(yè)的,專門的;n.專家,專業(yè)人員
psychology7n.心理學(xué),心理
publication2n.①出版物;②出版,發(fā)行;③公布,發(fā)表
pursue5v.①追趕,追蹤;②繼續(xù),從事;③獲得,完成
reason26n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推論,推理;②說服,評(píng)理;③討論,辯論
reckon1v.①認(rèn)為,估計(jì);②指望,想要;③測(cè)算
reflect8v.①反映,表現(xiàn);②反省,考慮;③反射
reinforce2v.增援,加強(qiáng)
relate12v.①敘述,講述;②使互相關(guān)聯(lián);③與...有關(guān)(系)
represent4v.①描述,表示;②代表,代理;③闡明,說明
requirement7n.(for)需要,需要的東西,要求
response5n.①回答,回音;②反應(yīng),響應(yīng)
result37n.結(jié)果,成果,成績(jī);v.①(in)導(dǎo)致,結(jié)果是;②(from)起因于,因...而造成
reveal8v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露
science58n.①科學(xué);②學(xué)科
series5n.①一系列,連續(xù);②叢書
sociology3n.社會(huì)學(xué)
specific12a.①明確的,具體的;②特定的,特有的
split1v.①裂開,劈開;②分裂,分離;n.分化,分裂,裂口
structure13n.①結(jié)構(gòu),構(gòu)造;②建筑物;v.構(gòu)造,建造
subject13n.①主題,題目;②學(xué)科,科目;③主語;a.(to)易遭...的,受...支配的;v.(to)使遭到,使服從
tend26v.①趨向,往往是;②照料,看護(hù)
trend12n.傾向,趨勢(shì);v.伸向,傾向
widespread3a.分布廣泛的,普遍的
word36n.①詞,單詞;②[常pl.]話;③消息,傳說;④諾言,保證;v.用言語表達(dá)
worthwhile4a.值得(做)的
accumulation1n.積聚,堆積物
connotation1n.含蓄,內(nèi)涵
consequent1a.作為結(jié)果的,隨之發(fā)生的
differentiation1n.區(qū)別
discrimination4n.①識(shí)別力,辨別力;②(against)歧視
geological4a.地質(zhì)學(xué)的,地質(zhì)的
geologist2n.地質(zhì)學(xué)者
participation3n.分享,參與
primacy3n.首位
professionalisation2n.職業(yè)化,專業(yè)化
readership1n.讀者群,讀者人數(shù)
referee1n.仲裁人,調(diào)解人,裁判員;v.仲裁,裁判
specialisation4n.特殊化,專門化
難句1
Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句句子主干結(jié)構(gòu):...the word "amateur" ... carry a connotation...;
2. connotation后面是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,此同位語從句主語是the person,謂語為雙謂語integrate和share;
3. nevertheless=nonetheless:盡管,但是,表示轉(zhuǎn)折;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是同位語從句復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]知道同位語從句是對(duì)主句賓語的進(jìn)一步說明,然后再進(jìn)一步分析即可;
[例句精譯]但是"業(yè)余"這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義,那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。
難句2
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為:The trend was ... obvious ... and can be illustrated ... ,為一個(gè)主語,兩個(gè)謂語;
2. 逗號(hào)前面的分句中過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)based ... 為areas of science的后置定語;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是and連接的兩個(gè)謂語成分不容易看出,從而造成理解上的困 難;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出主語,然后根據(jù)連接詞and得出為并列的兩個(gè)謂語,然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實(shí)。
難句3
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]本句主干部分比較復(fù)雜,主語是:A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half,核心詞是comparison,表示前后的對(duì)比;謂語是reveals;賓語部分為并列賓語,用not simply ... but also ... 連接;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主語部分比較長(zhǎng),且表示一種比較關(guān)系,賓語部分包含一個(gè)not...but連接的并列賓語;
[方法對(duì)策]找出主語的核心詞comparison,再依次找出謂語和并列賓語,則此句比較好理解了;
[例句精譯]比較過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)出版物,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。
難句4
The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干部分是:The ... result has been to make entrance ... harder for amateurs...;
2. 第一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面是一個(gè)名詞性短語,中心詞是the result,后面是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句;
3. 此定語從句中包含兩個(gè)并列狀語,其結(jié)構(gòu)為:first by ... and then by ... ;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是主句主干內(nèi)容不好理解,主句后面的名詞性短語中又包含比較長(zhǎng)的定語從句和相應(yīng)的并列狀語成分;
[方法對(duì)策]首先抓住主句主干,然后再進(jìn)一步分析其后的名詞性短語中的定語從句和并列狀語;
[例句精譯]其總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員的論文進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困 難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使論文發(fā)表的難度進(jìn)一步加大,這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國性雜志出現(xiàn)的,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。
難句5
A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句為whereas連接的兩個(gè)并列句,第一個(gè)分句說明professional geologists的情況,第二個(gè)分句說明amateurs的情況;
2. 第二個(gè)分句包含一個(gè)tend either to ... or to ...的選擇結(jié)構(gòu);
