下面是出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)GMAT頻道提供的2015年7月GMAT閱讀機經(jīng)之物種滅絕,歡迎閱讀。
點擊進入:2015年7月GMAT閱讀機經(jīng)匯總
物種滅絕(已考古/待確認)
本月原始:
[v1]
一篇是講物種滅絕的,但是不是JJ上那一個。
第一段:是說這個物種在哪段時間各個地區(qū)各減少了多少,有一堆百分比。然后說減少的速度和什么東西correlates了(這里有題,問那個不認識的詞是指什么)。所以作者猜測這個物種的滅絕和人類hunting有關(guān)系。
第二段:說有人說這個生物滅絕是因為climate的變化。然后說可是climate變化導(dǎo)致某種whale滅絕的同時其他生物數(shù)量也減少。而這種生物滅絕時卻不是這樣。(這里有題,好像是問為什么climate不是導(dǎo)致這個生物滅絕的原因)
最后: 又有人說可是找到的化石很少有人能說明那個時期的人靠打獵為生,然后作者回應(yīng)說,雖然打獵的化石少,但是完全沒有找到化石說他們靠采集為生。(這里有題,作者這樣說這個化石是什么意思)
后面好像記不清了。。鹵煮自己的語言講一下:又有人question說這個動物很大,現(xiàn)在的科學(xué)技術(shù)要打獵他都比較困難,古代那些人不怕它嗎。然后作者說這個動物,還是這些土著以前能過survive下來可能就是因為它們成功地防御了襲擊。。。(這邊有題考的),無奈時間倉促,文章又長,鹵煮沒怎么看懂,大家考到認真看看最后幾句。
考古:
V1.巨型動物megafauna滅絕的,好像亞洲非洲沒滅,因為它們慢慢適應(yīng)了捕獵的人,但是其他地方都滅光了,因為人類突然出現(xiàn),很長,沒仔細看,也是亂選的。
V2.是講大動物滅絕的,不過不是滅絕原因,是講生態(tài)學(xué)家們想要在北美引進曾在P時代滅絕的大動物們(如猛犸象等等),說現(xiàn)在的北美洲有它們的后代。講了引進大動物的好處(舉了一些引進別的動物如獅子、老虎、狼之類的),好像可以保持生物鏈平衡或者生態(tài)平衡。最后一段說有人反對這個提議,說了兩個反對點,都被作者一一反駁了。
V3. 第三篇是No.7-動物滅絕。一共有三段。
P1:科學(xué)家們普遍接受隕星撞擊地球?qū)е驴铸垳缃^的觀點,這個被稱作K-Tevent。有一系列證據(jù)能夠證明這個觀點。包括1.那個時代的sediment中包含某種地球上不常見但常見于外太空的物質(zhì);2.某種in的東東dusted 在地表(這里有細節(jié)題,問說關(guān)于撞擊地球的隕石,可以推斷出什么,我選了隕石中含有大量這種in的東東,不確定,但是其他選項好像也都不太對,大家到時再仔細看看);3.sediment中含有某種東西,這種東西是由于植物大量快速死亡產(chǎn)生的,因此能夠證明這個時代有植物突然滅絕。
P2:科學(xué)家們也曾猜想過隕星撞擊地球也導(dǎo)致了某些其他物種滅亡。但是證據(jù)表明其他物種是陸續(xù)滅亡的,不像是隕星撞擊地球產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
P3:火山爆發(fā)可能是導(dǎo)致這些物種滅亡的一些原因。然后就講了火山爆發(fā)釋放某種有毒物質(zhì),這種有毒物質(zhì)慢慢滲透蔓延,導(dǎo)致各種植物滅亡。
V4. 第一段主要講現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)科學(xué)家相信大型動物,如恐龍消失是由于損石撞擊的原因,接著講了很多關(guān)于asteriod 的東西,及釋放很多Iradium 什么的有考點,但是植物是由于什么原因(有考點) 有一個問題是問第一句話作用的,第一句說就是說大多數(shù)科學(xué)家相信大型動物怎么樣的,第二段有人說asteriod 也導(dǎo)致了其他的一些動物消失,但是這個結(jié)論不成立, 舉了很多不成立的原因.第二段說其他的動物消失是由于后來的火山活動造成的,總之這個結(jié)論是成立的.
