考試欄目組為你精心整理了2019年大學英語四級考試語法：句子的種類與倒裝，想提高自己的英語語法，就一起來看看吧，更多相關(guān)資訊，請關(guān)注網(wǎng)站更新。
2019年大學英語四級考試語法：句子的種類
(一)按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。
1) 陳述句(Declarative Sentences)：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比聲速度快。 (說明事實)
The film is rather boring. 這部電影很乏味。
(說明看法)
2) 疑問句(Interrogative Sentences)：提出問題。有以下四種：
a. 一般疑問句(General Questions)：
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按時完成工作嗎?
b. 特殊疑問句(W Questions; H Questions)：
Where do you live? 你住那兒?
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?
c. 選擇疑問句(Alternative Questions)：
Do you want tea or coffee?
你是要茶還是要咖啡?
d. 反意疑問句(Tag-Questions)：
He doesn't know her, does he?
他不認識她，對不對?
3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences)：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如：
Sit down, please. 請坐。
Don't be nervous! 別緊張!
4) 感嘆句(Exclamatory Sentences)：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：
1) 簡單句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句，例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜歡集郵。
(主) (謂)
2) 并列句(Compound Sentences)：包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接，例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite.
(主) (謂) (主)(謂)
食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。
3) 復合句(Complex Sentences)：包含一個主句從句和一個或幾個從句的句子叫復合句，從句由從屬連詞引導，例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
主句 從句
我們到達電影院的時候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。
(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴展、變化而來的：
1)主 + 動(SV)例如：
I work. 我工作。
2)主 + 動 + 表(SVP)例如：
John is busy. 約翰忙。
3)主 + 動 + 賓(SVO)例如：
She studies English. 她學英語。
4)主 + 動 + 賓 + 補(SVOC)例如：
Time would prove me right. 時間會證明我是對的。
5)主 + 動 + 間賓 + 直賓(SVOiOd)例如：
My mother made me a new dress. 我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。
13.1 祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)
祈使句用以表達命令，要求，請求，勸告等。
1) 祈使句有兩種類型，一種是以動詞原形開頭，在動詞原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人稱主語的句子)。
Take this seat.
Do be careful.
否定結(jié)構(gòu)：
Don't move.
Don't be late.
2) 第二種祈使句以let開頭。
Let 的反意疑問句
a. Let's 包括說話者
Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we?
= Shall we have another try?
b. Let us 不包括說話者
Let us have another try，will you / won't you?
= Will you please let us have another try?
否定結(jié)構(gòu)：
Let's not talk of that matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
13.2 感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)
感嘆句通常有what, how引導，表示贊美、驚嘆、喜 悅、等感情。
what修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞，感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下幾種：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感嘆句的重點。
How +形容詞+ a +名詞+ 陳述語序
How+形容詞或副詞+ 陳述語序
What +名詞+ 陳述語序
What+a+形容詞+名詞+ 陳述語序
What+ 形容詞+復數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語序
What+ 形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感嘆句的省略形式為：
What a clever boy (he is)!
典型例題
1)___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修飾形容詞，副詞;what修飾名詞。且food為不可數(shù)名詞，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名詞，因此只有D正確，其句型為What + adj. +n. (不可數(shù))
2)___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather為不可數(shù)名詞，B，D排除。C為how + adj. 后面不應(yīng)有名詞。只有A，符合句型What +形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞。
3) --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感嘆句分兩類：
1：What + n.+主謂部分
2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主謂部分。本題屬第一種，但省略了bad，相對于 What a bad time I had! 這是個習慣用語。
13.3 強調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)
?？嫉膹娬{(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)是it 引導的句子。
It is (was) 被強調(diào)部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)的成分僅限于主語，賓語和狀語。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
典型例題
1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 強調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是： It +be +強調(diào)部分 + that (who) + 主謂句。 強調(diào)句的連詞只有兩個，that和who。當強調(diào)的部分是人，且為句子的主語時，才用 "who"，其余用that。
原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
強調(diào)主語： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
強調(diào)賓語： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
強調(diào)時間： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
強調(diào)地點： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考點是連詞用法。 本題易誤選為A. that. 其實本句不是強調(diào)句。若是，去掉It be… that還應(yīng)是一個完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是強調(diào)句。
It is /was +時間+ since… 其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.