[本句難點(diǎn)]本句主要是對(duì)兩個(gè)并列句所表達(dá)內(nèi)容的理解;
[方法對(duì)策]由whereas分別找出兩個(gè)分句的主干結(jié)構(gòu),然后明確兩個(gè)團(tuán)體各自的行為,從而把握本句所表達(dá)的意思;
[例句精譯]類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團(tuán)體。
本文談了科學(xué)界的專業(yè)化是怎樣形成的這樣一個(gè)十分枯燥的問題。由此可見,考研英語是多么的乏味,多么的學(xué)究,多么脫離生活。注意,考研是為了選拔研究人才,所以考的英語屬"經(jīng)院式英語",這與在國外學(xué)到的"生活式英語"大相徑庭!
51.[答案] D
[解析]這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段的最后一句話就明確提到,以數(shù)學(xué)、試驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)iT化趨勢(shì)明顯。社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)都未被提及,所以可以利用排除法,將A、B、C排除。故正確答案為D。
52.[答案] B
[解析]這是一個(gè)推理題,文章在第三段提到了業(yè)余科學(xué)家的情況。從第三段的最后一句話可以作出推斷:專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家有一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余的研究者則參加本地的,或者以不同的方式在全國范圍內(nèi)聚會(huì)。從中可以推斷出業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究的一些領(lǐng)域中可以與專業(yè)科學(xué)家一比高低,故正確答案為B。
53.[答案] A
[解析]看到題干,就要在原文中找到提及了geology的第三段。在第三段中,作者利用地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展的例子說明了業(yè)余研究者與專業(yè)科學(xué)家的分化過程:不同的刊物面向不同的讀者;不同的協(xié)會(huì)服務(wù)于不同的研究者。A是說"為了論證專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過程",這與文章的意思相符。
54.[答案] C
[解析]這道題的答案可以直接從第一段的第一句話中找到,"專門化是針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題做出的反應(yīng)"。
專業(yè)化是針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過將學(xué)科細(xì)化,科學(xué)家就能不斷掌握信息并以此為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行研究。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科研活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分。盡管任何規(guī)律都有其例外,但是"業(yè)余"這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義,那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,相應(yīng)地要求相關(guān)人員接受長(zhǎng)期而復(fù)雜的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練,這對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實(shí)。
比較過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)出版物,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此,在19世紀(jì),局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價(jià)值的研究;而到了20世紀(jì),如果局部的研究能夠被專業(yè)人員接受,那么它越來越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面,業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。其總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員的論文進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使論文發(fā)表的難度進(jìn)一步加大,這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國性雜志出現(xiàn)的,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團(tuán)體。
雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程在19世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展,但是它的效果直到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來。然而,從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來看,19世紀(jì)必須被視為科研結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
51. 19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化的發(fā)展在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域可能看得更清晰。
[A] 社會(huì)學(xué)與化學(xué)
[B] 物理學(xué)與心理學(xué)
[C] 社會(huì)學(xué)與心理學(xué)
[D] 物理學(xué)與化學(xué)
52. 從本文我們可推知:
[A] 專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化過程幾乎沒有區(qū)別
[B] 業(yè)余研究人員可以在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域同專業(yè)研究人員競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
[C] 專業(yè)研究人員往往歡迎業(yè)余研究人員加入科學(xué)團(tuán)體
[D] 業(yè)務(wù)研究人員擁有全國性學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu),但沒有地方性學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)
53. 作者寫地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展是為了論證。
[A] 專業(yè)化與職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過程
[B] 非專業(yè)人員在科學(xué)研究中的艱辛
[C] 科研出版政策的變化
[D] 專業(yè)人員對(duì)非專業(yè)人員的歧視
54. 專業(yè)化的直接原因是。
[A] 學(xué)術(shù)交流的發(fā)展
[B] 職業(yè)化的發(fā)展
[C] 科學(xué)知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展
[D] 學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分化
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology
[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialisation is .
