導(dǎo)讀：
1. 內(nèi)容：概括大意與完成句子
TEXT
Hearts and Minds
Antidepressants not only treat depression, but can also help prevent heart disease. The scientists who have made this discovery think that improved mood makes the difference, rather than direct action by the drugs.
People who suffer from severe depression are up to four times as likely to die from heart disease triggered by obstructed blood flow as people who are not depressed -- even allowing fore classical risk factors such as smoking and high cholesterol levels. In fact, depression is a greater risk factor than smoking.
In 1996, Dominique Musselman of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and her colleagues tried to find out if depressed people are at risk because they have higher levels of sticky platelets in their blood. Following injuries, platelets stick together and clot to stop us from bleeding to death. Too much clotting would cause heart problems.
The researchers took blood samples from both depressed and healthy people and examined their platelets for evidence of stickiness. They measured characteristic chemical changes that occur on the surfaces of platelets as they prepare to clot and become sticky. The numbers of sticky platelets in depressed people, they found, were 41 per cent higher than in healthy volunteers.
Now the team has shown that antidepressant drugs can cut down the numbers of sticky platelets in the blood of depressed patients. They monitored 15 patients taking a drug from a class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which includes Prozac （鹽酸氟西?。? The number of sticky platelets fell in all the patients, and even dropped back to normal levels in some of them, Musselman told a meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry in Washington DC last week.
"Treatment diminishes the stickiness of the platelets," she concludes. But one big question still remained. Does the drug lower the platelet stickiness directly, or does a happier mental state do the trick?
To find out, Musselman is running a placebo trial. Early results suggest people who don't report any improvement in mood after taking antidepressants also don't have much reduction in platelet stickiness. In contrast, people whose mood improves even with a placebo do show less platelet stickiness. This result suggests that mood improvement is the key. New Words
antidepressant n. 搞抑郁劑
depression n. 抑郁癥
trigger vt. 觸發(fā)，引發(fā)
obstruct vt. 阻塞，堵塞
classical adj. 典型的，傳統(tǒng)的
cholesterol n. 膽固醇
sticky adj. 粘性的，困難的
platelet n. 血小板
characteristic adj.特
有的，表示特性的，典型的
surface n. 表面
clot vt. vi. n. （使）凝塊
monitor vt. 監(jiān)測
serotonin n. 血清素
reuptake n. 再吸收
inhibitor vt. 抑制
diminish vt. 減少/小
mental adj. 心理/精神的
trick n. 詭計，訣竅
mood n. 情緒，心情
run vt. 進(jìn)行，傳播，相傳
placebo n. 安慰劑
應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)I. 題型要求1. 概括大意 – 考查考生歸納段落大意的能力：要求考生在閱讀文章后，歸納出各段的段落大意、中心思想、及主旨，并在提供的選項中，選定一個你認(rèn)為正確的選項，作為該段落的小標(biāo)題。通常要概括四個段落，提供6個選項。每個選項只能用一次。
2. 完成句子 – 考查考生掌握短文細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的能力：要求考生根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容選擇相應(yīng)的選項填寫在所給的句子空格中，完成句子。
II. 解題步驟與規(guī)律1. 概括大意1） 先看題目（不看選項），了解考查段落，有選擇地閱讀文章，逐段逐題完成。
2） 抓主題句。各段落的主題句通常位于第一句、第二句或最后一句，如果主題句與選項對應(yīng)，則該選項就是該段落的大意所在。這是因為，正確答案通常也從主題句改寫而來的。如：
Bad design is largely to blame, says Sanchez. In a separate survey of CD players last year, her colleague Wolfgang Huber found that two machines with similar features used 28 watts and 2 watts respectively on stand-by. “For most products, we believe that stand-by power can be reduced to one watt or less,” says Sanchez.
