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高中英語語法講義3
三、一致關(guān)系
一)主謂一致
1. 主謂一致(與插入語無關(guān))
1主謂的分隔原則:主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。
2定語從句中的主謂一致:
3隨前一致:
n. + together with n2
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原則:n1 or n2 +v(就近原則)
either n1 or n2
5可數(shù)n1 and 可數(shù)n2+v(pl)
不可數(shù)n1 and 不可數(shù)n2+v(pl)
例外:war and peace is… war and peace是一個整體
但是如果主語表示的是同一個概念,同一人,同一事的時候,謂語動詞用單數(shù),這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個詞只有一個冠詞。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.
類似的還有:law and order bread and
butter black and white
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …
6隨后原則:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(與B一致)
7百分比結(jié)構(gòu):most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent
of+n1+v.(由n1決定)
8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致:
a)There be +n 由名詞決定動詞
b)Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
Among / Between …+系動詞+n. (由名詞決定動詞)
9The+adj的主謂一致:
a)當(dāng)表示"一類人",
b)當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時
The good is always attractive.
10 To do/doing/主從+vs
*More than one+n
many a +n.
a day or two
二)、倒裝
1 全部倒裝
是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:Up went the plane = the plane went up.
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
2) 表示運動方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。
注意:1) 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 謂語動詞是be的時候,不能倒裝。 Here it is. Here you are.
3) 形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首,引起倒裝
*typical of characteristic of
*coinciding with + n
4) 表示地點范圍的介詞短語位于句首,謂語動詞為系動詞,一定引起倒裝
In…(表語)+系動詞+主,主同。
*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there
*?？冀樵~要倒裝:among between in at beneath
?？嫉南祫釉~:be lie exist remain rest
部分倒裝
1. 否定 adv 位于句首,引起倒裝:not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 時間 + 主謂倒裝,not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
2) only+狀語位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短語 eg: in recently years
從句 eg: when clause
only一個詞本身不倒裝
3) 在比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中,than后面可以倒裝,也可以不倒裝。
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。
? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定,產(chǎn)生倒裝,一般主動詞提前,謂語動詞的其他部分就
4) as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。
as〔讓步〕雖然,盡管〔詞序倒裝。語氣比 though 強〕。
Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他雖成功,卻不驕傲。
Women as she is, she's every brave.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:A) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
5) 其他部分倒裝
a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首時,需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:May you all be happy.
c) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.
四、復(fù)合句
從句可分為:
? 名詞性從句' 主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句
? 形容詞性從句'定語從句
? 副詞性從句'狀語從句
" ?？嫉年P(guān)系代詞:that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。
" 常見的同位語從句現(xiàn)行詞(that之前的抽象名詞):fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…
" 常用的引導(dǎo)詞
o 時間狀語從句:while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…
o 地點狀語從句:where; wherever
o 原因狀語從句:because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…
o 方式狀語從句:as; as if; as though; how; save that…
o 比較狀語從句:as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;
o 結(jié)果狀語從句:so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…
o 條件狀語從句:if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….
o 讓步狀語從句:though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…
o 目的狀語從句:that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…
定語從句:
which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)
1)which是關(guān)系代詞,which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語或者賓語的句子,
在這個句子中,which要作成分,作主語或者賓語
2)in which+完整的句子
which在定語從句中作in的賓語,所以不能作后面句子的主語
3)名詞+of which+謂語動詞
of which來修飾名詞,名詞在定語從句中作主語,所以后面直接跟謂語動詞
I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.
4)介詞+ which +to do 其功能相當(dāng)于定語從句。
The key with which to open the door is lost.
5)定語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu):
1. 如果that / which在定從中作 賓語,可以省略.
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt
→s+vt+n+s+v
s+vt+n1+n2+vt
*當(dāng)做題時,若發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個名詞在一起,但是似乎連不上,則一定省略that /
which,則動詞為vt,做謂語。
6)定從的特殊省略
the way (in which) + 句子
the reason (why that)+句子 均為完整句
the time (that / when)+句子
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.