[A] the development in communication
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D] the splitting up of academic societies
academic7a.①學(xué)校的,學(xué)院的;②學(xué)術(shù)的;n.學(xué)者,大學(xué)教師
activity17n.①活動(dòng);②活性,活力
affect6v.①影響;②感動(dòng)
amateur7a.業(yè)余的;n.業(yè)余(活動(dòng))愛好者
author69n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
basis4n.基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)
communication11n.①通訊,傳達(dá);②[pl.]通訊系統(tǒng);③[pl.]交通(工具);④交流
community17n.①同一地區(qū)的全體居民,社會(huì),社區(qū);②共同體,團(tuán)體
comparison3n.比較,對(duì)比,比喻,比擬
compete5v.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
complex7a.①復(fù)雜的;②合成的,綜合的;n.聯(lián)合體
concern20v.①涉及,關(guān)系到;②(常與with,about,in連用)關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂;n.①(利害)關(guān)系;②關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂
consequence13n.結(jié)果,影響,重要性
constitute4v.組成,構(gòu)成
crucial5a.至關(guān)重要的,決定性的
definition8n.定義,解釋
demonstrate4v.①論證,證實(shí);②演示,說明
distinction5n.差別,區(qū)分
emphasis9n.強(qiáng)調(diào),重點(diǎn)
exception3n.例外,除外
expansion2n.①擴(kuò)張,膨脹;②張開,伸展
geology3n.地質(zhì)(學(xué))
growth22n.生長(zhǎng),增長(zhǎng),發(fā)展
handle4n.柄,把手,拉手;v.①處理,對(duì)待,操縱;②觸,摸,撫養(yǎng)
hardship2n.艱難,困苦
illustrate6v.①舉例說明,闡明;②圖解,加插圖
imply12v.意指,含...意思,暗示
incorporate1v.合并,納入,結(jié)合;a.合并的
increasingly11ad.不斷增加地,日益
infer21v.推論,推斷
information44n.①通知,報(bào)告;②情報(bào),信息
integrate3v.(into,with)(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起,(使)合并
introduction4n.①(to)介紹;②傳入,引進(jìn);③導(dǎo)言,導(dǎo)論,緒論
journal6n.①定期刊物,雜志,日?qǐng)?bào);②日志,日記
kingdom1n.王國,領(lǐng)域
knowledge15n.①知識(shí),學(xué)識(shí);②知道,了解
laboratory3n.實(shí)驗(yàn)室
lead21v.①領(lǐng)導(dǎo),引導(dǎo);②,占首位;③(to)通向,導(dǎo)致,引起;④經(jīng)歷,過(生活);n.帶領(lǐng),引導(dǎo);n.鉛
local9a.①地方的,當(dāng)?shù)氐?;②局部?BR> logical4a.①邏輯的,符合邏輯的;②必然的
mathematical2a.數(shù)學(xué)(上)的
nevertheless7conj./ad.雖然如此
obvious13a.明顯的,顯而易見的
overall3a.全面的,綜合的;n.[pl.]工作服,工裝褲
policy12n.政策,方針
process34n.①過程,進(jìn)程;②工序,制作法;③工藝;v.加工,處理
professional15a.職業(yè)的,專業(yè)的,專門的;n.專家,專業(yè)人員
psychology7n.心理學(xué),心理
publication2n.①出版物;②出版,發(fā)行;③公布,發(fā)表
pursue5v.①追趕,追蹤;②繼續(xù),從事;③獲得,完成
reason26n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推論,推理;②說服,評(píng)理;③討論,辯論
reckon1v.①認(rèn)為,估計(jì);②指望,想要;③測(cè)算
reflect8v.①反映,表現(xiàn);②反省,考慮;③反射
reinforce2v.增援,加強(qiáng)
relate12v.①敘述,講述;②使互相關(guān)聯(lián);③與...有關(guān)(系)
represent4v.①描述,表示;②代表,代理;③闡明,說明
requirement7n.(for)需要,需要的東西,要求
response5n.①回答,回音;②反應(yīng),響應(yīng)
result37n.結(jié)果,成果,成績(jī);v.①(in)導(dǎo)致,結(jié)果是;②(from)起因于,因...而造成
reveal8v.展現(xiàn),顯示,揭示,揭露,告訴,泄露
science58n.①科學(xué);②學(xué)科
series5n.①一系列,連續(xù);②叢書
sociology3n.社會(huì)學(xué)
specific12a.①明確的,具體的;②特定的,特有的
split1v.①裂開,劈開;②分裂,分離;n.分化,分裂,裂口
structure13n.①結(jié)構(gòu),構(gòu)造;②建筑物;v.構(gòu)造,建造
subject13n.①主題,題目;②學(xué)科,科目;③主語;a.(to)易遭...的,受...支配的;v.(to)使遭到,使服從
tend26v.①趨向,往往是;②照料,看護(hù)
trend12n.傾向,趨勢(shì);v.伸向,傾向
widespread3a.分布廣泛的,普遍的
word36n.①詞,單詞;②[常pl.]話;③消息,傳說;④諾言,保證;v.用言語表達(dá)
worthwhile4a.值得(做)的
accumulation1n.積聚,堆積物
connotation1n.含蓄,內(nèi)涵
consequent1a.作為結(jié)果的,隨之發(fā)生的
differentiation1n.區(qū)別
discrimination4n.①識(shí)別力,辨別力;②(against)歧視
geological4a.地質(zhì)學(xué)的,地質(zhì)的