A. Factor Leading to Energy WasteB. Home Appliances
C. Proposals to Cut Energy Consumption
D. Energy Consumption Test
E. Terawatt Hours
F. Nonessential Electricity Use
3） 當(dāng)段落中沒有主題句時，應(yīng)找出該段落的重點詞語或句子加以反復(fù)閱讀。重點詞語通常為：反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語、括/引號里的詞語、黑/斜體詞語。
4） 對未敢一次肯定的選項可先做記號，以備做下一題時參考。
5） 注意問題：
A. 問句、舉例、細(xì)節(jié)一般不會是主題句，因此也不會是正確選項。
B. 主題句為復(fù)合句時，重點應(yīng)放在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的主句（也就是中文中的“但是”、“而且”部分）或作賓語的從句上。如：
Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity.
A. Old people learn more slowly that young people
B. Difference due to frequencies of intellectual activities2. 完成句子1） 段落定位 -- 理解題目意思，抓住題目中的關(guān)鍵詞語，根據(jù)概括大意時對文章的了解情況確定題目所在段落。
Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity.
題目：To keep memory functioning fully, it is important for old people to ________.
A. give the brain daily work B. Long-term education
C. learning, retention and recall
2） 對應(yīng)句子 -- 仔細(xì)閱讀相關(guān)段落，找出與題目意思或關(guān)鍵詞語相對應(yīng)的句子，確定正確答案。
3） 題段順序 – 題目的順序通常與原文順序基本一致，因此第二題的答案通常也應(yīng)在第一題答案之后。
4） 時效結(jié)合 – 當(dāng)一時無法找到某題相應(yīng)原文時，應(yīng)及時轉(zhuǎn)做下一題。在完成下題后，再根據(jù)題段順序原則確定前一題位置。
5） 注意問題：
a. 所填答案必須符合語法。如：
This not to say that memory doesn’t change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term （less than one minute; remembering a telephone number while you dial, for instance）, long-term （over a period of years） and very long-term memory （over a lifetime）.
題目：A ten-year memory belongs to ________.
選項： A. in the categories of long-term memory
B. the class of long-term memoryC. change throughout life
b. 注意順序
III. 解題實例THE NATURE OF DISPUTESTo resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome. The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors. They may seek to （1） reconcile their interests, （2） determine who is right, and/or （3） determine who is more powerful.
1. Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears -- the things one cares about or wants. They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute. In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict. For example, the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce. The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets; more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales. The director of manufacturing, however, wants to produce fewer models. His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs.
2. Reconciling such interests is not easy. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement. Another interests-based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in reaching agreement.
3. By no means do all negotiations（or mediations）focus on reconciling interests. Some negotiations focus on determining who is right, such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit. Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful, such as when quarrelling neighbors or nations exchange threats and counter threats. Often negotiations involve a mix of all three -- some attempts to satisfy interests, some discussion of rights, and some references to relative power.
4. It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute. Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalized in law, other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and seniority. There are often different and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights. Reaching agreement on rights, where the outcome will determine who gets what, can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure is adjudication, in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants. （In mediation, by contrast, the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute.） Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies. Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators.
5. A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power. We define power, somewhat narrowly, as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do. Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so. The exercise of power takes two common forms: acts of aggression, such as physical attack, and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship, as when employees stop working in a strike.
1. Paragraph 1 ___________
2. Paragraph 2 ___________
3. Paragraph 3 ___________
4. Paragraph 5 ___________
（A） Handling rights-based disputes
（B） The role of dependence in disputes
（C） Methods of settling conflicting interests
（D） Advantages of negotiation over mediation
（E） The role of power in settling disagreements
（F） Disagreement of interests
5. Two common procedures used in the resolution of interest-based disputes are ______ and ______.
6. When rights are _______, coming to a resolution is a relatively simple process.
7. Determining who is right becomes more complicated when behavioral issues such as _______ and _________ must be taken into consideration.
