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【V1】
先說了14世紀(jì)lord和tenant之間是啥啥關(guān)系，tenant在lord的指示下做blabla的事情(有題目問lord和tenant的關(guān)系是啥，我選了tenant在種地方面遵從lord的指使in details這一項(xiàng))，但是作者認(rèn)為這樣的關(guān)系是短視的，有啥啥缺點(diǎn)，然后后一段舉了個(gè)自由民的例子，來和服從lord的佃戶進(jìn)行比較，具體不記得了，anyway，只要記得作者對(duì)傳統(tǒng)lord和tenant的關(guān)系是持批評(píng)態(tài)度的
最后一段說得好像是這種關(guān)系的問題和危害，反正有一道題問的是作者認(rèn)為lord對(duì)tenant采取的措施是long-term benefit還是short-term benefit還是both，我選了short-term benefit但是long-term是有害的這一項(xiàng)
【考古】
[版本1]
英國(guó)的tenant與landlord，共3段
第一段講landlord何其殘忍呀，剝削農(nóng)民呀(周扒皮出現(xiàn)在了英國(guó)呀)，導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民沒有多余的錢去investment，所以社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特別緩慢，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是13世紀(jì)的英國(guó)，考古的童鞋們可以自己查一查。
第二段開始反駁，說landlord沒那么殘忍，因?yàn)橛衒ree tenant的存在，然后開始形容這個(gè)free tenant，有哪些權(quán)利呀等等。
第三段開始講由于free tenant的要求何其高(天啊，農(nóng)民們你們權(quán)利真大呀，中國(guó)農(nóng)民太慘了啊)，landlord為了yield to the favorable requirements to tenants，制定了某些某些政策，是這些政策導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)村的congestion，所以社會(huì)發(fā)展停滯了。
題目還清楚的記得一道，說最后一段這些landlord制定的政策long-term和short-term的影響。
lz的選擇是：long-term對(duì)tenant不好，short-term好(因?yàn)檫@些是favorable to the tenants的)。
[版本2]
英國(guó)地主：說英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯原因的，寂靜說的不錯(cuò)，生詞很多，有點(diǎn)兒慌，就順著寂靜選的。對(duì)不起實(shí)在記不得了。
[版本3]
2英國(guó)的landlord 和 tenant, 說tenant 很慘，受到landlord的壓榨，后來有些人就成為什么free-tenant, 最后為了解決這個(gè)問題, landlord又用了什么招，但是該方法也沒奏效，而且阻礙了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
(以上兩篇都特別長(zhǎng)，考試的時(shí)候還是要自己的理解，我能力有限，就理解到這個(gè)程度)
[考古] by jackjack251 閱讀43英國(guó)地主完美匹配原文(已確認(rèn))
第七篇中世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化探源：莊園主(lord)和佃農(nóng)(tenant)的關(guān)系
版本一
這題的主旨是討論為什么英國(guó)十四世紀(jì)時(shí)候生產(chǎn)力下降了呢?
p1有老觀念說是因?yàn)橐郧叭说恼J(rèn)為是lord只關(guān)心自己享樂不關(guān)心生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致的(還以為法律規(guī)定了佃農(nóng)沒有自己土地所有權(quán))
p2使用了一個(gè)free serf的例子說明以上觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的
p3說access to land 的變化 才是生產(chǎn)力下降的真正原因
版本二
第一段：傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，lord給tenant，特別是serf tenant (隸屬于lord的，給其交租納貢的tenant)，帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力，因?yàn)閠enant要交很高的稅負(fù)，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。但是，這一觀點(diǎn)是不正確的。因?yàn)槠湟?，有很大一部分是nonserf tenant，這些人只要交很低的錢，有很大的自由度，小日子還挺滋潤(rùn);其二，即便是serf tenant，他們的生活也沒有那么糟糕，他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的，諸如lord要增加稅賦的時(shí)候，他們可以提出反對(duì)意見，并且有一定的力量。
第二段(還是第三段?不是很清楚了)：但是中世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)還是惡化了，這是為什么呢?究其原因，是因?yàn)閘ord在表面上向tenant做了讓步，使其獲得短期經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，但是從長(zhǎng)期來看，lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，并最終帶來了社會(huì)環(huán)境的惡化。
這是一篇長(zhǎng)閱讀，我記得最后一個(gè)題目好像是我上面講到的第二段，問你lord的這些舉措是serve了誰的長(zhǎng)期or短期利益?我從文章的理解是，serve the short terminterest of tenant but not the long term。大家碰到的話可以再看看。
問題有：7/6
Q1: 有主題題
Q2: 問作者在第二段提到free-tenant的作用
Q3: 問你lord的這些舉措是serve了誰的長(zhǎng)期or短期利益?
