成人英語(yǔ)學(xué)位英語(yǔ)考試講義(四)

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    三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 不定式(to + V)
    動(dòng)名詞
    分詞-ing
    分詞-ed
    (一)動(dòng)詞不定式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)
    動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)法功能
    可以做除謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。
    1)作主語(yǔ)
    不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:
    To serve the people well is our duty.
    動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),往往放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面,用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。上述句子也可改為:
    It is our duty to serve the people well.
    類似這樣不定式做主語(yǔ)的句型有:
    It is + n.+ to do
    It takes sb.+ some time + to do
    It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
    It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
    例如:
    It is our duty to help them.
    It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
    It is easy for us to answer this question.
    It is kind of you to help me.
    注:
    1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
    2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
    2)作賓語(yǔ)
    We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
    注意:
    如果不定式作賓語(yǔ)而又跟有補(bǔ)語(yǔ),這時(shí),通常要用"it"作形式賓語(yǔ),而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。
    例如:
    他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。
    ×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
    賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)
    ×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
    √They found it impossible to get everything ready in
    賓補(bǔ) 賓語(yǔ)
    advance.
    再看下面的兩個(gè)例句:
    I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
    Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
    三級(jí)出題方式:
    I _____ to point out their shortcomings.
    A.consider it my duty
    B.consider it is my duty
    3)作定語(yǔ)
    This is the best way to solve the problem.
    注意:
    ①用不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它與它所修飾的詞有時(shí)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。
    例如:
    Mary needs a friend to play with.
    There is nothing to worry about.
    Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .
    A.a good place to live
    B.a good place for living in
    C.a good place to be lived in
    D.a good place to live in
    **:D
    ②不定式作定語(yǔ),如果與他所修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則不定式后面不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。
    例如:
    ×Here is a letter for you to type it.
    √Here is a letter for you to type.
    ×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
    √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
    同時(shí)要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
    4)作狀語(yǔ)
    In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.
    注意:
    ①不定式能夠修飾作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞,在句中作狀語(yǔ),這時(shí)不定式不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。
    例如:
    √The water is unfit to drink.
    ×The water is unfit to drink it.
    √They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
    ×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
    同時(shí)要注意:在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
    ②作狀語(yǔ)的不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)一致。
    例如:
    ×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.
    √To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.
    讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級(jí)試題:
    To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
    A.one needs being patient person.
    B.patience is to need.
    C.one needs to be patient.
    D.patience is what needed.
    **:C
    2.不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
    如要表明不定式或不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語(yǔ)),就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如:
    Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
    The conference is too important for you to miss.
    3.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
    不定式有一般、完成、進(jìn)行等幾種常用的形式,也有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例:
    主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)一般式to study; to be studied
    進(jìn)行式to be studying
    完成式to have studied; to have been studied
    1)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
    不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在其后發(fā)生的。如:
    Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
    不定式的進(jìn)行式(to be doing)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,而且是正在進(jìn)行的。如:
    They seemed to be getting along quite well.
    不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(to have done)表示限于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),to have + V-ed 表示動(dòng)作,to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如:
    She seems to have finished her work.
    不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生,而且一直進(jìn)行著。如:
    She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
    2)不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)
    每個(gè)不定式都有其邏輯主語(yǔ),如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,不定式用主動(dòng)式,如果其邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式用被動(dòng)式。如:
    The doctor recommended him to air the room.
    醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。
    The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
    醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。
    考試重點(diǎn):使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況
    (1)在口語(yǔ)中,以why開(kāi)頭的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)句中。例如:
    Why do it that way?
    Why not go out for a walk?
    (2)某些使役動(dòng)詞,如make, let,have等后面跟動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),用省略to的不定式。如:
    Let him do it.讓他做吧。
    I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
    (3)表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后接不定時(shí)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式不帶to.這類詞有:
    feel 覺(jué)得 observe 注意到,看到 hear聽(tīng)到
    watch注視 listen to聽(tīng) perceive察覺(jué),感知
    notice注意 see看見(jiàn) look at看
    注意:
    表示 "感覺(jué)"的動(dòng)詞,既可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),但兩者有含義上的差別?,F(xiàn)在分詞作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行,以不帶to的不定式作這些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作的完成。
    例如:
    I heard her playing the violin.
    我聽(tīng)到她在拉小提琴.
    I don't see the ball break the window.
    我沒(méi)有看到球砸壞玻璃.
    注意:
    上述使役動(dòng)詞與感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后的不定式需帶to,如:
    He was seen to come.
    The boy was made to go to bed early.
    (4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
    Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
    昨天晚上,除了看電視,我什么也沒(méi)干。
    但是,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是"do nothing,anything,everything",那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to.
    The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
    醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒(méi)有說(shuō)。
    There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
    除了保持沉默以外,他們沒(méi)有別的辦法。
    記憶口訣:
    前面有do,后面省to,前面無(wú)do,后面帶to.
    (5)下面這些詞組是不定式的習(xí)慣用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。
    can not help but do(不得不)
    can not but do(不得不)
    cannot choose but do(只能)
    have no choice but do (只能)
    had better do(最好)
    would rather do(寧愿)
    例如:
    When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
    不定式練習(xí)
    翻譯下列句子:
    走路去那里十分鐘就到了。(考查不定式做主語(yǔ)的句型)
    下一步做什么還沒(méi)定。(考查疑問(wèn)詞+不定式的用法)
    我們不可能趕上第一班車。(考查不定式做主語(yǔ))
    學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生必須有本好字典。(考查不定式做主語(yǔ),同時(shí)考察不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))
    他是我們班唯一說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人。(考查不定式作定語(yǔ))
    他說(shuō)話太快,我們跟不上。(考查too…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語(yǔ))
    大廳足夠大,能容納一百人。(考查enough…to…結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作狀語(yǔ))
    起床后媽媽會(huì)提醒我洗臉。(考查不定式作賓補(bǔ))
    為了不讓我們失望,你必須遵守你的諾言。(考查不定式作狀語(yǔ))
    參考**
    It takes ten minutes to walk there.
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