凌波微步：新四級之快速閱讀全解
I．是常規(guī)技術(shù)，不是特異功能
新四級閱讀的變化，是新增了專門的“快速閱讀”，對考生心理挑戰(zhàn)。似乎對速度的要求突然間猛增，讓人手足無措。其實不然。
閱讀速度的提高，也就是掃描和略讀技術(shù)的掌握。所謂掃描，就是有文章中尋找一個特定的信息，所謂略讀，就是以最快的速度獲取最重要的信息，也就是文章的主旨和基本結(jié)構(gòu)，再直接一點就是全文在說什么話題，每段分別講哪個方面。
掃描和略讀是閱讀的應(yīng)有之義，不是現(xiàn)在跳出來的特異功能。此前四篇文章的那種傳統(tǒng)閱讀，我們也會感覺到速度有問題。而問題的癥結(jié)，正是在于這兩大技術(shù)的掌握。因為一篇文章四五道題，也就是說只考文章重要信息和一部分特定信息。而如果能有過硬的略讀術(shù)，快速找到文章的核心信息；又能夠快速掃描，找到題目所需要的具體信息，而不在無關(guān)信息上糾纏，速度自然就快了起來。
信息社會，對速度的要求越來越高。然而很多人如老牛破車，總是怪哪個單詞不認(rèn)識，哪個句子讀不懂，苦苦掙扎，不知所以：他所糾纏的那個詞或者句子，可能根本與解題無關(guān)。
所以有快速閱讀出，考的不是新的玩意兒，只是將我們在閱讀中最常見而又最被忽略的問題專門提出，加以強化，借以引起我們的重視。從歷看，四級對于閱讀速度的要求，也不是一時的心血來潮，而是一個連續(xù)的過程。2002年，四級平均閱讀量是284個單詞/文；2003年6月，這個數(shù)字增加到300個單詞/文；而到了2005年兩次考試，分別達(dá)到320和333。所以快速閱讀實在與傳統(tǒng)閱讀相輔相成。傳統(tǒng)閱讀很好，尤其如果速度不成問題，快速閱讀自在掌握之中；而快速閱讀如果練好了，對于傳統(tǒng)閱讀，當(dāng)有如虎添翼之功。
不要怕。
沒有掌握的，老老實實學(xué)會，就那么幾招。學(xué)會了，其它的閱讀也才會如履平地；掌握了的，當(dāng)然更不用怕。
下面以真題為例，看要些什么招，如何使用。
II．解題三招
第一招 定點清除
要從文章里找到想要的信息，先要明白你想要什么信息，才能有的放矢。而為了尋找的方便，不能把題目整個句子背下來——問題是背不下來。所以要劃出盡量少但的尋找依據(jù)。注意現(xiàn)在要尋找的是定位依據(jù)，所以選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：1）原文當(dāng)中一定會出現(xiàn)。不出現(xiàn)，就找不著；2）只有一個地方出現(xiàn)。到處都是，也不知道哪兒才是答案所在；3）文章與題目形式相同，形式鮮明，有利于找到。所以劃定位線索遵循以下原則。
第一，形式最鮮明的專有名詞和數(shù)字時間，而且多多益善。因為這些也有可能是不止一次出現(xiàn)，有兩個或者以上，就能比較確定。
要注意讀出隱性的數(shù)字，也就是本身沒有數(shù)字，但暗示文章里有數(shù)字。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.
1是鮮明的1921；2有General Eisenhower, 再加上German, 還有America(但America定位的意義不大，因為它是貫穿全文的——文章講的就是美國的事情)；3也有鮮明的1950s, 參照American government.
但也要讀出5和9所暗示的數(shù)字。
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other american roads.
Death rate當(dāng)然可能用數(shù)字來表達(dá)。
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.
More than后面也可能是數(shù)字。
第二，如果沒有如此鮮明的標(biāo)志，其次找本句的核心概念。還要注意這是為了在原文中尋找相應(yīng)的東西，所以不一定是意義最重要或者對文章最重要，而是在原文中最可能明確地找到。
4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.
