助動詞
be的形式變化和動詞be。be作為助動詞的用法有下列幾種:
1)be后跟動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 可以構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:
The driver is cleaning the car.司機(jī)在擦車。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我們在討論一個新的計(jì)劃。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我國婦女在社會主義建設(shè)中正起著重要的作用。
2) be后跟動詞的過去分詞 可以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。如:
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.許多消費(fèi)品都是尼龍作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此舉行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理內(nèi)部停止?fàn)I業(yè)。
3)be加動詞不定式 有下列各種用法:
a)表示未來的安排或計(jì)劃。如:
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表團(tuán)定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回來。
b)表示必要或命令或問對方的意志。如:
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你們明天要交練習(xí)。
Where am I to put these tools? 這些工具應(yīng)該放在什么地方?
What is to be done?怎么辦?
c)表示"可能",與can或may相仿。如:
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能斷定他今晚是否能來。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪兒也找不著我的鑰匙。
d) be + about + 動詞不定式則表計(jì)劃即將,如:
The meeting is about to begin.會議即將開始。
have
的過去式是had。Have (had)作為助動詞和過去分詞一起,構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我認(rèn)識史密斯先生已經(jīng)四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他還沒有決定呢。
A woman came in with a baby,who had just swallowed a safety pin.一個婦女帶進(jìn)來一個剛吞進(jìn)一個別針的嬰兒。
[注] have的簡略式是've,has的簡略式是's,had的簡略式是'd,如
I've,you've,he's,I'd,we'd,he'd,they'd等。
do
的過去式是did。do (did)作為助動詞,有下列一些用法:
1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過去一般時(shí)的疑問句和否定句。如:
Do you know each other? 你們兩人認(rèn)識嗎?
How do you find the climate here? 你覺得這里的氣候怎么樣?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早飯后她沒有去醫(yī)院,她照常上班去了。
2)構(gòu)成否定的祈使句。如:
Don't be so careless.不要那么粗枝大葉。
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困難只管來。
3)加強(qiáng)陳述句和祈使句的語氣。如:
I do think he is right.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是對的。
Do come often.一定常來呀。
Do ask,if you have any questions.如果有問題,務(wù)必提出。
4)用于倒裝句中。如:
Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那時(shí),我才了解到科學(xué)的重要性。
Never did I expect to see him there.我從未想到會在那里看到他。
5)還可用來代替主要動詞,以避免重復(fù)。較常用在簡略答語中。如:
Does he also study geography?他也學(xué)地理嗎? ――Yes,he does.是的,他也學(xué)地理。
Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes,it did。上星期雪下得多嗎? --是的,下得很多。
He works even harder than you do. 他比你還要用功。
[注] 上面最后一句中的do應(yīng)喚作替代詞,只是為了初學(xué)者的方便而放在助動詞項(xiàng)下。
shall和Will
助動詞
shall本身沒有詞義,只用在第一人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多為will所代替)。在將來一般時(shí)中,shall后接動詞原形。如:
I shall think it over.我要好好考慮一下。
Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.你別擔(dān)心。我們都會告訴你的。
助動詞
will本身沒有詞義,只用在第二、三人稱的將來時(shí)態(tài)中。will在將來一般時(shí)中后接動詞原形。如:
He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下個月將是二十五歲。
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你們明天有英語考試。
The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天氣預(yù)報(bào)明天有大雨。
should和would
助動詞
should是shall的過去式,它本身沒有詞義,用于第一人稱的過去將來時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多用would)。should在過去將來一般時(shí)中后接動詞原形。如:
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我們被告知那天夜里我們就要看見寶島了。
助動詞
would是will的過去式,它本身沒有詞義,用于第二、三人稱的過去將來時(shí)態(tài)中。would在過去將來一般時(shí)中后接動詞原形。如:
He said that he would always remember that day.他說他將永遠(yuǎn)記住那一天。
[英語語法手冊]情態(tài)動詞概述
特征
1)情態(tài)動詞(modal verb)本身有詞義,表示說話人的語氣或情態(tài),但詞義不完全,不能單獨(dú)用作謂語動詞,一般只能和動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞。
2)情態(tài)動詞所表示的情態(tài)有:命令、允諾、請求、拒絕、愿望、愿意、義務(wù)、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。
3)情態(tài)動詞(ought除外)和助動詞shall,will,should,would一樣,后面的動詞不定式一般皆不帶。
形式變化
1)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,第三人稱單數(shù)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)也無變化。如:
I can We can
You can You can
He
They can
She can
It
2)有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式,有少數(shù)過去式和它的原形相同。
a)有過去式的情態(tài)動詞有:
may -- would
can ―― could
may―― night
shall -- should
have to -- had to
b)過去式不變的情態(tài)動詞有:
must - must (或had to)
ought to - ought to
need---need
dare - dare(亦可用dared)
3)大多數(shù)情態(tài)動詞后面可用動詞的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動形式,如:can(may,must)be doing,can(may,must) have done,can(may,must)be done等。
否定式
情態(tài)動詞和助動詞一樣,后面可直接跟否定詞not?,F(xiàn)將情態(tài)動詞的否定式及其否定式的簡略式(簡略式用于口語中)列舉如下:
shall not--shan't [FB:nt]
will not---won't [wEunt]
can not-can't [kB:nt]
must not-mustn't [5mQsnt]
should not-- shouldn't
would not-- wouldn't
could not-- couldn't
dare not- daren't [dZEnt]
need not-- needn't
在疑問句中的用法
情態(tài)動詞在疑問句中的用法和助動詞相同。如:
May I ask you a question? 我可以問你一個問題嗎?
Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 你能把字典借我用一會兒嗎?
Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 你想?yún)⒂^重型機(jī)器廠嗎?
注意have to在疑問句中的位置。如:
Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去嗎?
Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完這項(xiàng)工作不可嗎?
can和could
can的詞義
表示體力或腦力方面的"能力"或客觀上的"可能"。如:
Can you ride a bike? Yes,I can.你能騎自行車嗎?是的,我能騎。
Can Mr. Smith use chopsticks? No,he can't . 史密斯先生會用筷子嗎?不,他不會。
Most women here can read and write now.這里的多數(shù)婦女都能識字,也會寫字。
In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields. 在中國,荒山也能變成良田。
can用在否定句和疑問句中時(shí)
在這種句子中,can??梢庵^"可能",表示猜測和推理。如:
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經(jīng)六點(diǎn)鐘了吧?
You can't be hungry so soon,Tom. You've just had lunch. 頓姆,你不可能餓得這么快,你剛吃過午飯。
She cannot be so careless. 她不可能這么粗心。
Where can he be? 他會在什么地方呢?
What can he mean? 他會是什么意思呢?
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經(jīng)是六點(diǎn)鐘了吧?
[注一] can加動詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),也可表示"可能"。如:
What can he be doing all this time? 他一直會是在干什么呢?
She cannot be playing ping-pong now.她現(xiàn)在不可能在打乒乓球。
[注二] 在日常會話中,can可代替may表示"允許",may比較正式,如:
You can drop in any time. 你隨時(shí)都可以來串門。
Can I use your basin? of course,you can.我可以用你的臉盆嗎?--當(dāng)然可以。
You can have my seat,I'm going now.我要走了,你坐我的座位吧。
Could
could是Call的過去式,表示與過去有關(guān)的1)能力和2)可能(在否定和疑問句中)。如:
1)We were sure that he could do the work. 我們肯定他能做這工作。
He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school. 他是個雇農(nóng),他供不起兒子上學(xué)。
2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那時(shí)我們以為所說的事不可能是真的。
[注] could可代替can表示現(xiàn)在,但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)。如:
could you wait half an hour?請你等半個小時(shí)好嗎?
could you please ring up again at six? 六點(diǎn)鐘請你再來電話好嗎?
could we visit a kindergarten? I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我們可以訪問一個幼兒園嗎?我自從到中國來以后,一直想看一所幼兒園。
[注二]表示過去的能力并已完成一具體動作時(shí)須用were (was) able (to),不可用could。如:
I am glad we were able to catch the train. 我很高興我們能趕上火車。但如未完成一具體動作,則可用could not。如:
I am sorry we couldn't (或weren't able to) catch the train.我很遺憾我們沒有能趕上火車。
can的形式
can只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式,能表示現(xiàn)在一般和過去一般兩種時(shí)態(tài),有時(shí)也能表示將來。所有其他時(shí)態(tài)(包括將來)須用be able加動詞不定式來表示。如:
With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days. 有他們的協(xié)助,我們將會在幾天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
They have not been able to come to Boston. 他們沒有能到波斯頓來。
Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening.約翰遜先生剛來電話,說今天晚上他來不了。
can,could用于否定或疑問句中
can (could)用于否定或疑問句中后面跟動詞原形的完成式時(shí),表示對過去發(fā)生事件的"可能性"。而could較can更加表示說話人的"不肯定的"語氣。如:
Can he have left already? 他會是走了嗎?
Could she have forgotten my address? 她會把我的地址忘記了嗎?
It couldn't have been henry. He has gone to the factory. 不可能是亨利,他已經(jīng)去工廠了。
Surely she can not have arrived so early. 他當(dāng)然不可能這么早到這里的。
[注] could加動詞的完成式時(shí),有時(shí)表示"過去可能完成但事實(shí)上并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動作"。如:
You could have done the work better.你本來可以做得更好些。(事實(shí)上你做得不那么好)
You could have got the early train.你本來可以搭上早班火車的。(事實(shí)上沒搭上)

