??一、學(xué)習(xí)英語必須重視語法學(xué)習(xí)。從應(yīng)試的意義上講,考生要想順利通過四級(jí)考試,必須掌握相應(yīng)的語法知識(shí)。在四級(jí)考試中,一眼就能看出答案的語法試題為數(shù)很少,絕大多數(shù)試題中的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)都具有較強(qiáng)的干擾性例如:
??1.(CET-4,2002,6)
??Who would you rather_______with you,George or me?
??A)going? B)to go? C)have gong? D)went
??[答案]D
??[注釋]本題測(cè)試疑問句中的虛擬語氣。would rather的用法相當(dāng)于wish,后面的從句必須用虛擬語氣。在would rather的從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式的形式來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砬闆r的虛擬語氣。
??[譯文]你愿意誰跟你同去,是喬治還是我?
??2.(CET-4,2002,6)
??The residents,_______had been damaged by the fire,were given help by the Red Cross.
??A)all of their homes? B all their homes? C)whose all homes?D)all of whose homes
??[答案]D
??[注釋]本題測(cè)試連接結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間應(yīng)該是一個(gè)定語從句,修飾residents。選項(xiàng)C和D中都含有關(guān)系代詞whose,可以起連接主句和從句的作用,但在英語中我們只可以說all of whose homes,而不可以說 whose all homes或者all whose homes,故選項(xiàng)D)all of whose homes為正確答案。選項(xiàng)A和B均可不考慮,其原因是兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中均沒有可以連接兩個(gè)句子的詞語逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)并列句。
??[譯文]房屋全部被大火毀壞的居民得到了紅十字。
??3.(CET-4,1997,1)
??There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means trouble.
A)making?B)to make?C)to have made?D)having made
??[答案]B
??[注釋]本題測(cè)試的是非謂語動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞mean接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),意為"打算(做某事)",相當(dāng)于intend to do sth.,選項(xiàng)B)to make符合題意,為本題的正確答案。25%的考生答對(duì)本題。41%和18%的考生分別誤選了 D)having made和A)making。動(dòng)詞mean接動(dòng)名詞時(shí),意為"表示……的意思,意味著",與本題的意思不相符,因此不可以選D和A。選項(xiàng)C)to have made為不定式的完成式,這種形式表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前,與本題的意思也不相符。
??[譯文]服務(wù)臺(tái)那里有一個(gè)人,看上去很氣憤,我想他是存心要找麻煩。
??二、語法的應(yīng)試意義不僅體現(xiàn)在"詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)"試題中,考試的其他試題也都不同程度地涉及考生的語法知識(shí),尤其在"閱讀理解"和"英譯漢"試題中,語法知識(shí)潛含的分值是不容低估的,很多長(zhǎng)句子、難句子都需要考生借助于語法知識(shí)去分析和理解。例如:
閱讀理解
??1.(CET-4,2002,6)
??Most episodes of absent-mindedness forgetting where you left something or wondering why just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.
??[注釋]句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是Most episodes of absent-mindedness are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.句子中的forgetting where you left entered a room是episodes的同位語。
??[譯文]斯卡克特爾教授說,絕大多數(shù)健忘癥患者的癥狀是忘了把東西放在何處或納悶自己剛才為何走進(jìn)某個(gè)房間,這些都是由于注意力不夠所造成的。
??2.(CET-4,2000,1)
??Of major concern to Amtrak(美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司)and its advertising agency DDB Needham were the long distance western routes where ridership(客運(yùn)量)had been declining significantly.
??[注釋]本句為倒裝語序,正常的語序應(yīng)為:The long-distance western routes...we to...。主句的主語是the long-distance we stern routes之后是where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾routes。由于全句強(qiáng)調(diào)表語部分,且句子的主語部分較長(zhǎng),因而采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
??[譯文]對(duì)于美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司及其廣告代理公司來說,他們最為關(guān)心的是客運(yùn)量一直在大幅度下降的西部長(zhǎng)途沿線。
??3.(CET-4,1991,1)
??A break through(突破)in the provision of energy from munity(EEC)could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research
effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.
