第一部分：語氣的定義和種類
1 語氣(mood)
語氣是動詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2 語氣的種類
⑴、陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如：
①There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？
③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師??！
⑵、祈使語氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如：
①Never be late again!再也不要遲到了。
②Don't forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
⑶、虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如：
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。
③May you succeed!祝您成功！
虛擬語氣在語法里算得上是個難點。讓我們就從最簡單的開始吧。
第二部分：簡單句中的虛擬語氣
一、情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會話中。如：
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你別熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用"may+動詞原形"表示祝愿，但愿，此時may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好運！
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快樂！
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我們的友情天長地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那個be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用動詞原形。例如：
(1).Long live the people! 人民萬歲！
(2)."God bless you,"said the priest.牧師說："愿上帝保佑你！"
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
三、表示強烈愿望。（該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加"s"）
(1).God save me．
(2).Heaven help us．
四、表命令
1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you)，而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號：！
3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動詞do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虛擬語氣動詞Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口語中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些習(xí)慣表達中。如：
(1).You'd better set off now.你現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。
(2).I'd rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個秘密。
第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。
一）、對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬（與現(xiàn)在的事實相反）：
從句用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語be和were(was)，實義動詞用過去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)
現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)
二）、對過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實相反）：
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望沒有失去機會。(其實已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish, had + listened)(事實上并不如此)
例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句，表達不可能實現(xiàn)或與事實相反的情況時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作）或過去完成式（表示過去發(fā)生的動作）。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以, 選項A)could have slept是答案
三）、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：
從句動詞"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我們和他在一起，實際上還沒在一起)
四）、注意：
1.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動詞形式不變。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語后面的"that"從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，且均以"should+動詞原形"表示這種語氣，但事實上"should"常被省略，故此從句中謂語動詞用原形，常用的此類動詞有：
表示"要求"的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示"提議、勸告、建議"的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示"決定、命令"的：decide, order
表示"主張"的：maintain, urge
表示"同意、堅持"的：consent, insist
例如：
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, "The razor and water do the job. "(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時，他說"剃刀和水就行了"。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍，其結(jié)構(gòu)如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅持自己, 用陳述語氣, 堅持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語氣.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者說，suggest, insist不表示建議或堅持要某人做某事時，即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認(rèn)為時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
(錯)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(對)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(對)14. I insisted that you were wrong.
例題分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B. not be played
C. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是："旅館管理部門懇請客人晚上11點后不要打開收音機"。句中的謂語動詞request（請求）所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣，即動詞原形或"should＋動詞原形"。本句的主語從句中，主語radio是謂語動詞play 的客體，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動語態(tài)。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述這類句子中不能用動詞過去時形式表示虛擬語氣，所以A)不正確。選項B) not to play是動詞帶to的不定式，不能在句中作謂語。選項D)did not play也是動詞play的過去時形式，同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語氣來使用。而且，它是主動語態(tài)形式，而本題要用被動語態(tài)。
練習(xí)：
16). The chairman requested that .
［A］the members studied more carefully the problem
［B］the problem was more carefully studied
［C］with more carefulness the problem could be studied
［D］the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
［A］would be discussed
［B］will be discussed
［C］be discussed
［D］may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient.
［A］that he not work too hard for three months
［B］take it easy for three months
［C］taking it easy inside of three months
［D］to take some vacations for three months
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用"should＋動詞原形(或完成形式)"，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
練習(xí)：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
［A］It is believed
［B］Should they believe
［C］They would believe
［D］If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
［A］will leave
［B］may leave
［C］leave
［D］leaves
四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用來表達主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反。表示"寧愿做什么"或"對過去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地說，我希望你不要卷入這件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你沒有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暫時先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地說，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點上床呢？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。
注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動詞原形
I would rather stay at home today．
②would rather．．．than．．．中用動詞原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today．
五、"had hoped"后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
用"had hoped"表示原來希望做到而實際上未能實現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語從句的謂語用"would+動詞原形"。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美國去念書，但她說她喜歡留在中國。
第二節(jié)：主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、"It is (was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that……"結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣
在形如"It is (was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that……"結(jié)構(gòu)中，使用某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達形式為should ＋動詞原形或省略should直接用動詞原形（美國英語中省去should）
常用的形容詞：* natural (自然的), appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable (合適的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必須的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質(zhì)的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (極好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必須的），crucial（緊急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（驚人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（緊迫的）。
常用的過去分詞(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽煙)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顧好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容詞natural, should+動詞原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible．這些申請表應(yīng)盡早地寄回，這是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project．重要的是募集足夠的錢，為這個項目提供資金。
9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。
注：在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中，謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience．湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗，指派他做這項工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR> 二、在It is ＋名詞＋that…的主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在It is ＋名詞＋that的主語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、請求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞
有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，
requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建議派他去國外進一步學(xué)習(xí)。
第三節(jié)：虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中
當(dāng)某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時，其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣，其表達形式為should ＋動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。這類名詞常見的有：
demand (要求), desire (請求),requirement (要求)
advice (勸告), recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (優(yōu)先)
proposal (計劃), plan (計劃), idea (辦法)，
recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone．由市長頒發(fā)獎金的建議被每個人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
(名詞advice，should + leave) (表示加以勸告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出計劃)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
［A］both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
［B］some of the criminals there are of guilt only
［C］the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
［D］the prisoner be sentenced to death
第四部分：條件句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：if引導(dǎo)的條件句中的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示一種不能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。該語法主要用于if條件狀語從句。
一、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的分類及虛擬條件句的判斷
1、可以把條件句分為兩類：
1).真實條件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生性可能很大，就是真實條件句。例如：
⑴、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有時間會幫助你做此工作的。
⑵、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我說了什么錯話，你一定要指出來。
⑶、If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時間的話，我們就一起去釣魚。）
2).虛擬條件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：當(dāng)假設(shè)是不大可能實現(xiàn)時，就是虛擬條件句。例如：
⑴、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的話，就去參加會議了。
⑵、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天來這兒的話，就會看見他的老朋友。
⑴、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的話，我們就會留在家里。）
2、.if條件狀語從句中虛擬語氣的判斷
判斷是真實條件句還是非真實條件句。只有在非真實條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思，看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣；假設(shè)的條件不能實現(xiàn)則是非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。
判斷這個假設(shè)是與哪個事實相反。通常有三種情況：①與過去事實相反。②與現(xiàn)在事實相反。③與將來事實可能相反。
3、"后退一步法"
后退一步法是指在準(zhǔn)確地判斷了該句與哪一事實相反后，按虛擬語氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。即：在非真實條件狀語從句中，謂語動詞按正常情況"后退一步"。也就是：
①與過去事實相反，在從句中用過去完成時形式表示。
②與現(xiàn)在事實相反，在從句中用過去一般時形式表示。
③與將來事實可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時形式表示。
主句中則用情態(tài)動詞would, should, could 等加一個與從句一致的動詞形式。例：
⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out.
