A number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than thecurrent,very low rate of inflation. They say the increases areneeded because of a loss in value of university endowments'heavily investing in common __1__stock. I am skeptical. Abusiness firm chooses the price that maximizes its netrevenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasinglythe __2__outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of __3__business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty __4__ increases thedemand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (thisis primarily a factor in __5__ graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one' s jobprospects, __6__ the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,inorder to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive tostudents __7__ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students agovernance role, and eliminate required courses. __8__ Sky-high tuitions have caused universitiesto regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the__9__ rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whomthey recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass highereducation in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stoppedby the antitrust authorities,the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the beststudents, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best __10__ customer.
參考答案及解析:
1. investing應(yīng)改為invested。這里說(shuō)“投資于”普通股中的捐贈(zèng)金價(jià)值損失慘重，既然是投資，就是指人
去投資，即endowments (that were)heavily invested in.括號(hào)內(nèi)的部分是被省略的部分，本句形式上是主動(dòng)，實(shí)際意義上為被動(dòng)，因此應(yīng)該把investing改為invested，否則邏輯上和語(yǔ)法上都是說(shuō)不通的。
2. 在irrespective和fluctuations之間加上介詞of。irrespectiveOf是一固定用法，意指“不論，不管，不顧，”等，如：irrespectiveOfthecost不惜工本，irrespective of the consequences不顧后果，irrespective of duty status不論職位高低。此處指公司不顧收入的波動(dòng)變化。
3. 把those改為that。本句的后半部分主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是大學(xué)里的“看法或觀點(diǎn)”(outlook)與企業(yè)公司的看法或觀點(diǎn)不一樣，即著眼點(diǎn)在于對(duì)兩種不同團(tuán)體看法的對(duì)比。既然前面用的是單數(shù)形式，后面也應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，基本語(yǔ)法規(guī)則是前后應(yīng)一致，本句為代詞those的誤用，所以應(yīng)把those改為that。
4.在fact和economic之間力口上關(guān)系代詞that。這是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)，that在同位語(yǔ)從句中是不能省略的，否則就很可能出現(xiàn)意思所指不清的麻煩，所以此處必須加上關(guān)系代詞that。
5.把定冠詞the去掉。定冠詞與一名詞連用，表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或物或機(jī)構(gòu)等，而此處的inthe school，一則意思不清，二則可能指在某人正在某個(gè)具體學(xué)校做某事。這一層意思與本文上下文不相吻合。比較之下，inschool是一固定說(shuō)法，表示“在上學(xué)或求學(xué)”、“在校讀書”正符合本文上下文的意思。因此應(yīng)把定冠詞去掉。
6.把形容詞poor改為其比較級(jí)poorer。這句中的poor與后面的more形成一對(duì)比較關(guān)系，表示“越……越……”，根據(jù)這一思路，我們應(yīng)把形容詞poor改為其比較級(jí)poorer，以表達(dá)一種對(duì)稱關(guān)系。
7.在ways和which之間加上一個(gè)介詞in。在ways和which之間加上一個(gè)介詞in，表示in theseways，即指通過(guò)前面提到的這些方法。相似的句子較多，如：Not all sounds made by animalsserve as language，and we have only to turn to that extra ordinary discovery of echo-location inbats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.(動(dòng)物發(fā)出的聲音并不是都能當(dāng)作語(yǔ)言，因此我們只好求助于蝙蝠回聲定位的這種非凡的發(fā)展，探究一下語(yǔ)音在何種情況下起著絕對(duì)有用的作用。)
8.這里應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞的—lng形式，即eliminating，以便使句型結(jié)構(gòu)與前面的giving(students agovernance role)保持一致，否則句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意思都顯得不正確。
9.將shorten(縮短;使變短)改為reduce或weaken。此處屬于用詞不當(dāng)。應(yīng)將shorten(縮短;使變短)改為reduce(使精神垮下來(lái);使身體瘦弱)或weaken(使削弱;使衰減)，可表示文中所表示的“減弱競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的殘酷性”。
10.將to give discounts on改為to give discounts to their best customer。意為實(shí)業(yè)公司給最好的客戶提供優(yōu)惠。而give discount on something則指就某一商品打折扣，顯然與本文的上下文是相悖的。因?yàn)楸疚囊恢痹谟懻摼腿绾伪苊鉃閾屪詈玫纳炊归_惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，為搶好學(xué)生捉供優(yōu)厚獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，與公司為搶客源，給最好的客戶提供優(yōu)惠道理是一樣的。所以應(yīng)做上述改動(dòng)。