geologist2n.地質(zhì)學(xué)者
participation3n.分享,參與
primacy3n.首位
professionalisation2n.職業(yè)化,專業(yè)化
readership1n.讀者群,讀者人數(shù)
referee1n.仲裁人,調(diào)解人,裁判員;v.仲裁,裁判
specialisation4n.特殊化,專門化
難句1
Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句句子主干結(jié)構(gòu):...the word "amateur" ... carry a connotation...;
2. connotation后面是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,此同位語從句主語是the person,謂語為雙謂語integrate和share;
3. nevertheless=nonetheless:盡管,但是,表示轉(zhuǎn)折;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是同位語從句復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]知道同位語從句是對(duì)主句賓語的進(jìn)一步說明,然后再進(jìn)一步分析即可;
[例句精譯]但是"業(yè)余"這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義,那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。
難句2
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為:The trend was ... obvious ... and can be illustrated ... ,為一個(gè)主語,兩個(gè)謂語;
2. 逗號(hào)前面的分句中過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)based ... 為areas of science的后置定語;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是and連接的兩個(gè)謂語成分不容易看出,從而造成理解上的困 難;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出主語,然后根據(jù)連接詞and得出為并列的兩個(gè)謂語,然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實(shí)。
難句3
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]本句主干部分比較復(fù)雜,主語是:A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half,核心詞是comparison,表示前后的對(duì)比;謂語是reveals;賓語部分為并列賓語,用not simply ... but also ... 連接;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主語部分比較長(zhǎng),且表示一種比較關(guān)系,賓語部分包含一個(gè)not...but連接的并列賓語;
[方法對(duì)策]找出主語的核心詞comparison,再依次找出謂語和并列賓語,則此句比較好理解了;
[例句精譯]比較過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)出版物,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。
難句4
The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干部分是:The ... result has been to make entrance ... harder for amateurs...;
2. 第一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面是一個(gè)名詞性短語,中心詞是the result,后面是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句;
3. 此定語從句中包含兩個(gè)并列狀語,其結(jié)構(gòu)為:first by ... and then by ... ;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是主句主干內(nèi)容不好理解,主句后面的名詞性短語中又包含比較長(zhǎng)的定語從句和相應(yīng)的并列狀語成分;
[方法對(duì)策]首先抓住主句主干,然后再進(jìn)一步分析其后的名詞性短語中的定語從句和并列狀語;
[例句精譯]其總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員的論文進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困 難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使論文發(fā)表的難度進(jìn)一步加大,這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國性雜志出現(xiàn)的,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。
難句5
A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句為whereas連接的兩個(gè)并列句,第一個(gè)分句說明professional geologists的情況,第二個(gè)分句說明amateurs的情況;
2. 第二個(gè)分句包含一個(gè)tend either to ... or to ...的選擇結(jié)構(gòu);
[本句難點(diǎn)]本句主要是對(duì)兩個(gè)并列句所表達(dá)內(nèi)容的理解;
[方法對(duì)策]由whereas分別找出兩個(gè)分句的主干結(jié)構(gòu),然后明確兩個(gè)團(tuán)體各自的行為,從而把握本句所表達(dá)的意思;
[例句精譯]類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團(tuán)體。
本文談了科學(xué)界的專業(yè)化是怎樣形成的這樣一個(gè)十分枯燥的問題。由此可見,考研英語是多么的乏味,多么的學(xué)究,多么脫離生活。注意,考研是為了選拔研究人才,所以考的英語屬"經(jīng)院式英語",這與在國外學(xué)到的"生活式英語"大相徑庭!