V5. 另一篇是物種滅絕,不過與JJ里的不一樣貌似變體,說一下:
第一段:K-T隕石碰撞事件引起了恐龍滅絕,證據(jù)是有大量地球上沒有的i元素。另外有兩個分別關(guān)于突然滅絕的證據(jù):動物的證據(jù)是fossil;植物的證據(jù)是碳的同位素劇增。
第二段:K-T事件不能解釋其他種類的滅絕。舉了另外兩個時期的例子。說如果其他種類的滅絕也是行星碰撞引起的,則需要有多次行星與地球碰撞的事件發(fā)生,這在其他種類滅絕的時間范圍內(nèi)是不大可能的。第三段:其他種類滅絕的原因是火山爆發(fā)。巖漿流到水里,阻擋更多氧氣進入,造成厭氧細菌大量繁殖。釋放出的硫有毒物毒死了很多物種。導(dǎo)致了其他種類的滅絕。其實就是說隕石碰撞造成恐龍滅絕,火山爆發(fā)造成其他種類的滅絕。By tcpwt
問題:
1.這篇的第一道題目是問第一段第一句話的用意是什么(就是“科學(xué)家們普遍接受隕星撞擊地球?qū)е驴铸垳缃^的觀點,這個被稱作E-T event”那句)?選項有a.說明其實恐龍不是滅絕于隕星撞擊;b.提出了一個后面兩段都在反對的觀點。C.提出了全文的中心論點。我覺得好像都不大對啊,就很囧地選了最后一項:說明E-T event是如何導(dǎo)致恐龍滅絕的。
V6:關(guān)于生物滅絕的,大概就是一個遠古時期的恐龍滅絕了,有科學(xué)家說是因為隕石墜落造成氣候變化,但第二段反駁說氣候變化范圍太大,而有些對氣候敏感的動物并未滅絕,接著說可能是因為植物的大規(guī)模滅絕導(dǎo)致的,找到一些證據(jù),最后一段不記得了。
V7.第一段:P時期大動物滅絕很快,最早在亞非,接著到澳洲和美洲(都有具體年份說明的,比如15000年前),好奇怪。為什么呢?學(xué)者A說是因為人類活動。因為這些時間都對應(yīng)著相應(yīng)地區(qū)的人類頻繁活動。為了進一步說明,A還說一:滅絕的都是那種又大又笨的,容易被人抓到,二:亞非的大動物滅絕的不如澳美的 drastically,是因為人類是突然到澳美洲的,大動物都來不及反應(yīng)。(有題問道亞非動物滅絕的為什么比澳美緩慢).第二段:順承上文,繼續(xù)支持A(沒有問道問題,沒記得很多)不過有說道,歷史上如果由CLIMATE造成的物種滅絕都是更大范圍,而且大物種,小物種一起滅絕的,但這個P時段的滅絕只涉及大物種,所以還是認為還是人類干涉而不是氣候。.第三段:但是這個解釋又兩個counterargument,(但最后還是被作者反對掉了,說明作者是支持A的)counterargument一:根據(jù)fossil,P時代人類主要靠collect植物什么的過活,化石沒有反映出人類hunting,作者反對,提出一句話:if hunting evidences are "small", then the collecting evidence are nonexistent. (這句話有考題,但有點忘了);counterargument二:在那個時代人類捕獵水平不夠,根本不可能造成那么多物種滅絕,說道要用rifle之類的才能造成,另外還說到,大動物如果被捕獵死的話,死相會有掙扎的痕跡,但是沒有。最后作者還是把這個反對了下(沒仔細看了)。
V8.第一段:一個是maya(某種動物)的滅絕是因為人類的殖民發(fā)展,它在亞洲和非洲可能會上升..和美洲想比 balabal之類(我認為作者是認同這個觀點的)。第二段,說一個反對觀點是因為天氣,接著舉例排除了這個可能性...另一個反對觀點說是因為maya沒有存活技能,后來通過fossil又排除了這個觀點..這個考了兩個文章結(jié)構(gòu)題..還有舉例說作者會同意下面那一項...
V9.還有個閱讀,講M動物在P時代滅絕。跟JJ一樣。很簡單。題目基本都忘記了。但是大家都應(yīng)該能把這閱讀的題都作對。
問題:
1.問「 If hunting evidence are small, then the collecting evidence is nonexistent.」這句話被作者拿來做什么用?我選「不能用來作為反駁「人類活動造成m動物滅絕」這個理論的理由」
2.問作者對第二個counterargument(即人類狩獵技術(shù)不夠好)的反駁暗指下列哪件事?我選「更新世動物的防御能力較現(xiàn)存動物低」第二個counterargument是說古時候人類狩獵技巧不高明,所以應(yīng)該很難將m動物的滅絕歸因于人類。但是作者駁斥說,并不需要高超的狩獵用具(用于捕捉現(xiàn)在的大型動物,如大象)就可以捕捉到m動物,因為m動物的防御能力并不如現(xiàn)在的大象等,所以自然也不需要高超的狩獵工具。
V10.說一種大型動物的滅絕問題。第一段:先說了他們分別在幾個洲滅絕的時間和percent。然后結(jié)論是因為人類的捕獵。第二段:說是不是天氣原因呢。舉了例子說不是,如果是也會影響小動物和植物。這里有考題,說作者用什么論點推翻這個假設(shè)的。第三段:有人說化石里面沒有證據(jù),作者就說如果這個證據(jù)很少,別的更沒證據(jù)。反正作者就是認準(zhǔn)了是human hunter。討論了為什么在亞洲和非洲減少的比較慢,早期時候,我答的是因為那時候人類發(fā)展慢,動物有時間適應(yīng),美洲都是直接拿槍去殖民的。第一段有,可以確認下>.