4中，在原文中最容易找的會是什么？是很多問題，還是地理特征，還是創(chuàng)造性的工程？應(yīng)該說都可能。這時候problem好，還是geographical feature等好？對定位而言，可能長得比較怪異的更打眼一些，雖然可能不認(rèn)識。
5中，safety consideration可以考慮，而death rate要么是原詞，要么是數(shù)字，很好用。至于American roads這個概念太泛，不專一，就很難說了。
6中，interstate highway system是文章的核心概念，反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，反而是最不好的定位詞。Access between military installations比較怪異，是應(yīng)該留意的對象。America再次出現(xiàn)，再次貶值。
7當(dāng)然是主語重要，賓語是文章主題，對定位無益。
第三，留意一些邏輯關(guān)系。如時間前后，容易混亂；因果關(guān)系，不容顛倒；比較關(guān)系，嚴(yán)格對應(yīng)；級別，要有依據(jù)。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
時間：By 1921是在此之前，到此時為止。
2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.
比較：說的是德國的比美國的好。
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
比較：高速路死亡路高于馬路。
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.
因果：服務(wù)性的東西促進(jìn)高速路發(fā)展。
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
級：的好處，意味著原文可能不只一個好處，搜索范圍可能較大。
第四，一時之間，難以判斷，就多劃幾個詞，或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的劃出來了核心，有一個兩個模糊，問題不大。
第二招 凌波微步
凌波微步不是瞎走，是有心法的。其核心就是該讀的讀，不該讀的要跳過。怎么判斷？從兩個方面來說。
一方面，我們要什么？
一是全文話題，也就是全文說什么
二是全文結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是各段說什么
三是題目考點，也就是讀題時我們劃出的東西
另一方面，我們不要什么？
跟以上三者無關(guān)的段落
跟以上三者無關(guān)的句子，及句子中無關(guān)的詞、短語、從句等
注意所謂選擇不是無原則的，瞎抓肯定不行。一定是抓住了必須抓住的，才能有把握地放棄其它的。抓住了結(jié)構(gòu)，才能放棄一些段落；抓住了句子的核心，才能確定其余部分可以不管。下面分述之。
一、注意標(biāo)題
文章的標(biāo)題，告訴我們第一個要素：話題。如果還分成幾個部分有小標(biāo)題，那是告訴我們結(jié)構(gòu)。所以標(biāo)題是要首先注意，充分利用。此文告訴我們：主題是highways.
二、段落有主次
以三大核心為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，段落不是等量齊觀的，有些要讀，要些不讀，有些略讀。
第一段可不讀：因為主題已明，而第一題答案很容易找到在第二段。
第二段兩道題，自然重要。
第三段掃描：前面兩題在第二段解決，第三題要找1950s，第三段沒有，最后輕松定位在第四段——這就是掃描，有時需要巨大的跳躍。所以亦步亦趨的閱讀方法可以休矣！
第四段涉及到題，自然要讀。第四題根據(jù)線索，也不難在第四段找到對應(yīng)。
第五段掃描之下，沒有第五題所需要的death rate或者具體的數(shù)字。
第六段末句才有death rate, 括號里是具體數(shù)字。
下一段，掃描尋找access between major military installations, 只找到了provide access to.
第八段可找到第七題的service stations等。
后面三道填空題，是在文章靠后的部分，但與前面后面幾道題的位置可能有交叉。
第八題中包含the greatest, 所以答案在一堆好處中產(chǎn)生。閱讀范圍稍大。返觀文章結(jié)構(gòu)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，上面第五題所涉及的death rate是在講好處，但沒說是否。下一段接著講好處，最后一句有一個above all清楚地說明那是極致所在。
第九題所要的數(shù)字在第八段。
第十題的Eisenhower在最后一段也很鮮明。
綜合上所述，九段的文章考十道題，并不是平均分布。其中第一三五段根本沒有考題，如果能夠不讀或盡量少讀，可節(jié)省大量時間，做到“閑庭信步”。只要抓住了關(guān)鍵，拋棄逐字逐字閱讀的方式，其實不難做到。
三、句子抓主干
拋棄一些段落后，如果要讀的段落每句都要讀得清清楚楚，也是不現(xiàn)實的也不必要的。在讀句子上，速度也要提起來，關(guān)鍵也是在選擇。這個選擇原則是：以考點為準(zhǔn)，抓住主干，盡量少看。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
找到的是第二段首句：With the increase in aoto production, private turnpike（收費公路） companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads.
此句只是講到1921年，有多少paved roads. 是否有national standards，要繼續(xù)看后面。下一句很長：
Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specificatins stressed the importance of adequate drainage.
