無主垂懸分詞 - 四級語法

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??一般來講,分詞或分詞短語在句子中充當(dāng)狀語時,其邏輯主語與句子主語一致,如:Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.其中opening的邏輯主語是句子主語he。當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,則應(yīng)將分詞的邏輯主語補出來,如:George yawning,the conversation dropped.這種分詞結(jié)構(gòu)被稱作獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
    ??但有時我們遇到這種情況:分詞的主語既不與句子主語一致,分詞本身又非獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),如:
    Going up the hill,the statue of Lincoln struck my eye.在登上山的當(dāng)兒,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。
    ??Tired but happy,the bus whisked us home.我們雖然疲乏,但很高興,公共汽車飛快地把我們送到了家。
    ??這種分詞在語法上被稱作垂懸分詞(dangling participle),也叫無依著分詞。垂懸分詞從起源上來說,是語言的錯誤使用(performance error),即將分詞的主語與句子的主語錯誤聯(lián)系,從而產(chǎn)生垂懸分詞,所以有人又叫它錯關(guān)聯(lián)分詞(misrelated participle)。
    ??垂懸分詞通常出現(xiàn)在句子開頭或接近開頭的位置,與句子中的其它成分不產(chǎn)生必要的句法關(guān)系,特別是它與句子主語無邏輯關(guān)系。鑒于這種特點,垂懸分詞別名為:獨立分詞(absolute participle)或孤立分詞(isolated participle)。
    ??垂懸分詞多數(shù)為現(xiàn)在分詞,少數(shù)為過去分詞。下文將從使用場合和情況對垂懸分詞進行分類、歸納和總結(jié)。
    ??1.當(dāng)分詞主語是不定人稱時,如:
    ??When dining in the restaurant,a jacket and tie are required.
    ??2.當(dāng)分詞的主語是表示時間、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象等的無人稱代詞it時,如:
    ??Being Christmas,the government offices were closed.
    ??3.當(dāng)分詞的暗含主語是句子的整體時,如:
    ??The siren sounded,indicating that the air-raid was over.
    ??Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated with an enemy emissary.
    ??4.在正式科技文章中,分詞前常常帶有連詞,其主語通常與I,we,you等同,如:
    ??When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.
    ??When treating patients with language retardation and deviation of language??development,the therapy consists,in part,of discus- sions of the patients'problems with patients and teachers,with subsequent language teaching carried out by them.
    ??5.垂懸分詞最常見于方式分離狀語(style disjunct),表明說話人對所說的話的方式、條件以 及說話人的態(tài)度或看法,這種用法可細(xì)分為以下幾種情況:
    ??a.說話者用垂懸分詞引出話題,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思為"談 到……,關(guān)于……,回到……"等,請看例句:
    ??Getting back to our story,the princess was killed.
    ??Coming to this question,Isayno.
    ??垂懸分詞表明說話者的說話方式,如:putting it mildly,frankly speaking,generally? speaking,roughly speaking,broadly speaking,biologically speaking等,請看例句:
    ??Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience.
    ??Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats.
    ??c.有些垂懸分詞或詞組表明說話的依據(jù)或視角,如:judging from,according to,?considering,viewing it from,seeing,例如:
    ??Judging from his expression,he is in a bad mood.
    ??According to Barthes,the author had died.
    ??Considering the low price,the car is worth buying.
    ??d.有些垂懸分詞或詞組還為說話者所說內(nèi)容的成立提供條件,如:providing(that), provided(that),supposing,given,意思為"if或 with",wanting和failing意思為"without"。例如:
    ??Provided that a film entertains,few people care about its other merits.
    ??Given prudence and patience,anybody can achieve something.
    ??Supposing this to be true,he is certainly the murderer.
    ??e.表示轉(zhuǎn)折性的垂懸分詞或詞組有:admitting that,allowed that,allowing for,?considering(that),assuming that,seeing that,granting that,granted that,?notwithstanding,請看例句:
    ??Allowing for(=Considering)the deficiencies,the show is a success.
    ??Granted(=Granting)that you are right, you should not get angry.
    ??Admitting(=Assuming =Allowing)that he is drunk,that is no excuse.
    ??f.有些垂懸分詞或詞組還可以表明說話者所說內(nèi)容有無例外情況,如:barring,bating,?excepting,excepted,saving that,意思為"除了……";including,counting,setting?aside, leaving...to one side,意思為"包括;除了……還有……"等,請看例句:
    ? Barring(=bating)this point,I agree with you.
    ? There are fifteen students countingme.
    ??Setting aside the question of capital,this business has many other problems.
    ??從以上列舉的垂懸分詞,我們可以得到一個總體印象:垂懸分詞雖然在產(chǎn)生之初為錯誤聯(lián)系使用所致,但一旦被言語社團成員所接受,便成為正確英語;由于其產(chǎn)生的特殊性,及其使用場合的有限性,垂懸分詞與一般分詞相比靈活程度差一些,也就是說,垂懸分詞的表達(dá)及用途相對固定。甚至于有些垂懸分詞詞組已被很多詞典編撰者當(dāng)作固定詞組來看待,如上文中的generally speaking, frankly? speaking,judging from ,com ing to details等。另外,從詞性角度來看,有些垂懸分詞已不再被看作是分詞,失去了動詞的本性,已演變成介詞或連詞。被當(dāng)作介詞看待的垂懸分詞有:
    considering,counting,including,barring,bating,excepting,excepted, concerning,regarding,respecting,touching, wanting,failing,pending,saving等等,例如:
    Considering its cost,this machine is not worth buying.
    ??He asked me questions concerning my health.
    ??Pending a report from Rancy,we'll pro- ceed as planned.
    ??I know nothing respecting that girl.
    ??已變成連詞的垂懸分詞有:providing(that),provided(that),saving,notwithstanding,seeing,considering,granting, granted,adm itting,assum ing,allowing,supposing等等。例句:
    ??He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young.
    ??Granting that he has made a mistake,he is not to blame.
    ??總之,垂懸分詞與一般分詞不一樣,是一種超常規(guī)的語言現(xiàn)象,但其用途與形式相對固定,應(yīng)引起我們足夠的重視。正因為垂懸分詞的使用場合及數(shù)量相對有限,英語學(xué)習(xí)者一方面要學(xué)會理解并掌握這一超常語言現(xiàn)象,另一方面切記不要將其它一般分詞(遵循主謂一致原則)模仿垂懸分詞使用,因為畢竟垂懸分詞的產(chǎn)生源于錯誤聯(lián)系,違反了主謂一致原則。