4、注意事項
①if條件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒裝語序。
②在現(xiàn)代英語中if條件狀與從句中的謂語動詞如果是be其過去形式一般用were。
二、虛擬語氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的用法：
（一）、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
從句：if + 主語+ 動詞的過去式(be 用were) + ……
主句：主語+ would (should, could , might) + 動詞原形+ ……
例：
1.If I were you, I would go with him.
2.If the weather were fine, I would go there.
如果天氣好，我去那兒。（事實天氣不好）
3.If I were you, I would read it again.
如果我是你的話，我再讀一遍。（事實上我不是你）
4.If time permitted, I would write it again.
如果時間允許的話，我再寫一遍。（事實上時間不允許）
5.If it weren't snowing, we wouldn't stay in the house.
要是現(xiàn)在不下雪的話，我們就不會待在屋里。（事實上現(xiàn)在下雪）
6.What would I do if I were in your place?
要是我處于你地位我會怎么辦？（事實上我不在你的位置上）
7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus.
他要是快點能夠趕上頭班公共汽車。（可是他不著急）
8.If it weren't for your help, we would get into trouble.
如果沒有你們的幫助，我們就會陷入困境。（而事實上得到了你們的幫助）
9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.
如果有人力,我們還能開更多的荒地.
10. If I were you, I would go with him.
(從句If I were you, 主句I would go with him.)
11. If I were you, I should buy it.
(從句用過去式動詞were，主句用動詞原形buy)
12. If I had time, I would study French.
(如果有時間，我會學(xué)習(xí)法文。）（從句用過去式動詞had，主句用動詞原形study）
13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.
(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?(從句用過去式動詞knew, 主句用動詞原形ask)
注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用："主語+ would be + 進行式動詞+ ……"
14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.
(從句用過去式動詞were, 主句用would be speaking)
（二）、表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
從句：If + 主語+ had +過去完成式動詞+ ……
主句：主語+ would (should, could, might) + have +過去完成式動詞+……
例如:
⑴、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你聽了我的勸告,就不會犯這樣的錯誤。（事實上你沒有聽我的勸告）
⑵、I shouldn't have been able to write such good novels if I hadn't lived among the peasants for five years.如果我不是和農(nóng)民生活了五年，就不可能寫出這樣好的小說。（事實上我和農(nóng)民生活了五年）
⑶、If you hadn't invited me, I shouldn't have come to the party.如果你不邀請我，我就不會來參加你的舞會。(事實上你邀請了我)
⑷、If it hadn't been for your help, I shouldn't have finished this work on time. 要是沒有你們的幫忙，我就不會按時完成了這項工作。（事實上你們幫助了我）
⑸、If he hadn't broken the law, he wouldn't have been put in prison.如果他不違法的話，就不會被打入監(jiān)獄。（事實上他違法了）
⑹、If I hadn't been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能來上學(xué)的。（事實上我生病了）
⑺、If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from school. 我要是你們校長的話，就把你開除學(xué)籍了。（事實上我不是）
⑻、 If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動詞用had studied, 主句動詞用have passed)如果你在上個學(xué)期用功一些，你就會在考試中過關(guān)了。
⑼、 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動詞用had taken, 主句動詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時聽從我的勸告的話，你就不會在考試中失敗了。
⑽、 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動詞用had got up, 主句動詞用have caught)如果你起身得早一點，你就會趕得上火車了。
⑾、 If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動詞用had snowed, 主句動詞用have skied)如果下雪的話，我就可在公園里滑雪了。
注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用："主語+ would + have + 完成進行式動詞 +……
⑿、 If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動詞用had been, 主句動詞用have been speaking)
（三）、表示與將來事實相反的虛擬條件句(對將來的事實實現(xiàn)的可能性不大)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
從句：If + 主語+ should (或were) + 動詞原形+……
主句：主語+ would (could, should, might) + 動詞原形+……
例如：
⑴、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我來解這道難題，我會用另外一種方法的。
⑵、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做這樣的事情，就會受到懲罰。
⑶、If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，我會取得更大的進步。(事實上我不可能努力學(xué)習(xí))
⑷、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的話，我將待在家里。（根據(jù)天氣情況，明天不可能下雨）
⑸、If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.萬一他來了，我就能夠向他請教。（事實上他來的可能性很?。?BR> ⑹、If he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他來的話，我將和他一起做此事。（事實上他來的可能性很?。?BR> ⑺、 If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動詞用should rain，主句動詞用be)如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。
⑻、 If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動詞用were to, 主句動詞用tell)如果明天他走的話，他可能會告訴你。
⑼、 If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動詞用were, 主句動詞用give)如果他在這兒，我可能會把書給他。
注意：如果動作在進行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主語+ 過去進行式動詞 +……"
⑽、 If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動詞用were staying, 主句動詞用let)如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會讓她騎我的馬。
三、混合條件句----主從句時間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣
有時條件從句中的動作和結(jié)果與主句中的動作，發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。如：
1. 從句表示過去，主句表示將來：
⑴、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。
2. 從句表示將來，主句表示過去：
⑴、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, Iwould have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.從句表示過去，主句表示將來：
⑴、If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do theexperiment next week.
