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2019年上半年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解：variety and individuality
Americans are pound of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity (身份) thanto step out of uniform?
Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible (可減稅的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, theytend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.
Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality ________.
A. still judge a man by his clothes
B. hold the uniform in such high regard
C. enjoy having a professional identity
D. will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform
2. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform ________.
A. suggests quality work
B. discards his social identity
C. appears to be more practical
D. looks superior to a person in civilian clothes
3. The chief function of a uniform is to ________.
A. provide practical benefits to the wearer
B. make the wearer catch the pubic eye
C. inspire the wearer’s confidence in himself
D. provide the wearer with a professional identity
4. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms ________.
A. are usually helpful
B. have little or no individual freedom
C. tend to lose their individuality
D. enjoy greater popularity
5. The best title for this passage would be ________.
A. Uniforms and Society
B. The Importance of Wearing a Uniform
C. Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms
1.[B] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章首句轉(zhuǎn)折詞yet后面的信息“盡管美國(guó)人很為他們的多樣性和個(gè)性自豪，但是沒(méi)有什么比制服更讓他們喜愛(ài)與尊敬的了”結(jié)合核心詞uniform及同義表達(dá)(hold…in high regard即respect),故選B。
2.[A] 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第2段第2句“人們習(xí)慣性地期望穿制服的人有較高的專(zhuān)業(yè)素質(zhì)”，故選A。選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)在用superior來(lái)比較人了，文中用的是superior quality。
3.[D] 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第 2 段首句“they look more professional than civilian clothes”及尾句的反問(wèn)“What easier way is there…to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? ”選含有高頻詞匯 professional的D。
4.[C] 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第4段首句中的“l(fā)oss of individuality”進(jìn)行同義替換,選C。
5.[D] 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第2至4段首句的對(duì)比,對(duì)于文章最好的概括為選項(xiàng)D“制服的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)”。
2019年上半年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解：Fatherhood
Congratulations, Mr. Jones, it's a girl."
Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel pride when they receive the news, while others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. Although there are some men who like children and may have had considerable experiencewith them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other couples, pregnancy wasan accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly.
Whatever the reaction to the birth of a child, it is obvious that the shift from the role of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate fathers in this reconciliation (協(xié)調(diào)) process. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of fathers.
It is argued by some writers that the change to the father's role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the change the wife must take to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine and highly innovative(創(chuàng)新的) adaptation. On the other hand, the father's role is less demanding and immediate. However, even though we mentioned the fact that growing numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is still thought by many as the breadwinner in the household.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.What can we know about fatherhood from the passage?
A.It brings a feeling of excitement to most man
B.It make some man feel proud and others uneasy
C.It has a different meaning for men who have daughters
D.It means a responsibility that men accept unwillingly
2.What does the passage say about the shift from the role of husband to that of father?
A. Numerous books have been written about it.
B. Not enough attention has been paid to it.
C. The shift is harder for men than for women.
D. The shift is a difficult but incomplete one.
3.What can we know about mothers from the passage?
A.Mothers get more attention and recognition from society
B.Mothers are innovative and demanding according to some writers
C.Mothers generally stay at home to take care of the children
D.Mothers should help fathers in their reconciliation process
4.Which of the following will the author most probably disagree with?
A. It's as difficult to be a father as it is to be a mother.
B. More books should focus on the role of fathers.
C. The father is still the breadwinner in the household.
D. Fathers are as important to children as mothers.
5.The author's purpose in writing this passage is to
A. explain why there are few books on the role of fathers.
B. praise mothers for their great contributions to the home.
C. criticize fathers for not taking enough responsibility in bringing up the children.
D. complain about the lack of social programs to help fathers in their role shift.
1.[B] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由第2段第2句中的pride和worry可以判斷選項(xiàng)B是對(duì)該句的近義替換。選項(xiàng)A原文未提到。選項(xiàng)C曲解了原文第2段第1句的意思，該句中的“Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning”表示對(duì)于每個(gè)男人來(lái)說(shuō)當(dāng)上父親具有不同的意義，而不是就瓊斯先生而言。第2段最后一句表明只有部分人不情愿接受責(zé)任，因此在D選項(xiàng)men前面加上some才正確。
2.[B] 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第3段最后兩句可以推斷選項(xiàng)B正確。選項(xiàng)A與第3段最后一句陳述的相反。最后一段第1句雖有提及向父親角色的轉(zhuǎn)變很困難,但并未像選項(xiàng)C那樣對(duì)比。選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)在incomplete一詞,文中并未提及與該詞相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。
3.[A] 推理判斷題。本題可用排除法。選項(xiàng)B曲解了最后一段第2、3句對(duì)母親角色的描述。選項(xiàng)C與原文最后一句不符。選項(xiàng)D原文未提及。只有選項(xiàng)A概括了全文關(guān)于母親的論述，而且第2段最后一句也暗示母親受到的關(guān)注更多。
4.[C] 推理判斷題。最后一句提到很多人仍然認(rèn)為父親應(yīng)該負(fù)擔(dān)家計(jì),但從本句的用詞如even though和still可以看出作者對(duì)這種看法并不認(rèn)同，由此可以判斷只有選項(xiàng)C作者可能不贊成。
5.[D] 主旨大意題。原文第1、2段講到父親們對(duì)將為人父的不同反應(yīng);第3段指出很少有人嘗試幫助父親完成角色的轉(zhuǎn)換;最后一段是一些作家對(duì)此做出的不太符合事實(shí)的解釋?zhuān)虼耍挥羞x項(xiàng)D能概括文章的寫(xiě)作目的。選項(xiàng)A只是文中第2段中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié);選項(xiàng)B的重點(diǎn)是mother,與本文的論題不符;作者并無(wú)批評(píng)父親之意，因此選項(xiàng)C不正確。