答：serve the short term interest of tenant but not the long term。也有答: 短期對(duì)領(lǐng)主有利，但不利于長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。因?yàn)樵斐舌l(xiāng)村的失業(yè)。大家小心。
考古
14世紀(jì)的有關(guān)英國(guó)封建領(lǐng)主的東西
新老觀點(diǎn)型：關(guān)于封建領(lǐng)主影響英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展的真正原因
1)傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。14世紀(jì)時(shí)人民的生活水平日益下降，甚至到了威脅生存的地步(開頭句)。接著說了英國(guó)lord和tenant的關(guān)系，tenant的生活如何疾苦，如何受lord剝削控制，以至于他們的關(guān)系像是master和serf(農(nóng)奴)。學(xué)者們還認(rèn)為這些地主好吃懶做，表現(xiàn)在很重視眼前的享受和消費(fèi)，而不在乎長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展，所以經(jīng)濟(jì)一直處于投資不足的狀態(tài)(underinvestment)，還說了一些其它因素，這些都妨礙了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
2)新證據(jù)。雖然老觀點(diǎn)有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling)，但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。老觀點(diǎn)忽視了(overlook)另一個(gè)不同于lord和tenant的新人群：free tenant。他們不是serf，不受地主的人身控制，只用按一個(gè)較低的fixed rate繳納租金。最后提到其實(shí)tenant也不是原來想的那樣軟弱無力，他們已經(jīng)能夠組織起來和地主negotiate rate。
3)進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充。為了應(yīng)付tenant想多租地?cái)U(kuò)大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多，看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當(dāng)于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)"brake"，阻礙了14世紀(jì)的英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(有題，說地主的做法對(duì)誰有利?選項(xiàng)里都分了從長(zhǎng)期看和從短期看，兩方面討論)[推測(cè)：短期對(duì)領(lǐng)主有利，但不利于長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。因?yàn)樵斐舌l(xiāng)村的失業(yè)]感覺第三段可能是對(duì)第一段經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的反駁，說這才是阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的真正原因，當(dāng)然這只是我個(gè)人的看法。
超完美匹合原文版bycamelo777
Any analysis ofwhy the early fourteenth-century agrarian economy was so predisposed to'crisis' necessarily requires careful consideration of class and propertyrelations on the land, for, as Robert Brenner and S. H. Rigby have bothemphasized, these could be of decisive importance.7At that time landlordsexercised feudal rights of lordship over their tenants, many of whom were ofservile status and therefore legally subordinate to their lords. This powerrelationship shaped the tenurial relationship between those who owned the landand those who occupied and worked it. Thus it was tenure, as regulated bylandlords, that determined the supply of holdings and the form and level ofrents that were charged. Until recently it was widely believed that feudaltenurial relationships sanctioned and facilitated the extra-economicexploitation of tenants by their lords. Together, the heaviness of rent chargesand the arbitrariness of lordship discouraged and depressed tenant investmentin agriculture.8Meanwhile, lords were more interested in pursuing a feudallifestyle of conspicuous consumption than in enhancing the productivity andprofitability of their estates.9The upshot, it has been claimed, was a viciouscircle of underinvestment, static technology, and low and decliningagricultural productivity.10
Such pessimisticviews of lords and their relations with their tenants have long exercised acompelling appeal.15 Nevertheless, they have become increasingly difficult toreconcile with a growing body of historical evidence. The preoccupation withserfdom overlooks the numerous free tenants who were exempt from the mostcoercive aspects of lordship.16Free tenants mostly paid fixed and low rents andtheir property rights enjoyed the protection of the royal courts。The more substantial customarytenants were, in fact, relatively well off 。 Many of these tenants certainly paid a proportion of their rent inlabour, but historians, probably because of a modern abhorrence of theinstitution of forced labour, have exaggerated its economic significance. Inreality, only a minority of tenants actually performed labour services, and theaggregate value of rents in cash far exceeded that of rents in kind.21Notwithstanding the much-vaunted powers of lordship, tenants had long beenremarkably effective at opposing efforts by lords to raise rents and increaselabour services in line with rising land values and commodity prices.22They didso by countering seigniorial power with custom and denying that, as tenants,they were obliged to pay their lords anything more than a de facto ground rentfor the land. Tenant right, in fact, often proved more powerful than landlordright.
As this articleargues, the fact that so many tenants were in such conspicuous economicdifficulties by the early fourteenth century had less to do with feudallordship per se and the supposed oppressions and inequalities of serfdom, thanwith the contradictions and inefficiencies inherent in the coexistence ofcustomary, contractual and commercial relationships. Herein lay the real sourceof the agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century. In so far as lordswere the inadvertent agents of this adverse state of affairs, it was becausetheir dealings with their tenants were typically more compliant than coercive.By yielding to tenant demands for access to land on terms that were sofavourable to the tenants, lords created the preconditions for the subdivisionand subletting that stoked population growth and thereby engendered the ruralcongestion that was the source of so much under- and unemployment, with all thenegative consequences that this implies for labour productivity, livingstandards and purchasing power. This deteriorating situation in the countrysideacted as a brake upon the continued growth of the economy and, from 1315, leftincreasing numbers ever more cruelly exposed to the heightened risk ofenvironmental hazard
附上bale的中文版
Para1：
B：傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，lord給tenant，特別是serf tenant (隸屬于lord的，給其交租納貢的tenant)，帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力，因?yàn)閠enant要交很高的稅負(fù)，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。
Para2：
P：但是，這一觀點(diǎn)是不正確的，雖然老觀點(diǎn)有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling)，但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。
S：因?yàn)槠湟?，有很大一部分是non serf tenant，這些人只要交很低的錢，有很大的自由度，小日子還挺滋潤(rùn);其二，即便是serftenant，他們的生活也沒有那么糟糕，他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的，諸如lord要增加稅賦的時(shí)候，他們可以提出反對(duì)意見，并且有一定的力量。
Para3：
S：但是中世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)還是惡化了，這是為什么呢?究其原因，是因?yàn)?，為了?yīng)付tenant想多租地?cái)U(kuò)大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多，看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當(dāng)于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)"brake"，阻礙了14世紀(jì)的英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。lord在表面上向tenant做了讓步使tenant獲得短期經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，但是從長(zhǎng)期來看，lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，并最終帶來了社會(huì)環(huán)境的惡化。
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