這一句漫無目的讀下去，只有兩個結(jié)果，一是死在路上，因為后面不但長而且是很怪異的東西。二是終于讀出來了，但考試時間已到！橫豎是個死。
其實最多讀到19th century Scottish engineer就完全夠了。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是“考點”。我們現(xiàn)在要知道的是那時有沒有national standards國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用的是十九世紀(jì)蘇格蘭某工程師的東西，這個工程師是誰重要否？它的那個東西有什么特點重要否？無關(guān)！是不是國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才是重要的。有人敏感一點，已得出沒有國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果不確信，下一句就清楚了：Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. 即使這個直接解題的句子，也不允許讀完，讀到standards就可以了，至于是關(guān)于什么的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？有意義嗎？對解題有意義嗎？
第三招 火眼金睛
指的是要分清楚Y，N，NG的真正含義，不要在讀找到了也讀懂了原文的情況之下冤枉失分。
挑戰(zhàn)性主要是來自于原來的正確與錯誤的兩分，變成了三分，也就是原來我們歸為錯的要進(jìn)行兩分，一種是N，另一種是NG。Y正確與原來是一樣的：跟原文意思一致。
所謂NG，not given，是說原文中沒有給出。這在以前就算是錯，現(xiàn)在則不同?？纯聪旅娴睦?，再總結(jié)如何區(qū)別。
原文：I love you.
選項：
1.I have some strong feelings for in you.
2.I hate you/I am inddiferent.
3.You love me/I love you fervently/I love you better than he/I will love you always.
以上1是對原文意思的解釋，故為Y。
2和3在以前都是錯的。但按照三分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，2才是N，而3是NG。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：是否有邏輯上的否定關(guān)系。
原文與選項有邏輯上的否定關(guān)系，則為N，也就是原文對，則選項必錯，是N。
原文與選項不同，但無邏輯上的否定關(guān)系，為NG，也就是原文對，選項不一定對，但也不一定錯，是NG。
“我愛你”，則必然不是“我恨你”或者“冷漠無情”，故N。
但“我愛你”時，“你愛我”與否并不確定；我是否“很熱烈的愛你”、是否“愛你甚于他愛你”、是否“將會永遠(yuǎn)愛你”都是不一定的，故為NG。
看真題的第6題。
6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.
原文：By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs,access to to cutural programs, health care ,and other benefits.
原文講到提供了access to 文化項目, 選項是access to military installations(軍事上的一個東西)。不能因為兩個是不同的，就說是N，因為提供了文化的東西，并不意味著就一定沒有軍事上的東西。
四、特別提示：填空三步曲
填空要做到完整不出意外，按以下三步走。
一、定性?？崭褚笫裁葱再|(zhì)的東西。是一個詞、短語、還是從句等。還要分清性質(zhì)，是名詞性動詞性還是形容詞性等，填的時候?qū)ΠY下藥。
二、定位。這一步跟前面是通用的。
三、基本照抄。原文照搬即可。問題是抄哪一部分，哪幾個詞，取決于第一步定性的結(jié)果。
看真題。
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ____________.
第八題是一個表語，名詞性的，可能是詞，短語或從句。原文是：
Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most:personal freedom of mobility.
不能填provide…, 這是個動詞短語。后面what..引導(dǎo)的名詞從句可以，冒號后名詞短語是對這個名詞從句內(nèi)容的具體化，：personal freedom of mobility.
第九題填deliver的賓語，要填一個含數(shù)字的名詞短語。
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.
從75開始的名詞短語是：75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries, deliveries與題中的deliver重復(fù)，去掉。
第十題，介詞之后，名詞短語。
The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.
不能從to honor截取，它是動詞不定式短語，不能作介詞賓語，后面his vision and leadership才是。
III．總結(jié)
快速閱讀的核心技術(shù)是略讀與掃描，也就是用最快的速度抓住文章最重要的內(nèi)容以及題目所涉及到的內(nèi)容。
它要求我們在閱讀時要有選擇性：該讀的讀，不該讀的跳。具體來說，在篇章的層次上能夠判斷一篇文章重要的段落在哪兒，跳過不重要的段落；在句子的層面上能夠分清哪部分重要，哪些應(yīng)該略過。
這要求我們牢記閱讀的目的，始終以所要的東西作為判斷輕重的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。拋棄逐字逐句的閱讀方式，實現(xiàn)跳躍式前進(jìn)。
判斷由兩分變?yōu)槿?，需要調(diào)整一下思路，主要是不要輕易斷言一個選項是N，出現(xiàn)模糊時，拿出“邏輯上否定”的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，自可迎刃而解。
世上無難題，只怕思路清。
附：快速閱讀真題
Directions: In this part,you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet1
For questions 1-7,mark
Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N(for NO) if statement cintradicts the information given in the passage;
NG(for NOT CIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
for question 8-10 ,complete the sentenced with the information given in the passage.