V11.第二篇是說大型動物M(貌似是猛犸象吧~)的滅絕原因,基本上作者就是先描述一下滅絕的時間和情況然后說不知道是人類原因還是氣候原因,中間是排除氣候原因,然后說就是人類HUNTING造成的。也不難。有一個題目說解釋一個曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的“lighter extinction”,文中說的是當(dāng)時人們也處于捕獵技術(shù)成長的階段,那些動物就有時間去適應(yīng),答案就是這個意思的一個改寫。
【參考文獻】
Pleistocene megafauna 更新世動物
In broad usage, the Holocene extinction event includes the notable disappearance of large mammals, known as megafauna, by the end of the last glacial period 9,000 to 13,000 years ago. Such disappearances have been considered as either a response to climate change, a result of the proliferation of modern humans, or both. These extinctions, occurring near the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event or Ice Age extinction event. However the Holocene extinction event continues through the events of the past several millennia and includes the present time.
These species appear to have died off as humans expanded out of Africa and Eurasia, the only continents that still retain a diversity of megafauna comparable to what was lost. Three theories have been given for these extinctions: hunting by the spreading humans, climatic change, and spreading disease. A combination of those explanations is also possible.
Human Hunting
This hypothesis was proposed 40 years ago by Paul S. Martin。This theory holds Pleistocene humans responsible for the megafaunal extinction. One variant, often referred to as overkill, portrays humans as hunting the megafauna to extinction within a relatively short period of time. Some of the direct evidence for this includes: fossils of megafauna found in conjunction with human remains, embedded arrows and tool cut marks found in megafaunal bones, and cave paintings that depict such hunting. Biogeographical evidence is also suggestive; the areas of the world where humans evolved currently have more of their Pleistocene megafaunal diversity (the elephants and rhinos of Asia and Africa) compared to other areas such as Australia, the Americas, Madagascar and New Zealand, areas where early humans were non-existent. Based on this evidence, a picture arises of the megafauna of Asia and Africa evolving with humans, learning to be wary of them, and in other parts of the world the wildlife appearing ecologically naive and easier to hunt. This is particularly true of island fauna, which display a dangerous lack of fear of humans.
The most convincing evidence of his theory is that 80% of the North American large mammal species disappeared within 1000 years of the arrival of humans on the Western Hemisphere continents. World wide extinctions seem to follow the migration of humans and to be most severe where humans arrived most recently and least severe where humans were originally – Africa (see figure at right). This suggests that in Africa, where humans evolved, prey animals and human hunting ability evolved together, so the animals evolved avoidance techniques. As humans migrated throughout the world and became more and more proficient at hunting, they encountered animals that had evolved without the presence of humans. Lacking the fear of humans that African animals had developed, animals outside of Africa were easy prey for human hunting techniques. It also suggests that this is independent of climate change.Circumstantially, the close correlation in time between the appearance of humans in an area and extinction there provides weight to this theory. This is perhaps the strongest evidence, as it is almost impossible that it could be coincidental when science has so many data points. For example, the woolly mammoth survived on islands despite worsening climatic conditions for thousands of years after the end of the last glaciation, but they died out when humans arrived around 1700 BC. The megafaunal extinctions covered a vast period of time and highly variable climatic situations. The earliest extinctions in Australia were complete approximately 30,000 BP, well before the last glacial maximum and before rises in temperature. The most recent extinction in New Zealand was complete no earlier than 500 BP and during a period of cooling. In between these extremes megafaunal extinctions have occurred progressively in such places as North America, South America and Madagascar with no climatic commonality. The only common factor that can be ascertained is the arrival of humans.
Climate Change
The size of a short faced bear compared with a human.An alternative explanation offered by many scientists is that the extinctions were caused by climatic change following the last Ice Age. Critics object that since there were multiple Ice Ages in the evolutionary history of many of the megafauna, it is rather implausible that only after the last glacial would there be such extinctions.
Some evidence weighs against this theory as applied to Australia. It has been shown that the prevailing climate at the time of extinction (40,000–50,000 BP) was similar to that of today, and that the extinct animals were strongly adapted to an arid climate. The evidence indicates that all of the extinctions took place in the same short time period, which was the time when humans entered the landscape. The main mechanism for extinction was likely fire (started by humans) in a then much less fire-adapted landscape. Isotopic evidence shows sudden changes in the diet of surviving species, which could correspond to the stress they experienced before extinction.