一、邏輯表達的錯誤
邏輯表達錯誤是由于某個詞語使用不當而造成文章在語義上前后不一致或者矛盾的錯誤類型，具有難度大、不易發(fā)現(xiàn)的特點。這類錯誤往往需要在考生充分理解全文并具有較強的語言綜合應(yīng)用能力的基礎(chǔ)上方可解答。一般來說，邏輯表達錯誤包括兩種類型。
第一種是反義詞的使用錯誤，常見的這類錯誤有：①派生反義詞，如：encourage-discourage，load-unload，satisfy-dissatisfy等；②互補性反義詞，如：dead-alive，boy-girl，man-woman，male-female，brother-sister，married-single等；③換位性反義詞，如：buy-sell，give-receive，lend-borrow，husband-wife，parent-child，left-right等；④相對性反義詞，如：easy-hard，big-small，cold-hot，old-young，wide-narrow，love-hate等；⑤按上下文語義，行中多用了not或no，或必須添上not或no。
第二種是連接詞的使用錯誤，包括：①并列連詞，如：and，but，for，or等；②主從連詞，這類詞較多，如：because，(al)though，if，unless，before，after，until，as，while，whereas等；③連接性副詞，如：however，moreover，besides，nevertheless，then，thus等；④連接性介詞，如：because of，despite，besides，instead of等。
下面通過一些例題的講解，希望大家可以從中尋找出命題規(guī)律，并了解常見邏輯錯誤類型的特點。
例1
Recently more and more attention has been focused
on the problem of preserving the environment.
The fact that a Government Ministry called the
Department of the Environment has been created
shows how unimportant the issue is considered to be. 1.__________
Many other countries have established similar organizations.
這段文章，所要表達的意思是：人們對環(huán)境問題的重視，并成立了環(huán)境部，從而意在說明環(huán)境這個問題是多么的重要。顯而易見，該處的unimportant應(yīng)該改為具有肯定意義的important。此處錯誤屬于第一種，即反義詞的使用錯誤。
例2
In our society all kinds of work are equally important.
For example, the work of a completely uneducated
farmer is in some sense more important than that of a
professor: we can live without education, so we die if we 1. __________
have no food. This is a simple truth that everybody
believes. Although no one cleaned our streets and took the 2. __________
rubbish away from our house, we would get terrible
diseases in our towns.
在這段文章，第一處要表達的意思是：農(nóng)民的工作在某種程度上甚至比教授還重要，這是因為不受教育我們照樣能活下去，但是沒有食物我們卻無法存活。因此應(yīng)該將so改為but，這樣才符合文章的邏輯。第二處錯誤，咋看似乎是一個讓步從句，然而后文卻毫無轉(zhuǎn)折之意，其實它是一個條件式虛擬語句，應(yīng)該將although改為if。這兩處錯誤均屬于邏輯表達錯誤中的第二種，即連接詞使用錯誤。這類錯誤比較第一種錯誤來說，重在考查考生對英語語言的應(yīng)用方面。
通過例題以及解答不難看出，邏輯錯誤主要是考查學生對整篇文章的理解，一般不容易第一眼便發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有我們讀完全文或者上下文之后才可以把握。
練習題
1 There are many arguments for and against television.
The poor quality of its program is often criticized and TV
commercials are also boring. So television is undoubtedly 1.__________
a great comfort to many lonely and elderly people.
2 The manager of a large office building had received
many complains about elevator service in the building,
but he engaged a group of engineers to study the situation 2.__________
and make recommendation for improvement.
3 We asked a lady, who replied that she thought
you could tell a well-mannered person by the way
they occupied the space around them——for example,
when such person walks down a street he or she is
constantly unaware of others. Such people never 3.__________
bump into other people.
4 Until the very latest moment of his existence,
man has been bound the planet on which he
originated and developed. Now he has the capability
to leave that planet and move out into the universe to
those worlds which he has known previously only directly. 4.__________
5 One major decision which faces the American
students ready to begin higher education is the
choice of attending a large university or a small
college. The large university provides a wide range of
specialized departments as well as numerous courses
within such departments. The small college, therefore, 5.__________
generally provides a limited number of courses
and specializations but offers a better student-faculty
ratio, thus permitting individualized attention to students.
6 Music the Johnny has learned to appreciate as
unpleasant is just dull noise to Jimmy——and quite 6.__________
possible, vice versa.
7 We are learning, finally, that silence is a natural
resource and must be protected by law. It appears
that we all find company in sound, if we all 7.__________
demand a little quiet from time to time.
8 The farmer aroused at down or before it and
had much work to do, with his own muscles as his
chief source of power. He used axes, spades and 8.__________
other complicated tools.
9 Whether women who have started a career
will attain pay equality with men rests on at least
two factors. First, will most of them continue
part-time at their jobs after they have children? A 9.__________
break in their employment, or a decision to work
part-time, will slow their raises and promotions as
it would for men.
10 Whether true or not, the story illustrates the
problem with idioms. They are almost possible to 10.__________
understand from the meanings of the individual
words. And with English idioms, even the same
words may have different meanings.