Highway
Early in the 20th century, most of the sreets and raods in the U.S. were made of dirt,brick, and cedar wood blocks. Uilt for hosrse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容納) automobiles.
With the increase in aoto production, private turnpike(收費公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specificatins stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned form Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army’s first trascontinental motor convoy(車隊), he noted:“the old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”
It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national higway system. During World War II, tremendous increase in trucks and new roads wree required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing vareity of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds,while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A goverment study recommended a national highway systerm of 33,920 miles,and congress passed the Federcal-Aid Highway Act of 1944,which called for strict,centrally controlled desert criterra.
The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century .To bulid its 44,000-mile web of highways,bridge.and tunnels hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out.Consider the many geographic ,features of the country:mountains,steep grades,wetlands,rivers,desorts and plains.Variables included the slope of the land,the ability of the pavement to support the load.Innovative, designs of roadways,tunnels,bridges,overpasses,and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country ,forever altering the face of American .
Long-span,segmented-concrete,cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida,and remarkable tunnels like Fort Mchenry in Maryland and Mr.bakerin Washington developed under the nation's physical challenges,Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed uder the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world,ang were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S,and the U.S with Canada and Mexico,Built with safety in mind the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians,or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,ourves engineered for safe turns,and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads)
By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs,access to to cutural programs, health care ,and other benefits.Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most:personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes,it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations ,motels,restaurants,and shopping centres.It has allower the rwlocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.
By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads ,residential streets,expressways,and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.The year construction began he said:"Together,the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear -United States.Without them ,we would be a mere alliance of many sepaeate parts."
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.
4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in I novative engieering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of __________.
I．是常規(guī)技術(shù)，不是特異功能
新四級閱讀的變化，是新增了專門的“快速閱讀”，對考生心理挑戰(zhàn)。似乎對速度的要求突然間猛增，讓人手足無措。其實不然。
閱讀速度的提高，也就是掃描和略讀技術(shù)的掌握。所謂掃描，就是有文章中尋找一個特定的信息，所謂略讀，就是以最快的速度獲取最重要的信息，也就是文章的主旨和基本結(jié)構(gòu)，再直接一點就是全文在說什么話題，每段分別講哪個方面。
掃描和略讀是閱讀的應(yīng)有之義，不是現(xiàn)在跳出來的特異功能。此前四篇文章的那種傳統(tǒng)閱讀，我們也會感覺到速度有問題。而問題的癥結(jié)，正是在于這兩大技術(shù)的掌握。因為一篇文章四五道題，也就是說只考文章重要信息和一部分特定信息。而如果能有過硬的略讀術(shù)，快速找到文章的核心信息；又能夠快速掃描，找到題目所需要的具體信息，而不在無關(guān)信息上糾纏，速度自然就快了起來。
信息社會，對速度的要求越來越高。然而很多人如老牛破車，總是怪哪個單詞不認(rèn)識，哪個句子讀不懂，苦苦掙扎，不知所以：他所糾纏的那個詞或者句子，可能根本與解題無關(guān)。
所以有快速閱讀出，考的不是新的玩意兒，只是將我們在閱讀中最常見而又最被忽略的問題專門提出，加以強化，借以引起我們的重視。從歷看，四級對于閱讀速度的要求，也不是一時的心血來潮，而是一個連續(xù)的過程。2002年，四級平均閱讀量是284個單詞/文；2003年6月，這個數(shù)字增加到300個單詞/文；而到了2005年兩次考試，分別達(dá)到320和333。所以快速閱讀實在與傳統(tǒng)閱讀相輔相成。傳統(tǒng)閱讀很好，尤其如果速度不成問題，快速閱讀自在掌握之中；而快速閱讀如果練好了，對于傳統(tǒng)閱讀，當(dāng)有如虎添翼之功。
不要怕。
沒有掌握的，老老實實學(xué)會，就那么幾招。學(xué)會了，其它的閱讀也才會如履平地；掌握了的，當(dāng)然更不用怕。
下面以真題為例，看要些什么招，如何使用。
II．解題三招
第一招 定點清除
要從文章里找到想要的信息，先要明白你想要什么信息，才能有的放矢。而為了尋找的方便，不能把題目整個句子背下來——問題是背不下來。所以要劃出盡量少但的尋找依據(jù)。注意現(xiàn)在要尋找的是定位依據(jù)，所以選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：1）原文當(dāng)中一定會出現(xiàn)。不出現(xiàn)，就找不著；2）只有一個地方出現(xiàn)。到處都是，也不知道哪兒才是答案所在；3）文章與題目形式相同，形式鮮明，有利于找到。所以劃定位線索遵循以下原則。
第一，形式最鮮明的專有名詞和數(shù)字時間，而且多多益善。因為這些也有可能是不止一次出現(xiàn)，有兩個或者以上，就能比較確定。
要注意讀出隱性的數(shù)字，也就是本身沒有數(shù)字，但暗示文章里有數(shù)字。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.
