下面是出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)小編為大家整理的2017年GRE閱讀題練習(xí)：枕狀熔巖，歡迎大家閱讀。
P1
Volcanic rock that forms as fluid lava chills rapidly is called pillow lava. This rapid chilling occurs when lava erupts directly into water (or beneath ice) or when it flows across a shoreline and into a body of water. While the term "pillow lava" suggests a definite shape, in fact geologists disagree. Some geologists argue that pillow lava is characterized by discrete, ellipsoidal masses. Others describe pillow lava as a tangled mass of cylindrical, interconnected flow lobes. Much of this controversy probably results from unwarranted extrapolations of the original configuration of pillow flows from two-dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows in land outcroppings. Virtually any cross section cut through a tangled mass of interconnected flow lobes would give the appearance of a pile of discrete ellipsoidal masses. Adequate three-dimensional images of intact pillows are essential for defining the true geometry of pillowed flows and thus ascertaining their mode of origin. Indeed, the term “pillow,” itself suggestive of discrete masses, is probably a misnomer. (165 words)
1. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) analyzing the source of a scientific controversy
(B) criticizing some geologists‘ methodology
(C) pointing out the flaws in a geological study
(D) proposing a new theory to explain existing scientific evidence
(E) describing a physical phenomenon
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The author of the passage would most probably agree that the geologists mentioned in the fourth sentence have made which of the following errors in reasoning?
□A Generalized unjustifiably from available evidence.
□B Deliberately ignored existing counterevidence.
□C Repeatedly failed to take new evidence into account.
3. The author implies that the “controversy” might be resolved if
(A) geologists did not persist in using the term “pillow”
(B) geologists did not rely on potentially misleading information
(C) geologists were more willing to confer directly with one another
(D) two-dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows were available
(E) existing pillows in land outcroppings were not so badly eroded
P1
1
Volcanic rock that forms as fluid lava chills rapidly is called pillow lava.
巖漿快速冷卻時(shí)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的火山巖被稱為枕狀熔巖。
2
This rapid chilling occurs when lava erupts directly into water (or beneath ice) or when it flows across a shoreline and into a body of water.
這種快速冷卻往往屬于以下情況，巖漿被直接噴入水中(或冰塊下)或流過水域岸線而沖入水中。
3
While the term "pillow lava" suggests a definite shape, in fact geologists disagree.
雖然“枕式熔巖”從字面上看，貌似有確定的形態(tài)，但實(shí)際上地質(zhì)學(xué)家對(duì)此存在爭(zhēng)議。
4
Some geologists argue that pillow lava is characterized by discrete, ellipsoidal masses.
有些認(rèn)為枕式熔巖是一些彼此分離的橢球狀塊體。
5
Others describe pillow lava as a tangled mass of cylindrical, interconnected flow lobes.
另外一些則把它描述成，由彼此相連的圓柱狀巖葉構(gòu)成的，扭結(jié)的塊體。
(flow 此處做名詞
a mass of material which has flowed when molten (MWC)熔融狀態(tài)時(shí)可流動(dòng)，凝結(jié)后成為固體塊
lobe
a curved or rounded projection or division specifically : a usually somewhat rounded projection or division of a bodily organ or part (MWC)
指人體器官時(shí)，lobe 經(jīng)常被翻譯成“垂”，比如耳垂，或“葉”，如額葉、肺葉等，此處譯作“巖葉”是不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?、?quán)宜的、閉門造車的譯法，會(huì)意即可，勿舉一反三。)
6
Much of this controversy probably results from unwarranted extrapolations of the original configuration of pillow flows from two-dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows in land outcroppings.
