出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)GRE欄目的小編給大家?guī)?lái)“GRE閱讀常考藝術(shù)類(lèi)背景知識(shí)分享”，以下是詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們備考GRE有所幫助!
藝術(shù)，特別是當(dāng)代藝術(shù)，是GRE閱讀部分中的常考主題：黑人音樂(lè)、女性雕塑家、表現(xiàn)主義、超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義……這些主題都在以往的考試中出現(xiàn)過(guò)。從今天開(kāi)始，我們將為大家介紹一些?？妓囆g(shù)類(lèi)背景知識(shí)，簡(jiǎn)要了解這些知識(shí)，可以幫助我們減少考試時(shí)的陌生感，從而加快解題速度。首先，我們就來(lái)了解當(dāng)代藝術(shù)中著名的表現(xiàn)主義。
先看一段GRE閱讀文本：
Is this a fault, or are the writers working out of, or trying to forge, a distinct kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique gives a counterpoint to the popular theme that depicts the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme generally transmitted by more naturalistic modes of expression? 【有道學(xué)堂GRE閱讀300篇20204】
這段文本中提到了一些黑人小說(shuō)中體現(xiàn)出的表現(xiàn)主義、超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，首先我們來(lái)問(wèn)大家解讀作為現(xiàn)代重要藝術(shù)流派的表現(xiàn)主義。表現(xiàn)主義首先形成于繪畫(huà)一書(shū)中，進(jìn)而影響文學(xué)、電影、音樂(lè)……要理解表現(xiàn)主義，就要先從繪畫(huà)說(shuō)起。文中提及的surrealism——超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，我們將在下次藝術(shù)類(lèi)背景知識(shí)中介紹。
Expressionism | 表現(xiàn)主義
【關(guān)鍵詞】
within the artist | criticism | distortion | strong colors | anxiety
【歷史背景】
興盛于1905-1920年的歐洲，源于人們對(duì)真實(shí)性，和精神世界缺失的焦慮。
Expressionism emerged simultaneously in various cities across Germany as a response to a widespread anxiety about humanity's increasingly discordant relationship with the world and accompanying lost feelings of authenticity and spirituality. In part a reaction against Impressionism and academic art, Expressionism was inspired most heavily by the Symbolist currents in late nineteenth-century art. Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor proved particularly influential to the Expressionists, encouraging the distortion of form and the deployment of strong colors to convey a variety of anxieties and yearnings. The classic phase of the Expressionist movement lasted from approximately 1905 to 1920 and spread throughout Europe.
simultaneously adv. 同時(shí)地: happening at the same time
discordant adj. 不和諧的: not in harmony
authenticity n. 真實(shí)性，來(lái)自形容詞authentic: real, true and accurate
Impressionism n.印象派：1870-1900年在法國(guó)發(fā)展，畫(huà)家多以瞬間的印象作畫(huà)，追求描繪光線(xiàn)和色彩的變化。印象派的大師包括莫奈、塞尚等。
symbolist n. 象征主義者。象征派在藝術(shù)上強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀、個(gè)性，他們不再把一時(shí)所見(jiàn)真實(shí)的表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而通過(guò)特定形象的綜合來(lái)表達(dá)自己的觀念和內(nèi)在的精神世界。
distortion n. 變形、失真
yearning n. 渴望、向往
【主要觀點(diǎn)】
藝術(shù)來(lái)源于藝術(shù)家內(nèi)心，否認(rèn)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的客觀性。
The arrival of Expressionism announced new standards in the creation and judgment of art. Art was now meant to come forth from within the artist, rather than from a depiction of the external visual world, and the standard for assessing the quality of a work of art became the character of the artist's feelings rather than an analysis of the composition.
come forth = emerge, 出現(xiàn)、涌現(xiàn); come forth from within the artist: 從藝術(shù)家內(nèi)部涌現(xiàn)——源于內(nèi)心。
表現(xiàn)主義繪畫(huà)傳達(dá)了藝術(shù)家對(duì)當(dāng)代社會(huì)的焦慮。
Expressionist artists often employed swirling, swaying, and exaggeratedly executed brushstrokes in the depiction of their subjects. These techniques were meant to convey the turgid emotional state of the artist reacting to the anxieties of the modern world.
employ v. 使用: to use something for a particular purpo
seswirling: 漩渦;swaying: 搖擺;brushstrokes: 繪畫(huà)技巧
turgid adj. 難懂的：very complicated and difficult to understand
表現(xiàn)主義藝術(shù)家發(fā)展出了一種對(duì)資本主義社會(huì)的有力批判。
Through their confrontation with the urban world of the early twentieth century, Expressionist artists developed a powerful mode of social criticism in their serpentine figural renderings and bold colors. Their representations of the modern city included alienated individuals - a psychological by-product of recent urbanization - as well as prostitutes, who were used to comment on capitalism's role in the emotional distancing of individuals within cities.
serpentine adj. 彎彎曲曲的: having many bends and turns
rendering n. 描寫(xiě)、刻畫(huà): represent by artistic or verbal means
alienated adj. 被疏遠(yuǎn)的、受冷落的
【代表作品】
The Scream (1893)
Artist: Edvard Munch
Throughout his artistic career, Munch focused on scenes of death, agony, and anxiety in distorted and emotionally charged portraits, all themes and styles that would be adopted by the Expressionists. Here, in Munch's most famous painting, he depicts the battle between the individual and society. The Scream evokes the jolting emotion of the encounter and exhibits a general anxiety toward the tangible world. The representation of the artist's emotional response to a scene would form the basis of the Expressionists' artistic interpretations. The theme of individual alienation, as represented in this image would persist throughout the twentieth century, captivating Expressionist artists as a central feature of modern life.
agony n. 極大的痛苦，對(duì)于這個(gè)單詞有一種記憶方法叫做：愛(ài)過(guò)你是一種極大的痛苦
jolting n. 顛簸、波動(dòng)、震驚
tangible adj. 清晰明確的文本中提到的
表現(xiàn)主義文學(xué) | 卡夫卡
表現(xiàn)主義文學(xué)是20世紀(jì)初期以德國(guó)為中心興起的一場(chǎng)國(guó)際性文學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)。表現(xiàn)主義文學(xué)是表現(xiàn)主義藝術(shù)在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域的體現(xiàn)，涉及到文學(xué)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，其中尤以戲劇和詩(shī)歌的成就最為突出。表現(xiàn)主義文學(xué)流露出一種普遍的抽象化傾向，作品往往具有濃郁深厚的象征意蘊(yùn)，通過(guò)主觀幻覺(jué)、夢(mèng)境和錯(cuò)覺(jué)，以及扭曲變形等手法來(lái)表現(xiàn)生活。卡夫卡可以說(shuō)是成就最高的表現(xiàn)主義小說(shuō)家。
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