There are great many reasons for studying what philosophers 1.________ have said in the past. One is that we cannot separate the history of philosophy from which of science. Philosophy is 2.________ large discussion about matters on which few people are quite 3.________ certain, and those few hold opposite opinions. As knowledge increases,philosophy buds off the sciences. For an example, in the ancient world and the Middle Ages 4.________ philosophers discussed motion. Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas taught that a moving body would slow down until a force 5.________ were constantly applied to it. They were wrong. It goes on moving unless something slows it down. But they had gooarguments on their side, and if we study these, and the experiments which proved them right this will help us to distinguish truth 6.________ from false in the scientific controversies of today. 7.________ We also see how different philosopher reflects the social 8.________ life of his day. Plato and Aristotle, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, thought man’s highest state was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St. Thomas believed a regular feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert 9.________ Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalists, found the key to progress as the survival of the fittest. Thus 10.________ Marxism is seen to fit into its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future.1. are ∧ great → a
a great many為固定搭配，修飾可數(shù)名詞，意為“很多，大量”，后面的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2. which → that
that這里做代詞，指代前文已經(jīng)提到的“history”一詞，而which可做疑問(wèn)代詞或定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，代這里不能用。
3. large → largely
largely這里是副詞，意為“在很大程度上”，如果有人打算把large考慮成修飾discussion的形容詞，那么，前邊勢(shì)必加冠詞a或the,但沒(méi)有l(wèi)arge discussion的說(shuō)法，所以這里只能把large改換成副詞.
4. an → /
for example是固定搭配，意為“例如”，中間不加不定冠詞an。
5. until → unless
until常和not連用，形成not…until句式，所以not是檢驗(yàn)until是否用對(duì)的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。這句在說(shuō)：“亞里士多德和圣托馬斯·阿奎那都認(rèn)為一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體除非給它不停地使力，否則它就會(huì)停下來(lái)”。unless這里是“除非”的意思。
6. right → wrong
這句話說(shuō)“但是他們那一方面有很好的論證。如果我們研究這些論述和證明這些說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的那些實(shí)驗(yàn)，那么我們就會(huì)辨清今日科學(xué)糾紛的真與假”。根據(jù)上下文判斷，這里應(yīng)是wrong。
7. false → falsehood
這里需要一個(gè)名詞，因此把false改為falsehood。
8. different → every
這句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)均為第三人稱單數(shù)，而用different修飾的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式，因此需要改變different。再看下文，列舉了諸位哲學(xué)家，因此可把different 改為every，既不妨礙句子意思，又符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。
9. believed ∧ a → in
believe in 意為“相信”，后常接名詞，而believe則為“相信或認(rèn)為”，后常接從句，因此加上一個(gè)介詞in。
10. as → in
此句意為“斯賓塞在資本主義自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)步的關(guān)鍵在于適者生存”，此句的另一表達(dá)方式為“Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalists, found the survival of the fittest as the key to progress.”而按現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)序，需把a(bǔ)s改成in。
a great many為固定搭配，修飾可數(shù)名詞，意為“很多，大量”，后面的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2. which → that
that這里做代詞，指代前文已經(jīng)提到的“history”一詞，而which可做疑問(wèn)代詞或定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，代這里不能用。
3. large → largely
largely這里是副詞，意為“在很大程度上”，如果有人打算把large考慮成修飾discussion的形容詞，那么，前邊勢(shì)必加冠詞a或the,但沒(méi)有l(wèi)arge discussion的說(shuō)法，所以這里只能把large改換成副詞.
4. an → /
for example是固定搭配，意為“例如”，中間不加不定冠詞an。
5. until → unless
until常和not連用，形成not…until句式，所以not是檢驗(yàn)until是否用對(duì)的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。這句在說(shuō)：“亞里士多德和圣托馬斯·阿奎那都認(rèn)為一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體除非給它不停地使力，否則它就會(huì)停下來(lái)”。unless這里是“除非”的意思。
6. right → wrong
這句話說(shuō)“但是他們那一方面有很好的論證。如果我們研究這些論述和證明這些說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的那些實(shí)驗(yàn)，那么我們就會(huì)辨清今日科學(xué)糾紛的真與假”。根據(jù)上下文判斷，這里應(yīng)是wrong。
7. false → falsehood
這里需要一個(gè)名詞，因此把false改為falsehood。
8. different → every
這句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)均為第三人稱單數(shù)，而用different修飾的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式，因此需要改變different。再看下文，列舉了諸位哲學(xué)家，因此可把different 改為every，既不妨礙句子意思，又符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。
9. believed ∧ a → in
believe in 意為“相信”，后常接名詞，而believe則為“相信或認(rèn)為”，后常接從句，因此加上一個(gè)介詞in。
10. as → in
此句意為“斯賓塞在資本主義自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)步的關(guān)鍵在于適者生存”，此句的另一表達(dá)方式為“Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalists, found the survival of the fittest as the key to progress.”而按現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)序，需把a(bǔ)s改成in。