2019年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):反身代詞

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    2019年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):反身代詞
    1) 列表
    I     you     you     she    he
    myself   yourself  yourselves herself himself
    we     they     it    one
    ourselves themselves  itself  oneself
    2)做賓語(yǔ)
    a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞
    absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
    We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心。
    Please help yourself to some fish.  請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)。
    b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞
    take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
    I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。
    注:有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
    Please sit down. 請(qǐng)坐。
    3) 作表語(yǔ); 同位語(yǔ)
    be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。
    The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。
    4) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語(yǔ)用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:
    No one but myself (me) is hurt.
    注意:
    a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。
    (錯(cuò)) Myself drove the car.
    (對(duì)) I myself drove the car. 我自己開(kāi)車(chē)。
    b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語(yǔ)中,第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語(yǔ)。
    Charles and myself saw it.
    5)第二人稱作賓語(yǔ),要用反身代詞。
    You should be proud of yourself. 你應(yīng)為自己感到驕傲。
    2019年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):相互代詞
    1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個(gè)詞組。他們表示句中動(dòng)詞所敘述的動(dòng)作或感覺(jué)在涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象之間是相互存在的,例如:
    It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
    顯而易見(jiàn),不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。
    2) 相互代詞的句法功能:
    a. 作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ);
    People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛(ài)。
    b. 可作介詞賓語(yǔ);
    Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.  吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對(duì)唱。
    說(shuō)明:傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法認(rèn)為,相互關(guān)系存在于兩個(gè)人或物之間用each other, 存在于兩個(gè)以上人和物之間用one another?,F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,兩組詞交替使用的實(shí)例也很多,例如:
    He put all the books beside each other.
    他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)。
    He put all the books beside one another.
    他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)。
    Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
    這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨(dú)立的。
    c. 相互代詞可加-'s構(gòu)成所有格,例如:
    The students borrowed each other's notes.
    學(xué)生們互借筆記。
    2019年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):指示代詞
    1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:
    單數(shù)          復(fù)數(shù)
    限定詞:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my
    teachers.
    代詞: This is Mary.     Those are my
    teachers.
    2) 指示代詞的句法功能;
    a. 作主語(yǔ)
    This is the way to do it.
    這事兒就該這樣做。
    b. 作賓語(yǔ)
    I like this better than that.
    我喜歡這個(gè)甚至那個(gè)。
    c. 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
    My point is this.
    我的觀點(diǎn)就是如此。
    d. 作介詞賓語(yǔ)
    I don't say no to that.
    我并未拒絕那個(gè)。
    There is no fear of that.
    那并不可怕。
    說(shuō)明1:
    指示代詞在作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物,不能指人,例如:
    (對(duì))That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that作主語(yǔ),指人)
    (對(duì))He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個(gè)姑娘結(jié)婚。(this作限定詞)
    (錯(cuò))He is going to marry this. (this作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人)
    (對(duì))I bought this. 我買(mǎi)這個(gè)。(this指物,可作賓語(yǔ))
    說(shuō)明2:
    That和those可作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時(shí),在作先行詞時(shí),只有those可指人,試比較:
    (對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
    (對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
    (錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well. (that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人)
    (對(duì)) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)
    (對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)
    2019年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):疑問(wèn)代詞
    1) 疑問(wèn)代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞有下列幾個(gè):
    指 人: who, whom, whose
    指 物: what
    既可指人又可指物: which
    2) 疑問(wèn)代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,沒(méi)有性和數(shù)的變化,除who之外也沒(méi)有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:
    疑問(wèn)代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?
    桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?
    What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
    美國(guó)的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個(gè)方向的?
    限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?
    桌上的書(shū)是誰(shuí)的?
    What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?  哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國(guó)?
    說(shuō)明1:
    無(wú)論是做疑問(wèn)代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無(wú)限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi),例如:
    Which girls do you like best?
    你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘?
    What girls do you like best?
    你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?
    說(shuō)明2:
    Whom是who的賓格,在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,它作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ),在口語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可用who代替,但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如:
    Who(m) did you meet on the street?
    你在街上遇到了誰(shuí)?(作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ))
    Who(m) are you taking the book to?
    你要把這書(shū)帶給誰(shuí)?(作介詞賓語(yǔ),置句首)
    To whom did you speak on the campus?
    你在校園里和誰(shuí)講話了?(作介詞賓語(yǔ),置介詞 后,不能用who取代。)
    說(shuō)明3:
    疑問(wèn)代詞用于對(duì)介詞賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí),過(guò)去的文體中介詞和疑問(wèn)代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,疑問(wèn)代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:
    For what do most people live and work?
    大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)
    What are you looking for?
    你在找什么?(現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ))
    說(shuō)明4:
    疑問(wèn)代詞還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,例如:
    I can't make out what he is driving at.
    我不知道他用意何在。
    Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
    你能告訴我床上的藍(lán)襯衣是誰(shuí)的嗎?
    Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
    你說(shuō)的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。
    2019年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):關(guān)系代詞
    1) 關(guān)系代詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。它代表先行詞,同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。)
    2) 關(guān)系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見(jiàn)表:
    限定性   非限定性    限定性
    指 人   指  物   指人或指物
    主 格   who    which     that
    賓 格   whom    that     that
    屬 格   whose  of which/whose  of which/whose
    例如:
    This is the pencil whose point is broken.
    這就是那個(gè)折了尖的鉛筆。
    (whose 指物,在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ))
    He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來(lái)取他丟下的書(shū)。
    (which指物,在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可以省略)
    3) 關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個(gè)句子,例如:
    He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
    他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。
    說(shuō)明: 關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略, 例如:
    I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
    我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在大都忘了。
    He's changed. He's not the man he was.
    他變化很大,已不是過(guò)去的他了。