1是鮮明的1921；2有General Eisenhower, 再加上German, 還有America(但America定位的意義不大，因為它是貫穿全文的——文章講的就是美國的事情)；3也有鮮明的1950s, 參照American government.
但也要讀出5和9所暗示的數(shù)字。
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other american roads.
Death rate當(dāng)然可能用數(shù)字來表達(dá)。
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.
More than后面也可能是數(shù)字。
第二，如果沒有如此鮮明的標(biāo)志，其次找本句的核心概念。還要注意這是為了在原文中尋找相應(yīng)的東西，所以不一定是意義最重要或者對文章最重要，而是在原文中最可能明確地找到。
4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.
4中，在原文中最容易找的會是什么？是很多問題，還是地理特征，還是創(chuàng)造性的工程？應(yīng)該說都可能。這時候problem好，還是geographical feature等好？對定位而言，可能長得比較怪異的更打眼一些，雖然可能不認(rèn)識。
5中，safety consideration可以考慮，而death rate要么是原詞，要么是數(shù)字，很好用。至于American roads這個概念太泛，不專一，就很難說了。
6中，interstate highway system是文章的核心概念，反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，反而是最不好的定位詞。Access between military installations比較怪異，是應(yīng)該留意的對象。America再次出現(xiàn)，再次貶值。
7當(dāng)然是主語重要，賓語是文章主題，對定位無益。
第三，留意一些邏輯關(guān)系。如時間前后，容易混亂；因果關(guān)系，不容顛倒；比較關(guān)系，嚴(yán)格對應(yīng)；級別，要有依據(jù)。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
時間：By 1921是在此之前，到此時為止。
2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.
比較：說的是德國的比美國的好。
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
比較：高速路死亡路高于馬路。
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.
因果：服務(wù)性的東西促進(jìn)高速路發(fā)展。
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
級：的好處，意味著原文可能不只一個好處，搜索范圍可能較大。
第四，一時之間，難以判斷，就多劃幾個詞，或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的劃出來了核心，有一個兩個模糊，問題不大。
第二招 凌波微步
凌波微步不是瞎走，是有心法的。其核心就是該讀的讀，不該讀的要跳過。怎么判斷？從兩個方面來說。
一方面，我們要什么？
一是全文話題，也就是全文說什么
二是全文結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是各段說什么
三是題目考點，也就是讀題時我們劃出的東西
另一方面，我們不要什么？
跟以上三者無關(guān)的段落
跟以上三者無關(guān)的句子，及句子中無關(guān)的詞、短語、從句等
注意所謂選擇不是無原則的，瞎抓肯定不行。一定是抓住了必須抓住的，才能有把握地放棄其它的。抓住了結(jié)構(gòu)，才能放棄一些段落；抓住了句子的核心，才能確定其余部分可以不管。下面分述之。
一、注意標(biāo)題
文章的標(biāo)題，告訴我們第一個要素：話題。如果還分成幾個部分有小標(biāo)題，那是告訴我們結(jié)構(gòu)。所以標(biāo)題是要首先注意，充分利用。此文告訴我們：主題是highways.
