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A soccer-field sized patch of forest in frigid Alaska has about 40 different species of plants,compared with about 70 in temperate England and 300 in the Amazonian rain forest.These biodiversity differences hold true for entire countries,too:England has 1500 plant species,while tropical Guyana,9000.
在極其寒冷的阿拉斯加 一塊足球場(chǎng)大小的森林大約含有40種物種，與之相比 較溫和的英國(guó)約有70種 亞馬遜雨林則有300種。這種生物多樣性差異對(duì)國(guó)家同樣適用;英國(guó)有1500種植物，而熱帶圭亞有9000種.
The super diversity of tropical rainforests is only equalled in one other type of ecosystem on Earth:scrubby fire-prone shrublands that grow in western Australia and southern Africa.These shrublands may not look as majestic as tropical rainforests,but in a given area,they're home to similarly stupendous numbers of species.
熱帶雨林的生物多樣性 僅相當(dāng)于地球上另一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 澳大利亞西部和非洲南部 易發(fā)火災(zāi)的低矮灌木地 這些灌叢或許看起來(lái)沒(méi)有熱帶雨林那么壯觀，但在相同面積下 它們所包含的物種數(shù)是一樣的。
Which doesn't necessarily mean that the rainforests and shrublands are easy places for plants to live.In fact,both ecosystems owe their enormous diversity,in part.to the fact that their soils have critically low supplies of nitrogen and especially phosphorus,nutrients plants need in order to grow.
這并不意味著熱帶雨林和灌叢是適宜植物生長(zhǎng)的地方。事實(shí)上 這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)都不該擁有這么多物種，它們的土壤中極度缺氮和缺磷，這是植物生長(zhǎng)所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽。
The plant world's leading biodiversity hotspots are,quite literally,dirt poor.Logically,it seems like richer soils should support more species.But in nature,as in human society,plenty of resources doesn't necessarily translate into "everyone gets plenty."In meadows,forests,and wetlands around the world,we consistently find more or bigger plants but fewer species where soil nutrients are highest.
也就是說(shuō) 植物界生物多樣性富饒區(qū)，其實(shí)非常貧瘠。按說(shuō) 土地富饒的地方生物多樣性應(yīng)該更豐富。但是在自然界里 同人類社會(huì)一樣，“資源豐富”并不意味著“人人富裕”。在全球的草甸，森林和濕地，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)均發(fā)現(xiàn)更多，或更大的植物 但是土壤肥沃的地方物種多樣性更低。
The fastest spreading species soak up most of the extra nutrients,which lets them keep growing super fast,which lets their roots suck up so much water,and their leaves snatch up so much sunlight,that other,slower species actually get LESS of those resources than otherwise.So in rich soils,slower species die out while the fast-growers win big.
傳播迅速的物種吸收了大部分的富余養(yǎng)分，這令它們持續(xù)瘋長(zhǎng)，令它們的根部吸收了巨多水，它們奪取了過(guò)多的陽(yáng)光 以至于其他，其他生長(zhǎng)緩慢的物種得到的資源變得極少。因此在土壤肥沃的地方，長(zhǎng)得快的物種令生長(zhǎng)緩慢的物種滅絕。
On the other hand,poor soils don't provide enough nutrient capital for fast growing plants to build their massive infrastructures and take all the resources.So poor soils inhibit the greedy and allow everyone else to scrabble by.We see this pattern in human society also there's a far greater number of businesses-mostly small-in poor countries,while fewer bigger companies dominate in rich countries.
另一方面，貧瘠的土壤無(wú)法為快速生長(zhǎng)的植物提供足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽 因?yàn)樗鼈儫o(wú)法建立巨大的地下根系奪取資源。因此貧瘠的土地扼殺了貪婪 令大家都能掙扎成活。我們?cè)谌祟惿鐣?huì)中也能看到這種現(xiàn)象 貧窮的國(guó)家 擁有更多的小企業(yè)，而富裕的國(guó)家受少數(shù)大企業(yè)控制。
But crummy soil isn't the only thing that helps super high diversity blossom:for example,beaches,mountaintops,and other places frequently ravaged by harsh weather or catastrophic events have poor soils and few plant species.
但是 貧瘠的土壤并不是催生豐富多樣性的唯一因素，例如海洋，山頂和其他那些 頻繁被污水或?yàn)?zāi)變事件破壞的地方 土地貧瘠 物種也很少。
The other major prerequisite for hyper diversity is time.On most of the planet,glaciers regularly bulldoze away ecosystems and grind up mineral-rich rock,creating new soil perfect for growth but not diversity.However,our high-diversity rainforests and shrublands have spent millions of years beyond the reach of the ice sheets,leaving their residents plenty of undisturbed time to evolve a wide variety of ingenious strategies for surviving nutrient poverty strategies that have allowed for the development of tall,diverse,rainforests in wet poor soils and scrubby,diverse,shrublands in dry poor soils.
另一個(gè)豐富物種多樣性的條件是時(shí)間。地球上大多數(shù)地方，冰川會(huì)定期清理生態(tài)系統(tǒng)并且磨碎含礦物的巖石，形成新的適宜生長(zhǎng)的土壤 但對(duì)多樣性無(wú)益。然而 我們多樣性豐富的熱帶雨林和灌木地 在冰川觸及不到的地方花了數(shù)百萬(wàn)年，為它們的居民提供了漫長(zhǎng)的安逸時(shí)間 讓它們進(jìn)化出了各種在貧瘠土地上生存的巧妙策略 這些策略令 潮濕貧瘠的雨林里長(zhǎng)出各種各樣高大的樹木 干燥貧瘠的灌木地長(zhǎng)出各種各樣矮小的樹叢。
The human landscape also seems to follow a similar pattern,with the highest cultural and linguistic diversity as well as the greatest number of businesses in climatically stable places.where humans have been the longest and where economic resources are scarce.
人類社會(huì)似乎也有著相似的模式，在氣候穩(wěn)定的地方 文化深厚，語(yǔ)言多樣化 同時(shí)商業(yè)種類也很繁多 這些地方人類居住史很漫長(zhǎng)并且經(jīng)濟(jì)資源匱乏。
So in some ways,the poorest places on earth are actually (also)the richest.
因此從某種意義來(lái)說(shuō)，世界上最貧窮的地方實(shí)際上也是最富裕的地方。