助動(dòng)詞
be的形式變化和動(dòng)詞be。be作為助動(dòng)詞的用法有下列幾種:
1)be后跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 可以構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:
The driver is cleaning the car.司機(jī)在擦車(chē)。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我們?cè)谟懻撘粋€(gè)新的計(jì)劃。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我國(guó)婦女在社會(huì)主義建設(shè)中正起著重要的作用。
2) be后跟動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.許多消費(fèi)品都是尼龍作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此舉行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理內(nèi)部停止?fàn)I業(yè)。
3)be加動(dòng)詞不定式 有下列各種用法:
a)表示未來(lái)的安排或計(jì)劃。如:
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表團(tuán)定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回來(lái)。
b)表示必要或命令或問(wèn)對(duì)方的意志。如:
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你們明天要交練習(xí)。
Where am I to put these tools? 這些工具應(yīng)該放在什么地方?
What is to be done?怎么辦?
c)表示"可能",與can或may相仿。如:
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能斷定他今晚是否能來(lái)。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪兒也找不著我的鑰匙。
d) be + about + 動(dòng)詞不定式則表計(jì)劃即將,如:
The meeting is about to begin.會(huì)議即將開(kāi)始。
have
的過(guò)去式是had。Have (had)作為助動(dòng)詞和過(guò)去分詞一起,構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我認(rèn)識(shí)史密斯先生已經(jīng)四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他還沒(méi)有決定呢。
A woman came in with a baby,who had just swallowed a safety pin.一個(gè)婦女帶進(jìn)來(lái)一個(gè)剛吞進(jìn)一個(gè)別針的嬰兒。
[注] have的簡(jiǎn)略式是've,has的簡(jiǎn)略式是's,had的簡(jiǎn)略式是'd,如
I've,you've,he's,I'd,we'd,he'd,they'd等。
do
的過(guò)去式是did。do (did)作為助動(dòng)詞,有下列一些用法:
1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句。如:
Do you know each other? 你們兩人認(rèn)識(shí)嗎?
How do you find the climate here? 你覺(jué)得這里的氣候怎么樣?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早飯后她沒(méi)有去醫(yī)院,她照常上班去了。
2)構(gòu)成否定的祈使句。如:
Don't be so careless.不要那么粗枝大葉。
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困難只管來(lái)。
3)加強(qiáng)陳述句和祈使句的語(yǔ)氣。如:
I do think he is right.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是對(duì)的。
Do come often.一定常來(lái)呀。
Do ask,if you have any questions.如果有問(wèn)題,務(wù)必提出。
4)用于倒裝句中。如:
Only then did I understand the importance of science.只是到了那時(shí),我才了解到科學(xué)的重要性。
Never did I expect to see him there.我從未想到會(huì)在那里看到他。
5)還可用來(lái)代替主要?jiǎng)釉~,以避免重復(fù)。較常用在簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中。如:
Does he also study geography?他也學(xué)地理嗎? ――Yes,he does.是的,他也學(xué)地理。
Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes,it did。上星期雪下得多嗎? --是的,下得很多。
He works even harder than you do. 他比你還要用功。
[注] 上面最后一句中的do應(yīng)喚作替代詞,只是為了初學(xué)者的方便而放在助動(dòng)詞項(xiàng)下。
shall和Will
助動(dòng)詞
shall本身沒(méi)有詞義,只用在第一人稱的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多為will所代替)。在將來(lái)一般時(shí)中,shall后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
I shall think it over.我要好好考慮一下。
Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.你別擔(dān)心。我們都會(huì)告訴你的。
助動(dòng)詞
will本身沒(méi)有詞義,只用在第二、三人稱的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中。will在將來(lái)一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下個(gè)月將是二十五歲。
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你們明天有英語(yǔ)考試。
The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天氣預(yù)報(bào)明天有大雨。
should和would
助動(dòng)詞
should是shall的過(guò)去式,它本身沒(méi)有詞義,用于第一人稱的過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中(現(xiàn)多用would)。should在過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我們被告知那天夜里我們就要看見(jiàn)寶島了。
助動(dòng)詞
would是will的過(guò)去式,它本身沒(méi)有詞義,用于第二、三人稱的過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中。would在過(guò)去將來(lái)一般時(shí)中后接動(dòng)詞原形。如:
He said that he would always remember that day.他說(shuō)他將永遠(yuǎn)記住那一天。
[英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法手冊(cè)]情態(tài)動(dòng)詞概述
特征
1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(modal verb)本身有詞義,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài),但詞義不完全,不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,一般只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表示的情態(tài)有:命令、允諾、請(qǐng)求、拒絕、愿望、愿意、義務(wù)、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。
3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(ought除外)和助動(dòng)詞shall,will,should,would一樣,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式一般皆不帶。
形式變化
1)沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,第三人稱單數(shù)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)也無(wú)變化。如:
I can We can
You can You can
He
They can
She can
It
2)有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去式,有少數(shù)過(guò)去式和它的原形相同。
a)有過(guò)去式的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:
may -- would
can ―― could
may―― night
shall -- should
have to -- had to
b)過(guò)去式不變的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:
must - must (或had to)
ought to - ought to
need---need
dare - dare(亦可用dared)
3)大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面可用動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)形式,如:can(may,must)be doing,can(may,must) have done,can(may,must)be done等。
否定式
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞一樣,后面可直接跟否定詞not?,F(xiàn)將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式及其否定式的簡(jiǎn)略式(簡(jiǎn)略式用于口語(yǔ)中)列舉如下:
shall not--shan't [FB:nt]
will not---won't [wEunt]
can not-can't [kB:nt]
must not-mustn't [5mQsnt]
should not-- shouldn't
would not-- wouldn't
could not-- couldn't
dare not- daren't [dZEnt]
need not-- needn't
在疑問(wèn)句中的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在疑問(wèn)句中的用法和助動(dòng)詞相同。如:
May I ask you a question? 我可以問(wèn)你一個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?
Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 你能把字典借我用一會(huì)兒?jiǎn)?span lang="EN-US">?
Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 你想?yún)⒂^重型機(jī)器廠嗎?
注意have to在疑問(wèn)句中的位置。如:
Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去嗎?
Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完這項(xiàng)工作不可嗎?
can和could
can的詞義
表示體力或腦力方面的"能力"或客觀上的"可能"。如:
Can you ride a bike? Yes,I can.你能騎自行車(chē)嗎?是的,我能騎。
Can Mr. Smith use chopsticks? No,he can't . 史密斯先生會(huì)用筷子嗎?不,他不會(huì)。
Most women here can read and write now.這里的多數(shù)婦女都能識(shí)字,也會(huì)寫(xiě)字。
In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields. 在中國(guó),荒山也能變成良田。
can用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)
在這種句子中,can常可意謂"可能",表示猜測(cè)和推理。如:
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經(jīng)六點(diǎn)鐘了吧?
You can't be hungry so soon,Tom. You've just had lunch. 頓姆,你不可能餓得這么快,你剛吃過(guò)午飯。
She cannot be so careless. 她不可能這么粗心。
Where can he be? 他會(huì)在什么地方呢?
What can he mean? 他會(huì)是什么意思呢?
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經(jīng)是六點(diǎn)鐘了吧?
[注一] can加動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),也可表示"可能"。如:
What can he be doing all this time? 他一直會(huì)是在干什么呢?
She cannot be playing ping-pong now.她現(xiàn)在不可能在打乒乓球。
[注二] 在日常會(huì)話中,can可代替may表示"允許",may比較正式,如:
You can drop in any time. 你隨時(shí)都可以來(lái)串門(mén)。
Can I use your basin? of course,you can.我可以用你的臉盆嗎?--當(dāng)然可以。
You can have my seat,I'm going now.我要走了,你坐我的座位吧。
Could
could是Call的過(guò)去式,表示與過(guò)去有關(guān)的1)能力和2)可能(在否定和疑問(wèn)句中)。如:
1)We were sure that he could do the work. 我們肯定他能做這工作。
He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school. 他是個(gè)雇農(nóng),他供不起兒子上學(xué)。
2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那時(shí)我們以為所說(shuō)的事不可能是真的。
[注] could可代替can表示現(xiàn)在,但語(yǔ)氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)。如:
could you wait half an hour?請(qǐng)你等半個(gè)小時(shí)好嗎?
could you please ring up again at six? 六點(diǎn)鐘請(qǐng)你再來(lái)電話好嗎?
could we visit a kindergarten? I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我們可以訪問(wèn)一個(gè)幼兒園嗎?我自從到中國(guó)來(lái)以后,一直想看一所幼兒園。
[注二]表示過(guò)去的能力并已完成一具體動(dòng)作時(shí)須用were (was) able (to),不可用could。如:
I am glad we were able to catch the train. 我很高興我們能趕上火車(chē)。但如未完成一具體動(dòng)作,則可用could not。如:
I am sorry we couldn't (或weren't able to) catch the train.我很遺憾我們沒(méi)有能趕上火車(chē)。
can的形式
can只有現(xiàn)在式can和過(guò)去式could兩種形式,能表示現(xiàn)在一般和過(guò)去一般兩種時(shí)態(tài),有時(shí)也能表示將來(lái)。所有其他時(shí)態(tài)(包括將來(lái))須用be able加動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)表示。如:
With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days. 有他們的協(xié)助,我們將會(huì)在幾天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
They have not been able to come to Boston. 他們沒(méi)有能到波斯頓來(lái)。
Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening.約翰遜先生剛來(lái)電話,說(shuō)今天晚上他來(lái)不了。
can,could用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中
can (could)用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中后面跟動(dòng)詞原形的完成式時(shí),表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生事件的"可能性"。而could較can更加表示說(shuō)話人的"不肯定的"語(yǔ)氣。如:
Can he have left already? 他會(huì)是走了嗎?
Could she have forgotten my address? 她會(huì)把我的地址忘記了嗎?
It couldn't have been henry. He has gone to the factory. 不可能是亨利,他已經(jīng)去工廠了。
Surely she can not have arrived so early. 他當(dāng)然不可能這么早到這里的。
[注] could加動(dòng)詞的完成式時(shí),有時(shí)表示"過(guò)去可能完成但事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作"。如:
You could have done the work better.你本來(lái)可以做得更好些。(事實(shí)上你做得不那么好)
You could have got the early train.你本來(lái)可以搭上早班火車(chē)的。(事實(shí)上沒(méi)搭上)