二、段落有主次
以三大核心為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，段落不是等量齊觀的，有些要讀，要些不讀，有些略讀。
第一段可不讀：因為主題已明，而第一題答案很容易找到在第二段。
第二段兩道題，自然重要。
第三段掃描：前面兩題在第二段解決，第三題要找1950s，第三段沒有，最后輕松定位在第四段——這就是掃描，有時需要巨大的跳躍。所以亦步亦趨的閱讀方法可以休矣！
第四段涉及到題，自然要讀。第四題根據(jù)線索，也不難在第四段找到對應(yīng)。
第五段掃描之下，沒有第五題所需要的death rate或者具體的數(shù)字。
第六段末句才有death rate, 括號里是具體數(shù)字。
下一段，掃描尋找access between major military installations, 只找到了provide access to.
第八段可找到第七題的service stations等。
后面三道填空題，是在文章靠后的部分，但與前面后面幾道題的位置可能有交叉。
第八題中包含the greatest, 所以答案在一堆好處中產(chǎn)生。閱讀范圍稍大。返觀文章結(jié)構(gòu)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，上面第五題所涉及的death rate是在講好處，但沒說是否。下一段接著講好處，最后一句有一個above all清楚地說明那是極致所在。
第九題所要的數(shù)字在第八段。
第十題的Eisenhower在最后一段也很鮮明。
綜合上所述，九段的文章考十道題，并不是平均分布。其中第一三五段根本沒有考題，如果能夠不讀或盡量少讀，可節(jié)省大量時間，做到“閑庭信步”。只要抓住了關(guān)鍵，拋棄逐字逐字閱讀的方式，其實不難做到。
三、句子抓主干
拋棄一些段落后，如果要讀的段落每句都要讀得清清楚楚，也是不現(xiàn)實的也不必要的。在讀句子上，速度也要提起來，關(guān)鍵也是在選擇。這個選擇原則是：以考點為準(zhǔn)，抓住主干，盡量少看。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
找到的是第二段首句：With the increase in aoto production, private turnpike（收費公路） companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads.
此句只是講到1921年，有多少paved roads. 是否有national standards，要繼續(xù)看后面。下一句很長：
Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specificatins stressed the importance of adequate drainage.
這一句漫無目的讀下去，只有兩個結(jié)果，一是死在路上，因為后面不但長而且是很怪異的東西。二是終于讀出來了，但考試時間已到！橫豎是個死。
其實最多讀到19th century Scottish engineer就完全夠了。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是“考點”。我們現(xiàn)在要知道的是那時有沒有national standards國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用的是十九世紀(jì)蘇格蘭某工程師的東西，這個工程師是誰重要否？它的那個東西有什么特點重要否？無關(guān)！是不是國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才是重要的。有人敏感一點，已得出沒有國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果不確信，下一句就清楚了：Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. 即使這個直接解題的句子，也不允許讀完，讀到standards就可以了，至于是關(guān)于什么的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？有意義嗎？對解題有意義嗎？
第三招 火眼金睛
指的是要分清楚Y，N，NG的真正含義，不要在讀找到了也讀懂了原文的情況之下冤枉失分。
挑戰(zhàn)性主要是來自于原來的正確與錯誤的兩分，變成了三分，也就是原來我們歸為錯的要進(jìn)行兩分，一種是N，另一種是NG。Y正確與原來是一樣的：跟原文意思一致。
所謂NG，not given，是說原文中沒有給出。這在以前就算是錯，現(xiàn)在則不同?？纯聪旅娴睦?，再總結(jié)如何區(qū)別。
原文：I love you.
選項：
1.I have some strong feelings for in you.
2.I hate you/I am inddiferent.
3.You love me/I love you fervently/I love you better than he/I will love you always.
以上1是對原文意思的解釋，故為Y。
2和3在以前都是錯的。但按照三分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，2才是N，而3是NG。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：是否有邏輯上的否定關(guān)系。
原文與選項有邏輯上的否定關(guān)系，則為N，也就是原文對，則選項必錯，是N。
原文與選項不同，但無邏輯上的否定關(guān)系，為NG，也就是原文對，選項不一定對，但也不一定錯，是NG。
“我愛你”，則必然不是“我恨你”或者“冷漠無情”，故N。
但“我愛你”時，“你愛我”與否并不確定；我是否“很熱烈的愛你”、是否“愛你甚于他愛你”、是否“將會永遠(yuǎn)愛你”都是不一定的，故為NG。
看真題的第6題。
6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.