??[注釋]這是道在四級(jí)考試閱讀理解短文中出現(xiàn)的,全句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)如下。
??A break through(突破)(主句主語)/in the provision of energy from the
sun for the European Economic Commun(EEC)(定語)/could be brought(主句謂語)/ forward by up to two decades,(狀語)/ if a modest increase modest increase(從句主語)/could be provided (從句謂語)/in the EEC's research effort in this field,(狀語)/according to the senior EECscientists(狀語)/engaged in experiments in solar energy(定語)/at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.(狀語)
??[譯文]據(jù)在歐共體靠近米蘭的伊斯粕爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室從,如果適度增加歐共體在利用太陽能領(lǐng)域的研究經(jīng)費(fèi),在為歐共體提供太陽能方面的突破有可能提前20年。
??1.(CET-4,英譯漢考試樣題)
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(認(rèn)知的)areas such as attention and memory.
??[注釋]全句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為Researchers have established-接一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句是個(gè)復(fù)合句,when從句作時(shí)間狀語,主句的主語為biochemical changes,謂語為occur,狀語為in the brain,其后的that從句為定語從句,修飾biochemical changes從句中的it指代brain。定語從句沒有緊跟其先行詞的這種語法現(xiàn)象被稱為定語從句的分隔。
??[譯文]研究人員已經(jīng)證實(shí)人們?cè)趧?dòng)腦筋時(shí),頭腦里會(huì)產(chǎn)生生物化學(xué)變化,這種變化可以使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更加有效地進(jìn)行活動(dòng)。
??2.(CET-4,1996,1)
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
??[注釋]在that引導(dǎo)的表語從句中,主語為the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it .其中的it代替one generation,從句的謂語部分為is inevitable。
??[譯文]我的觀點(diǎn)是,一代人經(jīng)常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。
??3.(CET-4,1996,6)
??We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their
serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
??[注釋]在that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中,主語為those patients,謂語部分為aware of its potential outcome who were not told of their serious illnes為patients的定語從句。
??[譯文]我們印象極為深刻的是:即使那些沒有被告知其病情嚴(yán)重性的病人,也對(duì)疾病的潛在后果一清二楚。
??應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的是,許多學(xué)生進(jìn)入大學(xué)后在語法方面并沒有獲得應(yīng)有的提高,他們的語法知識(shí)大體還停留在中學(xué)的水平上,有些人甚至略有退步。因此,無論是從學(xué)習(xí)英語還是從應(yīng)試的角度來說,進(jìn)一步鞏固和加深基本語法知識(shí)都是十分必要的。
??1.(CET-4,2002,6)
??Who would you rather_______with you,George or me?
??A)going? B)to go? C)have gong? D)went
??[答案]D
??[注釋]本題測(cè)試疑問句中的虛擬語氣。would rather的用法相當(dāng)于wish,后面的從句必須用虛擬語氣。在would rather的從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式的形式來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砬闆r的虛擬語氣。
??[譯文]你愿意誰跟你同去,是喬治還是我?
??2.(CET-4,2002,6)
??The residents,_______had been damaged by the fire,were given help by the Red Cross.
??A)all of their homes? B all their homes? C)whose all homes?D)all of whose homes
??[答案]D
??[注釋]本題測(cè)試連接結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間應(yīng)該是一個(gè)定語從句,修飾residents。選項(xiàng)C和D中都含有關(guān)系代詞whose,可以起連接主句和從句的作用,但在英語中我們只可以說all of whose homes,而不可以說 whose all homes或者all whose homes,故選項(xiàng)D)all of whose homes為正確答案。選項(xiàng)A和B均可不考慮,其原因是兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中均沒有可以連接兩個(gè)句子的詞語逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)并列句。
??[譯文]房屋全部被大火毀壞的居民得到了紅十字。
??3.(CET-4,1997,1)
??There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means trouble.
A)making?B)to make?C)to have made?D)having made
??[答案]B
??[注釋]本題測(cè)試的是非謂語動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞mean接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),意為"打算(做某事)",相當(dāng)于intend to do sth.,選項(xiàng)B)to make符合題意,為本題的正確答案。25%的考生答對(duì)本題。41%和18%的考生分別誤選了 D)having made和A)making。動(dòng)詞mean接動(dòng)名詞時(shí),意為"表示……的意思,意味著",與本題的意思不相符,因此不可以選D和A。選項(xiàng)C)to have made為不定式的完成式,這種形式表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前,與本題的意思也不相符。
??[譯文]服務(wù)臺(tái)那里有一個(gè)人,看上去很氣憤,我想他是存心要找麻煩。
??二、語法的應(yīng)試意義不僅體現(xiàn)在"詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)"試題中,考試的其他試題也都不同程度地涉及考生的語法知識(shí),尤其在"閱讀理解"和"英譯漢"試題中,語法知識(shí)潛含的分值是不容低估的,很多長(zhǎng)句子、難句子都需要考生借助于語法知識(shí)去分析和理解。例如:
閱讀理解
??1.(CET-4,2002,6)
??Most episodes of absent-mindedness forgetting where you left something or wondering why just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.