8. Arbitrators and adjudicators must receive ______ and ______ from the disputing parties before they can help resolve the dispute. （A） reaching agreement
（B） negotiation mediation
（C） reciprocity，precedent
（D） evidence arguments
（E） pubic adjudication
（F） formalised in law
1. 內(nèi)容：概括大意與完成句子
TEXT
Hearts and Minds
Antidepressants not only treat depression, but can also help prevent heart disease. The scientists who have made this discovery think that improved mood makes the difference, rather than direct action by the drugs.
People who suffer from severe depression are up to four times as likely to die from heart disease triggered by obstructed blood flow as people who are not depressed -- even allowing fore classical risk factors such as smoking and high cholesterol levels. In fact, depression is a greater risk factor than smoking.
In 1996, Dominique Musselman of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and her colleagues tried to find out if depressed people are at risk because they have higher levels of sticky platelets in their blood. Following injuries, platelets stick together and clot to stop us from bleeding to death. Too much clotting would cause heart problems.
The researchers took blood samples from both depressed and healthy people and examined their platelets for evidence of stickiness. They measured characteristic chemical changes that occur on the surfaces of platelets as they prepare to clot and become sticky. The numbers of sticky platelets in depressed people, they found, were 41 per cent higher than in healthy volunteers.
Now the team has shown that antidepressant drugs can cut down the numbers of sticky platelets in the blood of depressed patients. They monitored 15 patients taking a drug from a class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which includes Prozac （鹽酸氟西?。? The number of sticky platelets fell in all the patients, and even dropped back to normal levels in some of them, Musselman told a meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry in Washington DC last week.
"Treatment diminishes the stickiness of the platelets," she concludes. But one big question still remained. Does the drug lower the platelet stickiness directly, or does a happier mental state do the trick?
To find out, Musselman is running a placebo trial. Early results suggest people who don't report any improvement in mood after taking antidepressants also don't have much reduction in platelet stickiness. In contrast, people whose mood improves even with a placebo do show less platelet stickiness. This result suggests that mood improvement is the key. New Words
antidepressant n. 搞抑郁劑
depression n. 抑郁癥
trigger vt. 觸發(fā)，引發(fā)
obstruct vt. 阻塞，堵塞
classical adj. 典型的，傳統(tǒng)的
cholesterol n. 膽固醇
sticky adj. 粘性的，困難的
platelet n. 血小板
characteristic adj.特
有的，表示特性的，典型的
surface n. 表面
clot vt. vi. n. （使）凝塊
monitor vt. 監(jiān)測
serotonin n. 血清素
reuptake n. 再吸收
inhibitor vt. 抑制
diminish vt. 減少/小
mental adj. 心理/精神的
trick n. 詭計，訣竅
mood n. 情緒，心情
run vt. 進(jìn)行，傳播，相傳
placebo n. 安慰劑
應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)I. 題型要求1. 概括大意 – 考查考生歸納段落大意的能力：要求考生在閱讀文章后，歸納出各段的段落大意、中心思想、及主旨，并在提供的選項中，選定一個你認(rèn)為正確的選項，作為該段落的小標(biāo)題。通常要概括四個段落，提供6個選項。每個選項只能用一次。
2. 完成句子 – 考查考生掌握短文細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的能力：要求考生根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容選擇相應(yīng)的選項填寫在所給的句子空格中，完成句子。
II. 解題步驟與規(guī)律1. 概括大意1） 先看題目（不看選項），了解考查段落，有選擇地閱讀文章，逐段逐題完成。
2） 抓主題句。各段落的主題句通常位于第一句、第二句或最后一句，如果主題句與選項對應(yīng)，則該選項就是該段落的大意所在。這是因為，正確答案通常也從主題句改寫而來的。如：
Bad design is largely to blame, says Sanchez. In a separate survey of CD players last year, her colleague Wolfgang Huber found that two machines with similar features used 28 watts and 2 watts respectively on stand-by. “For most products, we believe that stand-by power can be reduced to one watt or less,” says Sanchez.