原文：By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs,access to to cutural programs, health care ,and other benefits.
原文講到提供了access to 文化項目, 選項是access to military installations(軍事上的一個東西)。不能因為兩個是不同的，就說是N，因為提供了文化的東西，并不意味著就一定沒有軍事上的東西。
四、特別提示：填空三步曲
填空要做到完整不出意外，按以下三步走。
一、定性?？崭褚笫裁葱再|(zhì)的東西。是一個詞、短語、還是從句等。還要分清性質(zhì)，是名詞性動詞性還是形容詞性等，填的時候?qū)ΠY下藥。
二、定位。這一步跟前面是通用的。
三、基本照抄。原文照搬即可。問題是抄哪一部分，哪幾個詞，取決于第一步定性的結(jié)果。
看真題。
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ____________.
第八題是一個表語，名詞性的，可能是詞，短語或從句。原文是：
Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most:personal freedom of mobility.
不能填provide…, 這是個動詞短語。后面what..引導(dǎo)的名詞從句可以，冒號后名詞短語是對這個名詞從句內(nèi)容的具體化，：personal freedom of mobility.
第九題填deliver的賓語，要填一個含數(shù)字的名詞短語。
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.
從75開始的名詞短語是：75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries, deliveries與題中的deliver重復(fù)，去掉。
第十題，介詞之后，名詞短語。
The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.
不能從to honor截取，它是動詞不定式短語，不能作介詞賓語，后面his vision and leadership才是。
III．總結(jié)
快速閱讀的核心技術(shù)是略讀與掃描，也就是用最快的速度抓住文章最重要的內(nèi)容以及題目所涉及到的內(nèi)容。
它要求我們在閱讀時要有選擇性：該讀的讀，不該讀的跳。具體來說，在篇章的層次上能夠判斷一篇文章重要的段落在哪兒，跳過不重要的段落；在句子的層面上能夠分清哪部分重要，哪些應(yīng)該略過。
這要求我們牢記閱讀的目的，始終以所要的東西作為判斷輕重的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。拋棄逐字逐句的閱讀方式，實現(xiàn)跳躍式前進(jìn)。
判斷由兩分變?yōu)槿?，需要調(diào)整一下思路，主要是不要輕易斷言一個選項是N，出現(xiàn)模糊時，拿出“邏輯上否定”的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，自可迎刃而解。
世上無難題，只怕思路清。
附：快速閱讀真題
Directions: In this part,you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet1
For questions 1-7,mark
Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N(for NO) if statement cintradicts the information given in the passage;
NG(for NOT CIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
for question 8-10 ,complete the sentenced with the information given in the passage.
Highway
Early in the 20th century, most of the sreets and raods in the U.S. were made of dirt,brick, and cedar wood blocks. Uilt for hosrse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容納) automobiles.
With the increase in aoto production, private turnpike(收費公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387, 000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specificatins stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned form Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army’s first trascontinental motor convoy(車隊), he noted:“the old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”
It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national higway system. During World War II, tremendous increase in trucks and new roads wree required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing vareity of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds,while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A goverment study recommended a national highway systerm of 33,920 miles,and congress passed the Federcal-Aid Highway Act of 1944,which called for strict,centrally controlled desert criterra.
The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century .To bulid its 44,000-mile web of highways,bridge.and tunnels hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out.Consider the many geographic ,features of the country:mountains,steep grades,wetlands,rivers,desorts and plains.Variables included the slope of the land,the ability of the pavement to support the load.Innovative, designs of roadways,tunnels,bridges,overpasses,and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country ,forever altering the face of American .
Long-span,segmented-concrete,cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida,and remarkable tunnels like Fort Mchenry in Maryland and Mr.bakerin Washington developed under the nation's physical challenges,Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed uder the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world,ang were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S,and the U.S with Canada and Mexico,Built with safety in mind the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians,or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,ourves engineered for safe turns,and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads)
By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs,access to to cutural programs, health care ,and other benefits.Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they enerish most:personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck.and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes,it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations ,motels,restaurants,and shopping centres.It has allower the rwlocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.
By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads ,residential streets,expressways,and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vison and leadership.The year construction began he said:"Together,the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear -United States.Without them ,we would be a mere alliance of many sepaeate parts."
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2.General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system.
4. Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in I novative engieering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provids access between major military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate higway system.
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was __________.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________________.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of __________.