51.[答案] D
[解析]這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段的最后一句話就明確提到,以數(shù)學(xué)、試驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)iT化趨勢(shì)明顯。社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)都未被提及,所以可以利用排除法,將A、B、C排除。故正確答案為D。
52.[答案] B
[解析]這是一個(gè)推理題,文章在第三段提到了業(yè)余科學(xué)家的情況。從第三段的最后一句話可以作出推斷:專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家有一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余的研究者則參加本地的,或者以不同的方式在全國范圍內(nèi)聚會(huì)。從中可以推斷出業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究的一些領(lǐng)域中可以與專業(yè)科學(xué)家一比高低,故正確答案為B。
53.[答案] A
[解析]看到題干,就要在原文中找到提及了geology的第三段。在第三段中,作者利用地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展的例子說明了業(yè)余研究者與專業(yè)科學(xué)家的分化過程:不同的刊物面向不同的讀者;不同的協(xié)會(huì)服務(wù)于不同的研究者。A是說"為了論證專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過程",這與文章的意思相符。
54.[答案] C
[解析]這道題的答案可以直接從第一段的第一句話中找到,"專門化是針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題做出的反應(yīng)"。
專業(yè)化是針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過將學(xué)科細(xì)化,科學(xué)家就能不斷掌握信息并以此為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行研究。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科研活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分。盡管任何規(guī)律都有其例外,但是"業(yè)余"這個(gè)詞的確具有特殊的含義,那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,具體地說,他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,相應(yīng)地要求相關(guān)人員接受長(zhǎng)期而復(fù)雜的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練,這對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然尤為明顯,這可以通過英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過程得到證實(shí)。
比較過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)出版物,我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此,在19世紀(jì),局部的地質(zhì)研究本身就可形成一種有價(jià)值的研究;而到了20世紀(jì),如果局部的研究能夠被專業(yè)人員接受,那么它越來越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌。另一方面,業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。其總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員的論文進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使論文發(fā)表的難度進(jìn)一步加大,這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國性雜志出現(xiàn)的,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團(tuán)體。
雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程在19世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界中已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展,但是它的效果直到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來。然而,從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來看,19世紀(jì)必須被視為科研結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
51. 19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化的發(fā)展在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域可能看得更清晰。
[A] 社會(huì)學(xué)與化學(xué)
[B] 物理學(xué)與心理學(xué)
[C] 社會(huì)學(xué)與心理學(xué)
[D] 物理學(xué)與化學(xué)
52. 從本文我們可推知:
[A] 專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化過程幾乎沒有區(qū)別
[B] 業(yè)余研究人員可以在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域同專業(yè)研究人員競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
[C] 專業(yè)研究人員往往歡迎業(yè)余研究人員加入科學(xué)團(tuán)體
[D] 業(yè)務(wù)研究人員擁有全國性學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu),但沒有地方性學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)
53. 作者寫地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展是為了論證。
[A] 專業(yè)化與職業(yè)化的發(fā)展過程
[B] 非專業(yè)人員在科學(xué)研究中的艱辛
[C] 科研出版政策的變化
[D] 專業(yè)人員對(duì)非專業(yè)人員的歧視
54. 專業(yè)化的直接原因是。
[A] 學(xué)術(shù)交流的發(fā)展
[B] 職業(yè)化的發(fā)展
[C] 科學(xué)知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展
[D] 學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分化