4.從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：
⑴、If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
5.從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。
⑴、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
如果你當(dāng)時聽了我的話，現(xiàn)在就能完成這份工作了。（從句說明過去，主句說明現(xiàn)在。）
6.從句表示現(xiàn)在，主句表示過去
⑴、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會了。（從句說明現(xiàn)在，主句說明過去。）
7.從句表示過去，主句表示過去和現(xiàn)在
⑴、If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
假若你不借錢給我，我不可能買下這幢新房，很可能現(xiàn)在還住在危房里。（從句說明過去，主句說明過去和現(xiàn)在。）
四、含蓄條件句
非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況；
1. 條件暗含在短語中。如：
(1)、What would I have done without you? 如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？(條件暗含在分詞短語without you中)
(2) 、It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way中)
(3) 、This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語happening in wartime中)
(4)、 But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功。(暗含條件是but for your help)
(5)、 He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)
(6)、 Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)
2. 條件暗含在上下文中。如：
(7)、 You might stay her forever. 你可以永遠待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
(8) 、We would have succeeded. 我們本來是會成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)
(9) 、Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名譽會敗壞的。(可能暗含if you should accept it)
(10) 、I would appreciate a little of your time. 謝謝你給我一點時間吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)
3. 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如：
(11) 、You wouldn't know. 你不會知道。
(12) 、I would like to come. 我愿意來。
(13) 、I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 這是我做夢也不會想到的。
(14) 、He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他將那事講的非常仔細，簡直就象他親眼看見一樣。
五、條件從句中省略if 采用倒裝語序的情況
1、在if引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的條件狀語從句中，有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去，而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
1). 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.
去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把動詞were移到主語she的前面)
2). 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部電影，昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鳥，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的話，農(nóng)民們就能有個好收成了。
2、如果虛擬條件句中有were, had或should時，把它們放在if的位置上；但是如果條件句中沒有were, had或should不能用倒裝。例如：
⑴、Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的話，我們怎么辦呢？
⑵、Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的話，我就向他請教了。
⑶、Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能夠做此工作，他就會得到一些錢。
3、在"開放式條件句"(open conditional clause)和讓步狀語從句中should是被省略了的。在這種情況下，如果if省略，動詞be與主語的位置要倒裝。如：
⑴、If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有權(quán)起訴。)
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
⑵、Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是對還是錯，我都會支持她的。)
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
⑶、____ ,I will take her as my wife.
［A］Were she rich or poor
［B］Being rich or poor
［C］Be she poor or rich
［D］Whether is she poor or rich
4、注意：有時虛擬條件句并沒來if 從句表示出來，而是用介詞短語(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式來表示。
⑴、We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
⑵、Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.
⑶、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
六、有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個：
1. I could help you. (只有主句）
2. If I had time. (只有從句）
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)
4. If he had much more money. (只有從句)
第二節(jié)：其他形式的條件句中的虛擬語氣
一、用"without/but for/in the absence of "表示"要不是"，"如果沒有"（相當(dāng)于if it were not
for…）表示條件時，句中一般用虛擬語氣。（也可用陳述語氣）
Without your help, I couldn' t finish my work on time.
In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.
二、由"providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order
that"引導(dǎo)的條件從句或目的從句，根據(jù)情況，可用虛擬語氣。（有時也可用陳述語氣）
They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.
三、用without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果沒有"，表示條件虛擬句：
(1). Without air, nothing could live.要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。
(2). But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙，我們是難有成就的。
(3). In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不能生存。
第五部分：其他幾種情況下的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中的應(yīng)用
虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同
1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有懷疑，謂語動詞用過去式。例如：
(1) .He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯獨他要對發(fā)生的一切負(fù)責(zé)。
(2). He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事來好象是個電視專家。
(3).Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman．艾倫談起羅馬來好像他是個羅馬人一樣。
(4).John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè))
(5). He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)）他假裝好象完全不懂那事，其實他對那事非常了解。
2. 表示過去想象中的動作或情況，謂語動詞用過去完成式。如：
(1).The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time.
A. hasn't watered B. didn't water
C. hadn't bee watered D. wasn't watered
那棵樹看上去好象很久沒人給澆水了。（答案是c）
(2).The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.（用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實）
(3). The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實)那老人看著照片，他覺得仿佛回到20年前的時光。
3.表示與將來事實相反:
(1).They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+動詞原形，表示與將來事實相反)
(2). They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動詞meet，表示與將來事實相反)他們談了又談，仿佛他們不會再相見的樣子。
注: 在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成為事實, 用陳述語氣.
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
第二節(jié)：虛擬語氣用在lest，for fear that及in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中
在由lest等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示"以防，以免"等意思，其謂語動詞多由should ＋動詞原形構(gòu)成，should也可省略。
例如：
⑴、He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．他被處以懲罰以免他再犯。
⑵、The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.
a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure
這個瘋子被關(guān)進墻上裝有襯墊的病房，以免傷了他自己。（答案是a）
第三節(jié)：介詞短語表示虛擬
有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞短語來表示，或通過上下文或其他方式表示出來。如but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示讓步假設(shè)。
1).He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失敗了。)
2).We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假設(shè)我們有更有利條件，我們還會做得更好。)
3). But for his help，I .
