5． 分類法(classification)
在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識，如：
Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.
在該段中為了說明topic sentence中的?。arious forms of communication＂，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。
采用這種方法的段落并沒有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒有明顯的主次之分。
6． 因果分析法(cause and effect )
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
本段中，主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象，推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋?！〕Ｓ糜谝蚬治龇ǖ倪B接詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7． 定義法(definition)
在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認(rèn)識。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
這一段文字使我們了解了?。utomation＂ 和 ＂Second Industrial Revolution＂ 兩個概念，分別由?。efers to" 和"been called＂ 引出。
常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to , mean, call等?！?BR> 8. 重復(fù)法(repetition)
句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如：
Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted;---
該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in motal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。
以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色?！?BR> 結(jié)尾段
我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因為好的開頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來，提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。
但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢?下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法：
1．重復(fù)中心思想 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。
(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make
it worth living.
(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become
more popular with people than ever.
2．作出結(jié)論 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點。
(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
3．應(yīng)用引語 用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總結(jié)全文，既言簡意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說服力。
(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to
permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "Heaven helps those who help themselves."
(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
4．用反問結(jié)尾 雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。
(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
5．提出展望或期望 表示對將來的展望或期待讀者投入行動。
(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
以上介紹了幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法，但到底選擇何種方法結(jié)尾還得根據(jù)文體來決定。平鋪直敘的記敘文，往往在故事或事實情節(jié)講完時文章也就自然結(jié)束了，而說理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說明文和議論文都應(yīng)有一個正式的結(jié)尾。希望以上介紹的幾種方法能對大家寫好結(jié)尾有所幫助
在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識，如：
Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.
在該段中為了說明topic sentence中的?。arious forms of communication＂，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。
采用這種方法的段落并沒有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒有明顯的主次之分。
6． 因果分析法(cause and effect )
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
本段中，主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象，推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋?！〕Ｓ糜谝蚬治龇ǖ倪B接詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7． 定義法(definition)
在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認(rèn)識。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
這一段文字使我們了解了?。utomation＂ 和 ＂Second Industrial Revolution＂ 兩個概念，分別由?。efers to" 和"been called＂ 引出。
常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to , mean, call等?！?BR> 8. 重復(fù)法(repetition)
句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如：
Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted;---
該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in motal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。
以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色?！?BR> 結(jié)尾段
我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因為好的開頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來，提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。
但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢?下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法：
1．重復(fù)中心思想 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。
(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make
it worth living.
(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become
more popular with people than ever.
2．作出結(jié)論 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點。
(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
3．應(yīng)用引語 用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總結(jié)全文，既言簡意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說服力。
(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to
permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "Heaven helps those who help themselves."
(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
4．用反問結(jié)尾 雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。
(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
5．提出展望或期望 表示對將來的展望或期待讀者投入行動。
(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
以上介紹了幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法，但到底選擇何種方法結(jié)尾還得根據(jù)文體來決定。平鋪直敘的記敘文，往往在故事或事實情節(jié)講完時文章也就自然結(jié)束了，而說理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說明文和議論文都應(yīng)有一個正式的結(jié)尾。希望以上介紹的幾種方法能對大家寫好結(jié)尾有所幫助