Python中的各種裝飾器詳解

字號(hào):


    Python裝飾器,分兩部分,一是裝飾器本身的定義,一是被裝飾器對(duì)象的定義。
    一、函數(shù)式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個(gè)函數(shù)。
    1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)函數(shù)
    [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(func):
    def _test():
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    return func()
    return _test
    >>> @test
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    'hello world'
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(func):
    def _test(*args,**kw):
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    return func(*args,**kw)
    return _test
    >>> @test
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call the function left().
    'hello'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printResult=False):
    def _test(func):
    def __test():
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    if printResult:
    print func()
    else:
    return func()
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test(True)
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    hello world
    >>> @test(False)
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    'hello world'
    >>> @test()
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    'hello world'
    >>> @test
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>
    say()
    TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
    >>>
    由上面這段代碼中的最后兩個(gè)例子可知:當(dāng)裝飾器有參數(shù)時(shí),即使你啟用裝飾器的默認(rèn)參數(shù),不另外傳遞新值進(jìn)去,也必須有一對(duì)括號(hào),否則編譯器會(huì)直接將func傳遞給test(),而不是傳遞給_test()
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printResult=False):
    def _test(func):
    def __test(*args,**kw):
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    if printResult:
    print func(*args,**kw)
    else:
    return func(*args,**kw)
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test()
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call the function left().
    'hello'
    >>> @test(True)
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call the function left().
    hello
    >>>
    2.裝飾類:被裝飾的對(duì)象是一個(gè)類
    [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(cls):
    def _test():
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    return cls()
    return _test
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    Call sy.__init().
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
    >>> s.value
    32
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(cls):
    def _test(*args,**kw):
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    return cls(*args,**kw)
    return _test
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    #The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    Call sy.__init().
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
    >>> s.value
    'hello world'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printValue=True):
    def _test(cls):
    def __test():
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    obj=cls()
    if printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test()
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    Call sy.__init().
    value = 32
    >>> @test(False)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    Call sy.__init().
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printValue=True):
    def _test(cls):
    def __test(*args,**kw):
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    obj=cls(*args,**kw)
    if printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test()
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    Call sy.__init().
    value = 'hello world'
    >>> @test(False)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    Call sy.__init().
    >>>
    二、類式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個(gè)類,借用__init__()和__call__()來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)職能
    1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)函數(shù)
    [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    def __call__(self):
    return self._func()
    >>> @test
    def say():
    return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    'hello world'
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
    return self._func(*args,**kw)
    >>> @test
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    'hello'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù)
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    def _call():
    print self.beforeInfo
    return func()
    return _call
    >>> @test()
    def say():
    return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call function
    'hello world'
    >>>
    或者:
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    return self._call
    def _call(self):
    print self.beforeInfo
    return self._func()
    >>> @test()
    def say():
    return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call function
    'hello world'
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    def _call(*args,**kw):
    print self.beforeInfo
    return func(*args,**kw)
    return _call
    >>> @test()
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call function
    'hello'
    >>>
    或者:
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    return self._call
    def _call(self,*args,**kw):
    print self.beforeInfo
    return self._func(*args,**kw)
    >>> @test()
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call function
    'hello'
    >>>
    2.裝飾類:被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)類
    [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,cls):
    self._cls=cls
    def __call__(self):
    return self._cls()
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
    >>> s.value
    32
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,cls):
    self._cls=cls
    def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
    return self._cls(*args,**kw)
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
    >>> s.value
    'hello world'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,printValue=False):
    self._printValue=printValue
    def __call__(self,cls):
    def _call():
    obj=cls()
    if self._printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return _call
    >>> @test(True)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    value = 32
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
    >>> s.value
    32
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,printValue=False):
    self._printValue=printValue
    def __call__(self,cls):
    def _call(*args,**kw):
    obj=cls(*args,**kw)
    if self._printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return _call
    >>> @test(True)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    #The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    value = 'hello world'
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
    >>> s.value
    'hello world'
    >>>
    總結(jié):【1】@decorator后面不帶括號(hào)時(shí)(也即裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù)時(shí)),效果就相當(dāng)于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);
    【2】@decorator后面帶括號(hào)時(shí)(也即裝飾器有參數(shù)時(shí)),效果就相當(dāng)于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);
    【3】如上將func或cls重新賦值后,此時(shí)的func或cls也不再是原來(lái)定義時(shí)的func或cls,而是一個(gè)可執(zhí)行體,你只需要傳入?yún)?shù)就可調(diào)用,func(args)=>返回值或者輸出,cls(args)=>object of cls;
    【4】最后通過(guò)賦值返回的執(zhí)行體是多樣的,可以是閉包,也可以是外部函數(shù);當(dāng)被裝飾的是一個(gè)類時(shí),還可以是類內(nèi)部方法,函數(shù);
    【5】另外要想真正了解裝飾器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通過(guò)它們你可以以func的定義之外,還原func的參數(shù)列表;另外關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)是因?yàn)檎{(diào)用而出現(xiàn)的,而不是因?yàn)閒unc的定義,func的定義中的用等號(hào)連接的只是有默認(rèn)值的參數(shù),它們并不一定會(huì)成為關(guān)鍵字參數(shù),因?yàn)槟闳匀豢梢园凑瘴恢脕?lái)傳遞它們。