［A］should not have succeeded
［B］had not succeeded
［C］did not succeed
［D］have not succeeded
4). But that he came to help me, I .
［A］could not have succeeded
［B］did not succeed
［C］could not succeed
［D］can't but succeed
第四節(jié)：虛擬語氣用在It is（about ／high）time ＋that定語從句中
在It is（about／high）time ＋that定語從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示"該做……的時候了"，其動詞形式用一般過去時或should ＋動詞原形。
(1).It's already 5 o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time we went home？現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5點鐘了，你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該回家了嗎？
(2).It is about time you were in bed.
(3).It is high time we left.
(4).It is the first time I came here.
注：
1、在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，從句中謂語動詞用陳述語氣完成時態(tài)。
例如：
Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？這是你第一次參觀香港嗎？
2、It's time to do something有別于It's time that．．．
第五節(jié)：在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣
謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式(謂語動詞與wish賓語從句的虛擬形式相同).
⑴、If only he didn't drive so fast! (現(xiàn)在)
⑵、If only she had asked someone's advice.(過去)
⑶、If only the rain would stop.(將來)
例題解析:
⑷、Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice.
A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed
if only 引出感嘆句，意思是"要是……多好"，表示說話人的一種愿望，希望發(fā)生（事實上不可能發(fā)生）與過去事實相反的情況。本句的全句意思是："看我現(xiàn)在的處境多糟糕！要是我聽從你的勸告多好"。事實上，句中的"我"沒有聽從勸告，所以處境很糟糕。
題中空格處應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣，答案是B。
第六部分：虛擬語氣從句中should可以省略的情況
1. 在建議,要求,命令,想法后的動詞后的從句（賓語從句）里, 用should + 動詞原形, should 可以省略. 如：
advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine,
grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose,
request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.
常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.
如：
⑴、His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.
⑵、The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.
2. 在建議,要求,命令,想法后的名詞后的從句（表語從句，同位語從句）里, 用should + 動詞原形, should可以省略. 如：
advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand,
determination, indication, insistence, order,
preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.
例如：
⑴、It was Bill's suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
⑵、His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.
⑶、He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容詞（或名詞）后的that 從句中用should的結(jié)構(gòu), should 可以省略.
句型結(jié)構(gòu)如：It is suggested / important / demanded / necessary / a pity /…+ that…
⑴、It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
⑵、It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
這類形容詞常見的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial,
desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(絕對必要),
impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary,
obligatory, possible, preferable, probable,
recommended, urgent, vital etc.
例如：
⑴、It's natural that she (should) do so.
⑵、It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.
4. 在lest 和for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)從句中用should, should 可以省略.
例如：
⑴、She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
⑵、Have your gun ready in case we should need it.
第七部分：虛擬語氣精選例題解析
1.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
解析：這個句子中含有一個省略if，把助動詞提前到主語they之前的虛擬條件句，該條件句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也應(yīng)該是對過去發(fā)生的情況的假設(shè)，因而應(yīng)該選（B）would have lost為正確答案。
2. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ______ our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
解析：這道題目是一個混合虛擬語氣的句子。條件句省略了if，把助詞had提前到主語前面，表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中now表明了對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，所以應(yīng)選would(should, could, might)+動詞原形這種表達形式。四個選項中只有（D）是正確表達形式，故為正確答案。
3. If you ______ Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn't contact B. didn't contact C. weren't to contact D. hadn't contacted
解析：until recently，因此（D）是正確答案，而主句是隱含的對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，該句是一個混合虛擬條件句。
4. ______ he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday .
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
解析：假設(shè)的情況有時不是用一個條件句表示，而是隱含在一個由介詞如but for、but that、without, 由連詞but、副詞otherwise 、比較級、形容詞、獨立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，但事實上由于英語考試而沒有去成，即若不是因為英語考試，我本可以去聽音樂會，所以應(yīng)選（B）But for為正確答案。
5. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______ your advice .
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
解析：題目中的第一句話表示的是現(xiàn)在真實的情況，而第二句話中所要表達的是應(yīng)該做但事實上沒有做的事，這種情況導(dǎo)致第一句話中真實情況的發(fā)生，故If only條件句假設(shè)的是過去一種情況，因此應(yīng)該用had +過去分詞，所以正確答案是（C）。
6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
解析：句意為："要是有一聲巨響，這些動物會受到驚嚇，這是有現(xiàn)實可能性的。"should there be表示虛擬條件句中將來時間的謂語形式, if省略,所以should與there倒裝。因此B. should there be 就是本題答案 。
7、 When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _______ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man.