By the time省that+句子,句子。
7)定從的主系省略(主+系可同時省)
即:which be , who be , that be可同時省
狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)
這種省略從句主語的方式理論上需要滿足以下兩個條件:
第一、特定的狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞:although though even though when while if as
第二、從句主語和主句主語必須保持一致;
第三、從句的謂語必須是be動詞,主語和be動詞同進(jìn)同出,
比如上面的they和are要么同時省略,要么同時保留。
《高中英語語法-高中英語語法講義3》由出國留學(xué)編輯精心為您學(xué)習(xí)英語準(zhǔn)備.liuxue86.com
高中英語語法講義3
三、一致關(guān)系
一)主謂一致
1. 主謂一致(與插入語無關(guān))
1主謂的分隔原則:主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。
2定語從句中的主謂一致:
3隨前一致:
n. + together with n2
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原則:n1 or n2 +v(就近原則)
either n1 or n2
5可數(shù)n1 and 可數(shù)n2+v(pl)
不可數(shù)n1 and 不可數(shù)n2+v(pl)
例外:war and peace is… war and peace是一個整體
但是如果主語表示的是同一個概念,同一人,同一事的時候,謂語動詞用單數(shù),這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個詞只有一個冠詞。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.
類似的還有:law and order bread and
butter black and white
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …
6隨后原則:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(與B一致)
7百分比結(jié)構(gòu):most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent
of+n1+v.(由n1決定)
8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致:
a)There be +n 由名詞決定動詞
b)Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
Among / Between …+系動詞+n. (由名詞決定動詞)
9The+adj的主謂一致:
a)當(dāng)表示"一類人",
b)當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時
The good is always attractive.
10 To do/doing/主從+vs
*More than one+n
many a +n.
a day or two
二)、倒裝
1 全部倒裝
是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:Up went the plane = the plane went up.
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
2) 表示運動方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。
注意:1) 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 謂語動詞是be的時候,不能倒裝。 Here it is. Here you are.
3) 形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首,引起倒裝
*typical of characteristic of
*coinciding with + n
4) 表示地點范圍的介詞短語位于句首,謂語動詞為系動詞,一定引起倒裝
In…(表語)+系動詞+主,主同。
*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there
*?？冀樵~要倒裝:among between in at beneath
?？嫉南祫釉~:be lie exist remain rest
部分倒裝
1. 否定 adv 位于句首,引起倒裝:not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 時間 + 主謂倒裝,not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
2) only+狀語位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短語 eg: in recently years
從句 eg: when clause
only一個詞本身不倒裝
3) 在比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中,than后面可以倒裝,也可以不倒裝。
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。
? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定,產(chǎn)生倒裝,一般主動詞提前,謂語動詞的其他部分就
4) as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。
as〔讓步〕雖然,盡管〔詞序倒裝。語氣比 though 強〕。
Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他雖成功,卻不驕傲。
Women as she is, she's every brave.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:A) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
5) 其他部分倒裝
a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首時,需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:May you all be happy.
c) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.
四、復(fù)合句
從句可分為:
? 名詞性從句' 主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句
? 形容詞性從句'定語從句
? 副詞性從句'狀語從句
" ?？嫉年P(guān)系代詞:that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。
" 常見的同位語從句現(xiàn)行詞(that之前的抽象名詞):fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…
" 常用的引導(dǎo)詞
o 時間狀語從句:while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…
o 地點狀語從句:where; wherever
o 原因狀語從句:because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…
o 方式狀語從句:as; as if; as though; how; save that…
o 比較狀語從句:as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;
o 結(jié)果狀語從句:so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…
o 條件狀語從句:if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….
o 讓步狀語從句:though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…
o 目的狀語從句:that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…
定語從句:
which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)
1)which是關(guān)系代詞,which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語或者賓語的句子,
在這個句子中,which要作成分,作主語或者賓語
2)in which+完整的句子
which在定語從句中作in的賓語,所以不能作后面句子的主語
3)名詞+of which+謂語動詞
of which來修飾名詞,名詞在定語從句中作主語,所以后面直接跟謂語動詞
I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.
4)介詞+ which +to do 其功能相當(dāng)于定語從句。
The key with which to open the door is lost.
5)定語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu):
1. 如果that / which在定從中作 賓語,可以省略.
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt
→s+vt+n+s+v
s+vt+n1+n2+vt
*當(dāng)做題時,若發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個名詞在一起,但是似乎連不上,則一定省略that /
which,則動詞為vt,做謂語。
6)定從的特殊省略
the way (in which) + 句子
the reason (why that)+句子 均為完整句
the time (that / when)+句子
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.
By the time省that+句子,句子。
7)定從的主系省略(主+系可同時省)
即:which be , who be , that be可同時省
狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)
這種省略從句主語的方式理論上需要滿足以下兩個條件:
第一、特定的狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞:although though even though when while if as
第二、從句主語和主句主語必須保持一致;
第三、從句的謂語必須是be動詞,主語和be動詞同進(jìn)同出,
比如上面的they和are要么同時省略,要么同時保留。
《高中英語語法-高中英語語法講義3》由出國留學(xué)編輯精心為您學(xué)習(xí)英語準(zhǔn)備.liuxue86.com