很大程度上，這種爭(zhēng)論可能是因?yàn)槁冻龅乇淼恼硎饺蹘r受到侵蝕，人們根據(jù)這些受到侵蝕的石塊的二維斷面，對(duì)它的初始構(gòu)造做了不靠譜的推測(cè)。
(outcropping 也可以寫作 outcrop，指石頭、巖層等露出地表的部分。
稍微解釋一下。
巖漿沖入水或冰，溫度急劇下降，外部會(huì)迅速凝結(jié)一層巖殼，但內(nèi)部的巖漿溫度仍很高，仍是液態(tài)，仍向外擴(kuò)張，于是會(huì)擠破巖殼，而沖出巖殼的巖漿再次迅速冷卻。不斷把冷卻的舊殼推向兩側(cè)，就形成了“枕頭”樣的外形。而巖漿向外沖的路徑，則表現(xiàn)為熔巖內(nèi)部的放射狀(因?yàn)橐恢蓖鈬?結(jié)構(gòu)。
露出地表的枕式熔巖被侵蝕，也許一些“枕頭”從整個(gè)巖體上剝落下來了，就給人一種 discrete ellipsoidal masses 的誤解，正如句 4 那種觀點(diǎn)。
做題不需要懂這些，這些是我查過資料結(jié)合文段寫出來供同學(xué)作復(fù)盤用的。做題中把握作者和幾種觀點(diǎn)及其證據(jù)的態(tài)度就好了，不需要完全讀懂文段，也應(yīng)該能做對(duì)，這都屬于背景知識(shí)。)
7
Virtually any cross section cut through a tangled mass of interconnected flow lobes would give the appearance of a pile of discrete ellipsoidal masses.
其實(shí)任何內(nèi)部相連的巖葉扭結(jié)而成的巖塊，其橫斷面看起來都好像一堆不連續(xù)的橢球巖塊。
8
Adequate three-dimensional images of intact pillows are essential for defining the true geometry of pillowed flows and thus ascertaining their mode of origin.
想要真正在地質(zhì)學(xué)意義上定義枕式熔巖流進(jìn)而確定它的成因，充分觀察完整的枕式熔巖的三維圖像是至關(guān)重要的。
9
Indeed, the term “pillow,” itself suggestive of discrete masses, is probably a misnomer. (165 words)
實(shí)際上，“ 枕 ” 這個(gè)字面上就暗示了彼此離散塊體的說法本身，可能是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR> 1. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) analyzing the source of a scientific controversy
(B) criticizing some geologists‘ methodology
(C) pointing out the flaws in a geological study
(D) proposing a new theory to explain existing scientific evidence
(E) describing a physical phenomenon
選 A
分析一起科學(xué)爭(zhēng)論的緣由，也就是句 4、5 兩種觀點(diǎn)之間的爭(zhēng)論。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The author of the passage would most probably agree that the geologists mentioned in the fourth sentence have made which of the following errors in reasoning?
□A Generalized unjustifiably from available evidence.
□B Deliberately ignored existing counter evidence.
□C Repeatedly failed to take new evidence into account.
選 A
我們先回到句 4：
Some geologists argue that pillow lava is characterized by discrete, ellipsoidal masses.
第一撥地質(zhì)學(xué)家是這么認(rèn)為的，分離的橢球狀巖石。
綜合句 7：
Virtually any cross section cut through a tangled mass of interconnected flow lobes would give the appearance of a pile of discrete ellipsoidal masses.
可見作者認(rèn)為這些地質(zhì)學(xué)家的想法是錯(cuò)的。
錯(cuò)在通過現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)(二維斷面)做了錯(cuò)誤的歸納，文中用的說法是 unwarranted extrapolations (句6)。
所以選 A 。
3. The author implies that the “controversy” might be resolved if
(A) geologists did not persist in using the term “pillow”
(B) geologists did not rely on potentially misleading information
(C) geologists were more willing to confer directly with one another
(D) two-dimensional cross sections of eroded pillows were available
(E) existing pillows in land outcroppings were not so badly eroded
選 B
作者暗示，只要地質(zhì)學(xué)家不再依靠具有潛在誤導(dǎo)作用的信息。
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