A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off
解析： propose是欲望動詞,后接的賓語從句或主語從句中謂語要用虛擬語氣：should+動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。選擇（A）. turn off
8、 I apologize if I _______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended
C. should have offended D. might have offended
解析： B. had offended 。本題測試交錯時間的虛擬條件句。was 暗示，事情發(fā)生在過去，所以虛擬條件句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該用表示過去時間的虛擬形式。
9、 The board deemed it urgent that these files _______ right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
解析： D. should be printed 。因為urgent是欲望形容詞,在句中作形式賓語it的補足語,所以賓語從句中的謂語需用虛擬語氣:(should)+動詞原形(主動態(tài)或被動態(tài))。
10、 The board deemed it urgent that these files_______ right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
解析：it是形式賓語，urgent是賓語補足語，that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的賓語從句，該從句的內(nèi)容被認(rèn)為是urgent（急迫的），這樣從句的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣形式，即should（可以省略）+動詞原形。因此，本題正確答案是（D）。
1 語氣(mood)
語氣是動詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
2 語氣的種類
⑴、陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如：
①There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？
③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師??！
⑵、祈使語氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如：
①Never be late again!再也不要遲到了。
②Don't forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
⑶、虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如：
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。
③May you succeed!祝您成功！
虛擬語氣在語法里算得上是個難點。讓我們就從最簡單的開始吧。
第二部分：簡單句中的虛擬語氣
一、情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會話中。如：
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你別熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用"may+動詞原形"表示祝愿，但愿，此時may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好運！
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快樂！
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我們的友情天長地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那個be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用動詞原形。例如：
(1).Long live the people! 人民萬歲！
(2)."God bless you,"said the priest.牧師說："愿上帝保佑你！"
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！
三、表示強烈愿望。（該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加"s"）
(1).God save me．
(2).Heaven help us．
四、表命令
1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you)，而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號：！
3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動詞do，加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虛擬語氣動詞Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口語中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些習(xí)慣表達中。如：
(1).You'd better set off now.你現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。
(2).I'd rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個秘密。
第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。
一）、對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬（與現(xiàn)在的事實相反）：
從句用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語be和were(was)，實義動詞用過去式。例：
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)
現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)
二）、對過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實相反）：
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例：
1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望沒有失去機會。(其實已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish, had + listened)(事實上并不如此)
例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句，表達不可能實現(xiàn)或與事實相反的情況時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作）或過去完成式（表示過去發(fā)生的動作）。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以, 選項A)could have slept是答案
三）、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：
從句動詞"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我們和他在一起，實際上還沒在一起)
四）、注意：
1.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動詞形式不變。例如：
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語后面的"that"從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，且均以"should+動詞原形"表示這種語氣，但事實上"should"常被省略，故此從句中謂語動詞用原形，常用的此類動詞有：
表示"要求"的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示"提議、勸告、建議"的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示"決定、命令"的：decide, order
表示"主張"的：maintain, urge
表示"同意、堅持"的：consent, insist
例如：
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, "The razor and water do the job. "(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時，他說"剃刀和水就行了"。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍，其結(jié)構(gòu)如：
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意：在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅持自己, 用陳述語氣, 堅持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語氣.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者說，suggest, insist不表示建議或堅持要某人做某事時，即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認(rèn)為時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
(錯)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(對)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(對)14. I insisted that you were wrong.
例題分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B. not be played
C. not to play D. did not play
全句意思是："旅館管理部門懇請客人晚上11點后不要打開收音機"。句中的謂語動詞request（請求）所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣，即動詞原形或"should＋動詞原形"。本句的主語從句中，主語radio是謂語動詞play 的客體，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動語態(tài)。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述這類句子中不能用動詞過去時形式表示虛擬語氣，所以A)不正確。選項B) not to play是動詞帶to的不定式，不能在句中作謂語。選項D)did not play也是動詞play的過去時形式，同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語氣來使用。而且，它是主動語態(tài)形式，而本題要用被動語態(tài)。
練習(xí)：
16). The chairman requested that .
［A］the members studied more carefully the problem
［B］the problem was more carefully studied
［C］with more carefulness the problem could be studied
［D］the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
［A］would be discussed
［B］will be discussed
［C］be discussed
［D］may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient.
［A］that he not work too hard for three months
［B］take it easy for three months
［C］taking it easy inside of three months
［D］to take some vacations for three months
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用"should＋動詞原形(或完成形式)"，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.
我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
練習(xí)：
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?
［A］It is believed
［B］Should they believe
［C］They would believe
［D］If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
［A］will leave
［B］may leave
［C］leave
［D］leaves
四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用來表達主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反。表示"寧愿做什么"或"對過去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地說，我希望你不要卷入這件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你沒有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暫時先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。
(10).Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地說，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點上床呢？
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。
注：①若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動詞原形
I would rather stay at home today．
②would rather．．．than．．．中用動詞原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today．
五、"had hoped"后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
用"had hoped"表示原來希望做到而實際上未能實現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語從句的謂語用"would+動詞原形"。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美國去念書，但她說她喜歡留在中國。
第二節(jié)：主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、"It is (was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that……"結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣
在形如"It is (was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that……"結(jié)構(gòu)中，使用某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達形式為should ＋動詞原形或省略should直接用動詞原形（美國英語中省去should）
常用的形容詞：* natural (自然的), appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable (合適的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必須的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質(zhì)的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (極好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必須的），crucial（緊急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（驚人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（緊迫的）。
常用的過去分詞(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽煙)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顧好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容詞natural, should+動詞原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible．這些申請表應(yīng)盡早地寄回，這是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project．重要的是募集足夠的錢，為這個項目提供資金。
9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。
注：在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中，謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience．湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗，指派他做這項工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR> 二、在It is ＋名詞＋that…的主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在It is ＋名詞＋that的主語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、請求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞
有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，
requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建議派他去國外進一步學(xué)習(xí)。
第三節(jié)：虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中
當(dāng)某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時，其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣，其表達形式為should ＋動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。這類名詞常見的有：
demand (要求), desire (請求),requirement (要求)
advice (勸告), recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (優(yōu)先)
proposal (計劃), plan (計劃), idea (辦法)，
recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by
everyone．由市長頒發(fā)獎金的建議被每個人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
(名詞advice，should + leave) (表示加以勸告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出計劃)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
［A］both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
［B］some of the criminals there are of guilt only
［C］the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
［D］the prisoner be sentenced to death
第四部分：條件句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：if引導(dǎo)的條件句中的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示一種不能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。該語法主要用于if條件狀語從句。
一、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的分類及虛擬條件句的判斷
1、可以把條件句分為兩類：
1).真實條件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生性可能很大，就是真實條件句。例如：
⑴、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有時間會幫助你做此工作的。
⑵、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我說了什么錯話，你一定要指出來。
⑶、If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時間的話，我們就一起去釣魚。）
2).虛擬條件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：當(dāng)假設(shè)是不大可能實現(xiàn)時，就是虛擬條件句。例如：
⑴、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的話，就去參加會議了。
⑵、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天來這兒的話，就會看見他的老朋友。
⑴、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的話，我們就會留在家里。）
2、.if條件狀語從句中虛擬語氣的判斷
判斷是真實條件句還是非真實條件句。只有在非真實條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思，看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣；假設(shè)的條件不能實現(xiàn)則是非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。
判斷這個假設(shè)是與哪個事實相反。通常有三種情況：①與過去事實相反。②與現(xiàn)在事實相反。③與將來事實可能相反。
3、"后退一步法"
后退一步法是指在準(zhǔn)確地判斷了該句與哪一事實相反后，按虛擬語氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。即：在非真實條件狀語從句中，謂語動詞按正常情況"后退一步"。也就是：
①與過去事實相反，在從句中用過去完成時形式表示。
②與現(xiàn)在事實相反，在從句中用過去一般時形式表示。
③與將來事實可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時形式表示。
主句中則用情態(tài)動詞would, should, could 等加一個與從句一致的動詞形式。例：
⑴、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
⑵、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
⑶、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn't go out.