A. Factor Leading to Energy WasteB. Home Appliances
C. Proposals to Cut Energy Consumption
D. Energy Consumption Test
E. Terawatt Hours
F. Nonessential Electricity Use
3） 當(dāng)段落中沒有主題句時，應(yīng)找出該段落的重點詞語或句子加以反復(fù)閱讀。重點詞語通常為：反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語、括/引號里的詞語、黑/斜體詞語。
4） 對未敢一次肯定的選項可先做記號，以備做下一題時參考。
5） 注意問題：
A. 問句、舉例、細(xì)節(jié)一般不會是主題句，因此也不會是正確選項。
B. 主題句為復(fù)合句時，重點應(yīng)放在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的主句（也就是中文中的“但是”、“而且”部分）或作賓語的從句上。如：
Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity.
A. Old people learn more slowly that young people
B. Difference due to frequencies of intellectual activities2. 完成句子1） 段落定位 -- 理解題目意思，抓住題目中的關(guān)鍵詞語，根據(jù)概括大意時對文章的了解情況確定題目所在段落。
Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity.
題目：To keep memory functioning fully, it is important for old people to ________.
A. give the brain daily work B. Long-term education
C. learning, retention and recall
2） 對應(yīng)句子 -- 仔細(xì)閱讀相關(guān)段落，找出與題目意思或關(guān)鍵詞語相對應(yīng)的句子，確定正確答案。
3） 題段順序 – 題目的順序通常與原文順序基本一致，因此第二題的答案通常也應(yīng)在第一題答案之后。
4） 時效結(jié)合 – 當(dāng)一時無法找到某題相應(yīng)原文時，應(yīng)及時轉(zhuǎn)做下一題。在完成下題后，再根據(jù)題段順序原則確定前一題位置。
5） 注意問題：
a. 所填答案必須符合語法。如：
This not to say that memory doesn’t change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term （less than one minute; remembering a telephone number while you dial, for instance）, long-term （over a period of years） and very long-term memory （over a lifetime）.
題目：A ten-year memory belongs to ________.
選項： A. in the categories of long-term memory
B. the class of long-term memoryC. change throughout life
b. 注意順序
III. 解題實例THE NATURE OF DISPUTESTo resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome. The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors. They may seek to （1） reconcile their interests, （2） determine who is right, and/or （3） determine who is more powerful.
1. Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears -- the things one cares about or wants. They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute. In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict. For example, the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce. The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets; more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales. The director of manufacturing, however, wants to produce fewer models. His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs.
2. Reconciling such interests is not easy. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement. Another interests-based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in reaching agreement.
3. By no means do all negotiations（or mediations）focus on reconciling interests. Some negotiations focus on determining who is right, such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit. Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful, such as when quarrelling neighbors or nations exchange threats and counter threats. Often negotiations involve a mix of all three -- some attempts to satisfy interests, some discussion of rights, and some references to relative power.
4. It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute. Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalized in law, other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and seniority. There are often different and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights. Reaching agreement on rights, where the outcome will determine who gets what, can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure is adjudication, in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants. （In mediation, by contrast, the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute.） Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies. Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators.
5. A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power. We define power, somewhat narrowly, as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do. Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so. The exercise of power takes two common forms: acts of aggression, such as physical attack, and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship, as when employees stop working in a strike.
1. Paragraph 1 ___________
2. Paragraph 2 ___________
3. Paragraph 3 ___________
4. Paragraph 5 ___________
（A） Handling rights-based disputes
（B） The role of dependence in disputes
（C） Methods of settling conflicting interests
（D） Advantages of negotiation over mediation
（E） The role of power in settling disagreements
（F） Disagreement of interests
5. Two common procedures used in the resolution of interest-based disputes are ______ and ______.
6. When rights are _______, coming to a resolution is a relatively simple process.
7. Determining who is right becomes more complicated when behavioral issues such as _______ and _________ must be taken into consideration.
8. Arbitrators and adjudicators must receive ______ and ______ from the disputing parties before they can help resolve the dispute. （A） reaching agreement
（B） negotiation mediation
（C） reciprocity，precedent
（D） evidence arguments
（E） pubic adjudication
（F） formalised in law