??[注釋]句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是Most episodes of absent-mindedness are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.句子中的forgetting where you left entered a room是episodes的同位語。
??[譯文]斯卡克特爾教授說,絕大多數(shù)健忘癥患者的癥狀是忘了把東西放在何處或納悶自己剛才為何走進(jìn)某個(gè)房間,這些都是由于注意力不夠所造成的。
??2.(CET-4,2000,1)
??Of major concern to Amtrak(美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司)and its advertising agency DDB Needham were the long distance western routes where ridership(客運(yùn)量)had been declining significantly.
??[注釋]本句為倒裝語序,正常的語序應(yīng)為:The long-distance western routes...we to...。主句的主語是the long-distance we stern routes之后是where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾routes。由于全句強(qiáng)調(diào)表語部分,且句子的主語部分較長(zhǎng),因而采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
??[譯文]對(duì)于美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司及其廣告代理公司來說,他們最為關(guān)心的是客運(yùn)量一直在大幅度下降的西部長(zhǎng)途沿線。
??3.(CET-4,1991,1)
??A break through(突破)in the provision of energy from munity(EEC)could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research
effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.
??[注釋]這是道在四級(jí)考試閱讀理解短文中出現(xiàn)的,全句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)如下。
??A break through(突破)(主句主語)/in the provision of energy from the
sun for the European Economic Commun(EEC)(定語)/could be brought(主句謂語)/ forward by up to two decades,(狀語)/ if a modest increase modest increase(從句主語)/could be provided (從句謂語)/in the EEC's research effort in this field,(狀語)/according to the senior EECscientists(狀語)/engaged in experiments in solar energy(定語)/at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.(狀語)
??[譯文]據(jù)在歐共體靠近米蘭的伊斯粕爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室從,如果適度增加歐共體在利用太陽能領(lǐng)域的研究經(jīng)費(fèi),在為歐共體提供太陽能方面的突破有可能提前20年。
??1.(CET-4,英譯漢考試樣題)
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive(認(rèn)知的)areas such as attention and memory.
??[注釋]全句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為Researchers have established-接一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句是個(gè)復(fù)合句,when從句作時(shí)間狀語,主句的主語為biochemical changes,謂語為occur,狀語為in the brain,其后的that從句為定語從句,修飾biochemical changes從句中的it指代brain。定語從句沒有緊跟其先行詞的這種語法現(xiàn)象被稱為定語從句的分隔。
??[譯文]研究人員已經(jīng)證實(shí)人們?cè)趧?dòng)腦筋時(shí),頭腦里會(huì)產(chǎn)生生物化學(xué)變化,這種變化可以使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域中更加有效地進(jìn)行活動(dòng)。
??2.(CET-4,1996,1)
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
??[注釋]在that引導(dǎo)的表語從句中,主語為the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it .其中的it代替one generation,從句的謂語部分為is inevitable。
??[譯文]我的觀點(diǎn)是,一代人經(jīng)常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。
??3.(CET-4,1996,6)
??We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their
serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
??[注釋]在that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中,主語為those patients,謂語部分為aware of its potential outcome who were not told of their serious illnes為patients的定語從句。
??[譯文]我們印象極為深刻的是:即使那些沒有被告知其病情嚴(yán)重性的病人,也對(duì)疾病的潛在后果一清二楚。
??應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的是,許多學(xué)生進(jìn)入大學(xué)后在語法方面并沒有獲得應(yīng)有的提高,他們的語法知識(shí)大體還停留在中學(xué)的水平上,有些人甚至略有退步。因此,無論是從學(xué)習(xí)英語還是從應(yīng)試的角度來說,進(jìn)一步鞏固和加深基本語法知識(shí)都是十分必要的。