4、注意事項
①if條件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒裝語序。
②在現(xiàn)代英語中if條件狀與從句中的謂語動詞如果是be其過去形式一般用were。
二、虛擬語氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的用法：
（一）、表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
從句：if + 主語+ 動詞的過去式(be 用were) + ……
主句：主語+ would (should, could , might) + 動詞原形+ ……
例：
1.If I were you, I would go with him.
2.If the weather were fine, I would go there.
如果天氣好，我去那兒。（事實天氣不好）
3.If I were you, I would read it again.
如果我是你的話，我再讀一遍。（事實上我不是你）
4.If time permitted, I would write it again.
如果時間允許的話，我再寫一遍。（事實上時間不允許）
5.If it weren't snowing, we wouldn't stay in the house.
要是現(xiàn)在不下雪的話，我們就不會待在屋里。（事實上現(xiàn)在下雪）
6.What would I do if I were in your place?
要是我處于你地位我會怎么辦？（事實上我不在你的位置上）
7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus.
他要是快點能夠趕上頭班公共汽車。（可是他不著急）
8.If it weren't for your help, we would get into trouble.
如果沒有你們的幫助，我們就會陷入困境。（而事實上得到了你們的幫助）
9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.
如果有人力,我們還能開更多的荒地.
10. If I were you, I would go with him.
(從句If I were you, 主句I would go with him.)
11. If I were you, I should buy it.
(從句用過去式動詞were，主句用動詞原形buy)
12. If I had time, I would study French.
(如果有時間，我會學(xué)習(xí)法文。）（從句用過去式動詞had，主句用動詞原形study）
13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.
(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?(從句用過去式動詞knew, 主句用動詞原形ask)
注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用："主語+ would be + 進行式動詞+ ……"
14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.
(從句用過去式動詞were, 主句用would be speaking)
（二）、表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
從句：If + 主語+ had +過去完成式動詞+ ……
主句：主語+ would (should, could, might) + have +過去完成式動詞+……
例如:
⑴、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你聽了我的勸告,就不會犯這樣的錯誤。（事實上你沒有聽我的勸告）
⑵、I shouldn't have been able to write such good novels if I hadn't lived among the peasants for five years.如果我不是和農(nóng)民生活了五年，就不可能寫出這樣好的小說。（事實上我和農(nóng)民生活了五年）
⑶、If you hadn't invited me, I shouldn't have come to the party.如果你不邀請我，我就不會來參加你的舞會。(事實上你邀請了我)
⑷、If it hadn't been for your help, I shouldn't have finished this work on time. 要是沒有你們的幫忙，我就不會按時完成了這項工作。（事實上你們幫助了我）
⑸、If he hadn't broken the law, he wouldn't have been put in prison.如果他不違法的話，就不會被打入監(jiān)獄。（事實上他違法了）
⑹、If I hadn't been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能來上學(xué)的。（事實上我生病了）
⑺、If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from school. 我要是你們校長的話，就把你開除學(xué)籍了。（事實上我不是）
⑻、 If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動詞用had studied, 主句動詞用have passed)如果你在上個學(xué)期用功一些，你就會在考試中過關(guān)了。
⑼、 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動詞用had taken, 主句動詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時聽從我的勸告的話，你就不會在考試中失敗了。
⑽、 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動詞用had got up, 主句動詞用have caught)如果你起身得早一點，你就會趕得上火車了。
⑾、 If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動詞用had snowed, 主句動詞用have skied)如果下雪的話，我就可在公園里滑雪了。
注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用："主語+ would + have + 完成進行式動詞 +……
⑿、 If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動詞用had been, 主句動詞用have been speaking)
（三）、表示與將來事實相反的虛擬條件句(對將來的事實實現(xiàn)的可能性不大)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：
從句：If + 主語+ should (或were) + 動詞原形+……
主句：主語+ would (could, should, might) + 動詞原形+……
例如：
⑴、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我來解這道難題，我會用另外一種方法的。
⑵、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做這樣的事情，就會受到懲罰。
⑶、If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，我會取得更大的進步。(事實上我不可能努力學(xué)習(xí))
⑷、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的話，我將待在家里。（根據(jù)天氣情況，明天不可能下雨）
⑸、If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.萬一他來了，我就能夠向他請教。（事實上他來的可能性很?。?BR> ⑹、If he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他來的話，我將和他一起做此事。（事實上他來的可能性很?。?BR> ⑺、 If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動詞用should rain，主句動詞用be)如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。
⑻、 If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動詞用were to, 主句動詞用tell)如果明天他走的話，他可能會告訴你。
⑼、 If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動詞用were, 主句動詞用give)如果他在這兒，我可能會把書給他。
注意：如果動作在進行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主語+ 過去進行式動詞 +……"
⑽、 If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動詞用were staying, 主句動詞用let)如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會讓她騎我的馬。
三、混合條件句----主從句時間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣
有時條件從句中的動作和結(jié)果與主句中的動作，發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。如：
1. 從句表示過去，主句表示將來：
⑴、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。
2. 從句表示將來，主句表示過去：
⑴、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, Iwould have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.從句表示過去，主句表示將來：
⑴、If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do theexperiment next week.
