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2019年上半年大學(xué)英語四級閱讀理解：the total pieces
people appear to born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably(堅定地) that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thusmastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second entera second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped----or, as the case might be, bumped into---- concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed(說服) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments(基本原理) of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers-----the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a twoness that applies to any class of objects and is aprerequisite(先決條件) for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table----is itself far from innate.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.After children have helped to set the table with impressive accuracy, they ______.
A.are able to help parents serve dishes
B.tend to do more complicated housework
C.are able to figure out the total pieces
D.can enter a second-grade mathematics class
2.It is _____to believe that the quality of water keeps unchanged when it is contained in two different glasses.
A.easy to persuade children
B.hard for most children
C.the innate of most children
D.difficult for both adults and children
3.It can be inferred from the passage that children are likely to _____when they are asked to count all the balls of different colors
A.give the accurate answer
B.count the balls of each color
C.be too confused to do anything
D.make minor mistakes
4.According to this passage,_____is mastered by birth.
A.the ability to survive in a desert island
B.the way of setting tables
C.the basic principles of mathematics
D.the concept of oneness
5.What’s the author‘s attitude towards “children’s numerical skills”?
A.Critical.
B.Approving.
C.Questioning.
D.Objective.
1.[C] 第1段第3句說的是題干內(nèi)容，由第4句Soon…句中的five knives...等數(shù)字可知孩子會數(shù)數(shù)了,故可直接選出C。
2.[B] 第2段第3句中they refused... to concede...中的they指children,對比題干與原文意思可知孩子們是“難以相信(理解)，故選B。
3.[B] 第2段倒數(shù)第3句。文章是以pencils為例進(jìn)行說明的，題目中換成了balls,但是目的是相同的，都是為了表述兒童更愿意根據(jù)顏色的不同來數(shù)數(shù)，而不愿數(shù)總數(shù)，故B正確。A、D都沒有提到;C的說法過于絕對，與文章表述也不相符。
4.[B] 這道題目需要認(rèn)真理解了文章的意思才能正確作答。第1段的主題是:有些數(shù)字概念是人天生就有的;第2段的主題是:有一些是后天學(xué)習(xí)獲得的。B是第1段中明確給出的例子，因此這個例子應(yīng)該支持該段的主題。A 錯誤地理解了第1段最后舉的例子。C和D在第2段最后提到,都不是先天獲取的數(shù)學(xué)知識。
5.[D] 考査全文的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度?？v觀全文可知，作者很客觀、如實地說明事實，分兩段報告了心理學(xué)家的研究結(jié)果，并未做出任何評價，故D正確。題目中的children’s numerical skills即全文的主題。
2019年上半年大學(xué)英語四級閱讀理解：Teenage boys
Teenage boys, regardless of race,are more likely to die from gunshot wounds than from all natural causes combined.
By the time the average American child leaves primary school, he or she will witness 8,000 murders and more than 100,000 acts of violence on television.
Youth are becoming involved in violence at an alarming rate. In fact, the young arrest rate for murder doubled, from 6 arrests per 100,000 youth aged from 10 to 17 to over 12 per 100,000.
The American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth reported on a study of first and second graders in Washington DC:45% said they had witnessed muggings (行兇搶劫),31 % said they had witnessed shootings, and 39% said they had seen dead bodies.
For the many youth who have not been directly exposed to violence in their own communities, the entertainment media (television, movies, music and video games) provides many opportunities for children to see and hear violent exchanges. Research shows that there are about 5-6 violent acts per hour on prime time and 20-25 violent acts on Saturday morning children’s programming. In its report, the American Psychological Association (APA) reported that viewing violence on television hurts children in many ways. In particular, the APA concludes that children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others,be more fearful of the world around them,be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others, and gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry also cautions that children may imitate the violence they observe on television.
Another form of violence involving youth is physical punishment in the schools. This form of discipline still remains legally supported in 23 nations in America. The Office for Civil Rights in the Department of Education reported that 555，000 students were physically punished in the schools during this school year. Although such punishment has been regarded as an effective method of discipline by those who apply it, the findings are obvious that physical punishment does not work and that children who are victims of physical punishment are subject to potential long-term physical and emotional damage.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.According to the passage, the American teenage boys，lives are most threatened by ______
A.gun murders
B.natural diseases
C.TV violence
D. physical punishment
2.The author tends to use the fourth paragraph to support the idea that _____
A.many youth have watched much violence on TV
B.youth violence in Washington D.C.is very serious
C.fights may be the most widely-seen youth violence
D.American youth have been exposed to much violence
3.The APA indicates that too much TV violence may change children ______
A.to become separated from the world
B.to remain indifferent to others’ pain
C.to solve problems only by violence
D.to be fearful of aggressive behaviors
4.The passage does NOT discus that many youth become victim of ______
A.murders B.family violence C. TV violence D.school violence
5.The author may most probably agree that physical punishment is _________
A. acceptable, though ineffective
B. illegal，though effective
C. harmful, though legal
D. reasonable, though illegal
1.[A] 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考查對比處。根據(jù)第1段中的more likely…than可知選項A正確，選項B可由此排除。選項C和D雖在文中有提到，但作者并無討論它們是否危及孩子的生命。
2.[D] 主旨大意題。文章第1和第2段提出話題:小孩接觸太多暴力。第3段和第4段討論小孩遇到的嚴(yán)重暴力，如murder, muggings等，為主題服務(wù)，因此本段應(yīng)支持文章開頭提出的話題。本段說明的是現(xiàn)實生活中的暴力，而非電視上的，故選項A不對,選項B和C都只是對本段中某個現(xiàn)象的描述。
3.[B] 推理判斷題。本題考査列舉處。選項B是對第5段倒數(shù)第2句中become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others的近義替換，因此正確。選項A中的isolated并不等同于文中的fearful，也不是因為害怕世界必然帶來的結(jié)果。選項C中的only過于絕對，文中只說a way。選項D拼湊了原句中的某些詞語，但文中并無此意。
4. [B] 主旨大意題。本文結(jié)構(gòu)可分為四部分：第1段和第2段總起，指出論題;第二部分討論murder等嚴(yán)重暴力;第三部分即第5段討論TV violence;第四部分即最后一段討論學(xué)校里的體罰，也就是school violence。因此只有選項B沒有在文中討論。
5. [C] 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段,特別是最后一句，可以推斷作者認(rèn)為體罰不起作用，并對學(xué)生身心產(chǎn)生有害的影響，由此可見，作者不認(rèn)同體罰，因此選項A和D不正確。選項B中的illegal與文中說法相反，因此也不正確。