答案：
1.undoubtedly---doubtedly 2.but----so 3.unaware--aware 4.directly---indirectly 5.therefore----howeven 6.and---but 7.no^sound 8.and^on 9.aftert---before 10.possible---inpossible
邏輯表達錯誤是由于某個詞語使用不當而造成文章在語義上前后不一致或者矛盾的錯誤類型，具有難度大、不易發(fā)現(xiàn)的特點。這類錯誤往往需要在考生充分理解全文并具有較強的語言綜合應(yīng)用能力的基礎(chǔ)上方可解答。一般來說，邏輯表達錯誤包括兩種類型。
第一種是反義詞的使用錯誤，常見的這類錯誤有：①派生反義詞，如：encourage-discourage，load-unload，satisfy-dissatisfy等；②互補性反義詞，如：dead-alive，boy-girl，man-woman，male-female，brother-sister，married-single等；③換位性反義詞，如：buy-sell，give-receive，lend-borrow，husband-wife，parent-child，left-right等；④相對性反義詞，如：easy-hard，big-small，cold-hot，old-young，wide-narrow，love-hate等；⑤按上下文語義，行中多用了not或no，或必須添上not或no。
第二種是連接詞的使用錯誤，包括：①并列連詞，如：and，but，for，or等；②主從連詞，這類詞較多，如：because，(al)though，if，unless，before，after，until，as，while，whereas等；③連接性副詞，如：however，moreover，besides，nevertheless，then，thus等；④連接性介詞，如：because of，despite，besides，instead of等。
下面通過一些例題的講解，希望大家可以從中尋找出命題規(guī)律，并了解常見邏輯錯誤類型的特點。
例1
Recently more and more attention has been focused
on the problem of preserving the environment.
The fact that a Government Ministry called the
Department of the Environment has been created
shows how unimportant the issue is considered to be. 1.__________
Many other countries have established similar organizations.
這段文章，所要表達的意思是：人們對環(huán)境問題的重視，并成立了環(huán)境部，從而意在說明環(huán)境這個問題是多么的重要。顯而易見，該處的unimportant應(yīng)該改為具有肯定意義的important。此處錯誤屬于第一種，即反義詞的使用錯誤。
例2
In our society all kinds of work are equally important.
For example, the work of a completely uneducated
farmer is in some sense more important than that of a
professor: we can live without education, so we die if we 1. __________
have no food. This is a simple truth that everybody
believes. Although no one cleaned our streets and took the 2. __________
rubbish away from our house, we would get terrible
diseases in our towns.
在這段文章，第一處要表達的意思是：農(nóng)民的工作在某種程度上甚至比教授還重要，這是因為不受教育我們照樣能活下去，但是沒有食物我們卻無法存活。因此應(yīng)該將so改為but，這樣才符合文章的邏輯。第二處錯誤，咋看似乎是一個讓步從句，然而后文卻毫無轉(zhuǎn)折之意，其實它是一個條件式虛擬語句，應(yīng)該將although改為if。這兩處錯誤均屬于邏輯表達錯誤中的第二種，即連接詞使用錯誤。這類錯誤比較第一種錯誤來說，重在考查考生對英語語言的應(yīng)用方面。
通過例題以及解答不難看出，邏輯錯誤主要是考查學生對整篇文章的理解，一般不容易第一眼便發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有我們讀完全文或者上下文之后才可以把握。
練習題
1 There are many arguments for and against television.
The poor quality of its program is often criticized and TV
commercials are also boring. So television is undoubtedly 1.__________
a great comfort to many lonely and elderly people.
2 The manager of a large office building had received
many complains about elevator service in the building,
but he engaged a group of engineers to study the situation 2.__________
and make recommendation for improvement.
3 We asked a lady, who replied that she thought
you could tell a well-mannered person by the way
they occupied the space around them——for example,
when such person walks down a street he or she is
constantly unaware of others. Such people never 3.__________
bump into other people.
4 Until the very latest moment of his existence,
man has been bound the planet on which he
originated and developed. Now he has the capability
to leave that planet and move out into the universe to
those worlds which he has known previously only directly. 4.__________
5 One major decision which faces the American
students ready to begin higher education is the
choice of attending a large university or a small
college. The large university provides a wide range of
specialized departments as well as numerous courses
within such departments. The small college, therefore, 5.__________
generally provides a limited number of courses
and specializations but offers a better student-faculty
ratio, thus permitting individualized attention to students.
6 Music the Johnny has learned to appreciate as
unpleasant is just dull noise to Jimmy——and quite 6.__________
possible, vice versa.
7 We are learning, finally, that silence is a natural
resource and must be protected by law. It appears
that we all find company in sound, if we all 7.__________
demand a little quiet from time to time.
8 The farmer aroused at down or before it and
had much work to do, with his own muscles as his
chief source of power. He used axes, spades and 8.__________
other complicated tools.
9 Whether women who have started a career
will attain pay equality with men rests on at least
two factors. First, will most of them continue
part-time at their jobs after they have children? A 9.__________
break in their employment, or a decision to work
part-time, will slow their raises and promotions as
it would for men.
10 Whether true or not, the story illustrates the
problem with idioms. They are almost possible to 10.__________
understand from the meanings of the individual
words. And with English idioms, even the same
words may have different meanings.
答案：
1.undoubtedly---doubtedly 2.but----so 3.unaware--aware 4.directly---indirectly 5.therefore----howeven 6.and---but 7.no^sound 8.and^on 9.aftert---before 10.possible---inpossible