4.從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：
⑴、If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
5.從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。
⑴、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
如果你當(dāng)時聽了我的話，現(xiàn)在就能完成這份工作了。（從句說明過去，主句說明現(xiàn)在。）
6.從句表示現(xiàn)在，主句表示過去
⑴、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會了。（從句說明現(xiàn)在，主句說明過去。）
7.從句表示過去，主句表示過去和現(xiàn)在
⑴、If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
假若你不借錢給我，我不可能買下這幢新房，很可能現(xiàn)在還住在危房里。（從句說明過去，主句說明過去和現(xiàn)在。）
四、含蓄條件句
非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況；
1. 條件暗含在短語中。如：
(1)、What would I have done without you? 如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？(條件暗含在分詞短語without you中)
(2) 、It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way中)
(3) 、This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語happening in wartime中)
(4)、 But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功。(暗含條件是but for your help)
(5)、 He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)
(6)、 Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)
2. 條件暗含在上下文中。如：
(7)、 You might stay her forever. 你可以永遠待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
(8) 、We would have succeeded. 我們本來是會成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)
(9) 、Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名譽會敗壞的。(可能暗含if you should accept it)
(10) 、I would appreciate a little of your time. 謝謝你給我一點時間吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)
3. 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如：
(11) 、You wouldn't know. 你不會知道。
(12) 、I would like to come. 我愿意來。
(13) 、I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 這是我做夢也不會想到的。
(14) 、He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他將那事講的非常仔細，簡直就象他親眼看見一樣。
五、條件從句中省略if 采用倒裝語序的情況
1、在if引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的條件狀語從句中，有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去，而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
1). 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.
去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把動詞were移到主語she的前面)
2). 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部電影，昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鳥，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的話，農(nóng)民們就能有個好收成了。
2、如果虛擬條件句中有were, had或should時，把它們放在if的位置上；但是如果條件句中沒有were, had或should不能用倒裝。例如：
⑴、Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的話，我們怎么辦呢？
⑵、Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的話，我就向他請教了。
⑶、Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能夠做此工作，他就會得到一些錢。
3、在"開放式條件句"(open conditional clause)和讓步狀語從句中should是被省略了的。在這種情況下，如果if省略，動詞be與主語的位置要倒裝。如：
⑴、If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有權(quán)起訴。)
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
⑵、Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是對還是錯，我都會支持她的。)
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
⑶、____ ,I will take her as my wife.
［A］Were she rich or poor
［B］Being rich or poor
［C］Be she poor or rich
［D］Whether is she poor or rich
4、注意：有時虛擬條件句并沒來if 從句表示出來，而是用介詞短語(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式來表示。
⑴、We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
⑵、Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.
⑶、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
六、有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個：
1. I could help you. (只有主句）
2. If I had time. (只有從句）
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)
4. If he had much more money. (只有從句)
第二節(jié)：其他形式的條件句中的虛擬語氣
一、用"without/but for/in the absence of "表示"要不是"，"如果沒有"（相當(dāng)于if it were not
for…）表示條件時，句中一般用虛擬語氣。（也可用陳述語氣）
Without your help, I couldn' t finish my work on time.
In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.
二、由"providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order
that"引導(dǎo)的條件從句或目的從句，根據(jù)情況，可用虛擬語氣。（有時也可用陳述語氣）
They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.
三、用without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果沒有"，表示條件虛擬句：
(1). Without air, nothing could live.要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。
(2). But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙，我們是難有成就的。
(3). In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不能生存。
第五部分：其他幾種情況下的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié)：虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中的應(yīng)用
虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同
1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有懷疑，謂語動詞用過去式。例如：
(1) .He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯獨他要對發(fā)生的一切負(fù)責(zé)。
(2). He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事來好象是個電視專家。
(3).Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman．艾倫談起羅馬來好像他是個羅馬人一樣。
(4).John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè))
(5). He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)）他假裝好象完全不懂那事，其實他對那事非常了解。
2. 表示過去想象中的動作或情況，謂語動詞用過去完成式。如：
(1).The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time.
A. hasn't watered B. didn't water
C. hadn't bee watered D. wasn't watered
那棵樹看上去好象很久沒人給澆水了。（答案是c）
(2).The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.（用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實）
(3). The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實)那老人看著照片，他覺得仿佛回到20年前的時光。
3.表示與將來事實相反:
(1).They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+動詞原形，表示與將來事實相反)
(2). They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動詞meet，表示與將來事實相反)他們談了又談，仿佛他們不會再相見的樣子。
注: 在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成為事實, 用陳述語氣.
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
第二節(jié)：虛擬語氣用在lest，for fear that及in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中
在由lest等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示"以防，以免"等意思，其謂語動詞多由should ＋動詞原形構(gòu)成，should也可省略。
例如：
⑴、He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．他被處以懲罰以免他再犯。
⑵、The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.
a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure
這個瘋子被關(guān)進墻上裝有襯墊的病房，以免傷了他自己。（答案是a）
第三節(jié)：介詞短語表示虛擬
有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞短語來表示，或通過上下文或其他方式表示出來。如but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示讓步假設(shè)。
1).He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失敗了。)
2).We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假設(shè)我們有更有利條件，我們還會做得更好。)
3). But for his help，I .