13.4 用助動詞進行強調(diào)
強調(diào)句還有一種類型，就是用助動詞do (did，does) 強調(diào)謂語。
She does like this horse. 她的確喜歡這匹馬。
Please do take care of yourself. 千萬保重。
13.5 反意疑問句
1) 陳述部分的主語是I，疑問部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2) 陳述部分的謂語是wish，疑問部分要用may +主語。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含義的詞時，疑問部分用肯定含義。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (開花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑問句，陳述部分是肯定的，疑問部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主語。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陳述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑問部分常用don't +主語(didn't +主語)。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陳述部分的謂語是used to 時，疑問部分用didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陳述部分有would rather +v.，疑問部分多用 wouldn't +主語。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陳述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑問部分用wouldn't +主語。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陳述部分有must 的疑問句，疑問部分根據(jù)實際情況而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感嘆句中，疑問部分用be +主語。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陳述部分由neither… nor, either… or 連接的并列主語時，疑問部分根據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陳述部分主語是指示代詞或不定代詞everything, that, nothing, this, 疑問部分主語用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14) 陳述部分為主語從句或并列復合句，疑問部分有三種情況：
a. 并列復合句疑問部分，謂語動詞根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 帶有定語從句，賓語從句的主從復合句，疑問部分謂語根據(jù)主句的謂語而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句謂語是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引導的定語從句，疑問部分與賓語從句相對應(yīng)構(gòu)成反意疑問句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?
15) 陳述部分主語是不定代詞everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑問部分常用復數(shù)they，有時也用單數(shù)he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
16) 帶情態(tài)動詞dare或need的反意疑問句，疑問部分常用 need (dare ) +主語。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
當dare, need 為實義動詞時，疑問部分用助動詞do + 主語。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 開頭的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 開頭的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陳述部分是"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問部分用there省略主語代詞。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前綴不能視為否定詞，其反意疑問句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
20) must在表"推測"時，根據(jù)其推測的情況來確定反意疑問句。
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
快速記憶表
陳述部分的謂語 疑問部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主語
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含義
rarely, little等否定
含義的詞
ought to(肯定的) shouldn't/ oughtn't +主語
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主語(didn't +主語)
used to didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主語
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主語
must 根據(jù)實際情況而定
感嘆句中 be +主語
Neither…nor,
either…or 連接的根 據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定
并列主語
指示代詞或不定代詞
everything,that, 主語用it
nothing,this
并列復合句 謂語根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定
定語從句,賓語從句的
主從復合句 根據(jù)主句的謂語而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引導 與賓語從句相對應(yīng)的從句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 復數(shù)they, 單數(shù)he
情態(tài)動詞dare或need need (dare ) +主語
dare, need 為實義動詞 do +主語
省去主語的祈使句 will you?
Let's 開頭的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 開頭的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相應(yīng)的謂語動詞+there(省略主語代詞)
否定前綴不能視為否定詞 仍用否定形式
must表"推測" 根據(jù)其推測的情況來確定反意疑問句
2019年大學英語四級考試語法：倒裝
14.1 倒裝句之全部倒裝
全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和 一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。
Here he comes. Away they went.
14.2 倒裝句之部分倒裝
答案A. 這是一個倒裝問題。當否定詞語置于句首以表示強調(diào)時，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個。
改寫為正常語序為，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。
14.3 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例題
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時，一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有當Not only… but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒裝
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例題
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor為增補意思"也不關(guān)心"，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。
注意： 當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為"的確如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
14.5 only在句首要倒裝的情況
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
14.6 as, though 引導的倒裝句
as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。
注意：
1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
14.7 其他部分倒裝
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例題：
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案為D. 否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案為B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引導的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。