［A］should not have succeeded
［B］had not succeeded
［C］did not succeed
［D］have not succeeded
4). But that he came to help me, I .
［A］could not have succeeded
［B］did not succeed
［C］could not succeed
［D］can't but succeed
第四節(jié)：虛擬語氣用在It is（about ／high）time ＋that定語從句中
在It is（about／high）time ＋that定語從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示"該做……的時候了"，其動詞形式用一般過去時或should ＋動詞原形。
(1).It's already 5 o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time we went home？現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5點鐘了，你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該回家了嗎？
(2).It is about time you were in bed.
(3).It is high time we left.
(4).It is the first time I came here.
注：
1、在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，從句中謂語動詞用陳述語氣完成時態(tài)。
例如：
Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？這是你第一次參觀香港嗎？
2、It's time to do something有別于It's time that．．．
第五節(jié)：在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣
謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式(謂語動詞與wish賓語從句的虛擬形式相同).
⑴、If only he didn't drive so fast! (現(xiàn)在)
⑵、If only she had asked someone's advice.(過去)
⑶、If only the rain would stop.(將來)
例題解析:
⑷、Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice.
A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed
if only 引出感嘆句，意思是"要是……多好"，表示說話人的一種愿望，希望發(fā)生（事實上不可能發(fā)生）與過去事實相反的情況。本句的全句意思是："看我現(xiàn)在的處境多糟糕！要是我聽從你的勸告多好"。事實上，句中的"我"沒有聽從勸告，所以處境很糟糕。
題中空格處應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣，答案是B。
第六部分：虛擬語氣從句中should可以省略的情況
1. 在建議,要求,命令,想法后的動詞后的從句（賓語從句）里, 用should + 動詞原形, should 可以省略. 如：
advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine,
grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose,
request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.
常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.
如：
⑴、His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.
⑵、The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.
2. 在建議,要求,命令,想法后的名詞后的從句（表語從句，同位語從句）里, 用should + 動詞原形, should可以省略. 如：
advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand,
determination, indication, insistence, order,
preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.
例如：
⑴、It was Bill's suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
⑵、His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.
⑶、He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容詞（或名詞）后的that 從句中用should的結(jié)構(gòu), should 可以省略.
句型結(jié)構(gòu)如：It is suggested / important / demanded / necessary / a pity /…+ that…
⑴、It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
⑵、It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
這類形容詞常見的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial,
desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(絕對必要),
impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary,
obligatory, possible, preferable, probable,
recommended, urgent, vital etc.
例如：
⑴、It's natural that she (should) do so.
⑵、It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.
4. 在lest 和for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)從句中用should, should 可以省略.
例如：
⑴、She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
⑵、Have your gun ready in case we should need it.
第七部分：虛擬語氣精選例題解析
1.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
解析：這個句子中含有一個省略if，把助動詞提前到主語they之前的虛擬條件句，該條件句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也應(yīng)該是對過去發(fā)生的情況的假設(shè)，因而應(yīng)該選（B）would have lost為正確答案。
2. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ______ our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
解析：這道題目是一個混合虛擬語氣的句子。條件句省略了if，把助詞had提前到主語前面，表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句中now表明了對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，所以應(yīng)選would(should, could, might)+動詞原形這種表達形式。四個選項中只有（D）是正確表達形式，故為正確答案。
3. If you ______ Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn't contact B. didn't contact C. weren't to contact D. hadn't contacted
解析：until recently，因此（D）是正確答案，而主句是隱含的對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，該句是一個混合虛擬條件句。
4. ______ he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday .
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
解析：假設(shè)的情況有時不是用一個條件句表示，而是隱含在一個由介詞如but for、but that、without, 由連詞but、副詞otherwise 、比較級、形容詞、獨立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，但事實上由于英語考試而沒有去成，即若不是因為英語考試，我本可以去聽音樂會，所以應(yīng)選（B）But for為正確答案。
5. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______ your advice .
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
解析：題目中的第一句話表示的是現(xiàn)在真實的情況，而第二句話中所要表達的是應(yīng)該做但事實上沒有做的事，這種情況導(dǎo)致第一句話中真實情況的發(fā)生，故If only條件句假設(shè)的是過去一種情況，因此應(yīng)該用had +過去分詞，所以正確答案是（C）。
6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
解析：句意為："要是有一聲巨響，這些動物會受到驚嚇，這是有現(xiàn)實可能性的。"should there be表示虛擬條件句中將來時間的謂語形式, if省略,所以should與there倒裝。因此B. should there be 就是本題答案 。
7、 When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _______ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man.
A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off
解析： propose是欲望動詞,后接的賓語從句或主語從句中謂語要用虛擬語氣：should+動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。選擇（A）. turn off
8、 I apologize if I _______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended
C. should have offended D. might have offended
解析： B. had offended 。本題測試交錯時間的虛擬條件句。was 暗示，事情發(fā)生在過去，所以虛擬條件句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該用表示過去時間的虛擬形式。
9、 The board deemed it urgent that these files _______ right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
解析： D. should be printed 。因為urgent是欲望形容詞,在句中作形式賓語it的補足語,所以賓語從句中的謂語需用虛擬語氣:(should)+動詞原形(主動態(tài)或被動態(tài))。
10、 The board deemed it urgent that these files_______ right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
解析：it是形式賓語，urgent是賓語補足語，that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的賓語從句，該從句的內(nèi)容被認(rèn)為是urgent（急迫的），這樣從句的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣形式，即should（可以省略）+動詞原形。因此，本題正確答案是（D）。