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pragmatic
【考法 1】 adj. 實用主義的，務(wù)實的： a practical approach to problems and affairs
【例】 Pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal withsocial morality.(K. B. Clark) 務(wù)實的當權(quán)者不會有時間或者意向去處理社會道德的問題。--K. B. 克拉克‖a pragmatic man, not given to grand, visionary schemes 一個不迷戀花哨空想的計劃，而更注重實際的人
【近】 down-to-earth, earthy, hardheaded, matter-of-fact, practical
【反】 fanciful, idealistic, impractical, unrealistic, utopian, visionary 幻想的，不務(wù)實的
【派】 pragmatism n. 實用主義，務(wù)實主義
refreshing
【考法 1】 adj. 令人心身振奮的，提神的： having a renewing effect on the state of the body or mind
【例】 A glass of cold water is very refreshing on such a hot day. 大熱天里的一杯冰水真是讓人心曠神怡?！琁t is refreshing to hear some good news about him. 能聽到他的好消息真是讓人振奮。
【近】 bracing, cordial, invigorating, rejuvenating, restorative, reviving, stimulating, stimulative, vitalizing
【反】 deadening, debilitating, draining, enervating, enfeebling, exhausting, sapping, wearying 令人虛弱的
skittish .
【考法 1】 adj. 容易受到驚嚇的，膽小的： easily frightened
【例】 The kitty is skittish around people she doesn't know. 小貓看到不認識的人就會顯得特別膽小害怕。
【近】 fainthearted, fearful, fearsome, mousy, scary, timid, timorous, tremulous
【反】 adventuresome, adventurous, audacious, bold, daring, dashing, gutsy, venturesome, venturous 大膽的
【考法 2】 adj. 容易激動的： easily excited by nature
【例】 The skittish colt leapt up when we approached. 一看到我們靠近，小馬駒就激動地猛跳起來。
【近】 flighty, fluttery, hyper, hyperactive, hyperkinetic, jittery, jumpy, nervous, skittery, spasmodic, spooky
【反】 imperturbable, nerveless, unexcitable, unflappable, unshakable 不為所動的，沉著的
【考法 3】 adj. 善變的，多變的： likely to change frequently, suddenly, or unexpectedly
【例】 The skittish housing market had both buyers and sellers on edge. 變幻莫測的房市讓買家和賣家都坐立不安。
【近】 capricious, changeful, flickery, fluctuating, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, mutable, temperamental, uncertain, unstable, unsteady, volatile
【反】 changeless, constant, immutable, invariable, settled, stable, stationary, steady, unvarying 不變的
stigmatize .
【考法 1】 vt. 使蒙上污名： to characterize or brand as disgraceful or ignominious
【例】 Urban construction workers are often stigmatized by the rest of society as lazy and dirty. 城市里的建筑工人往往被社會里的其他人污蔑為是懶惰而骯臟的。
【近】 abase, debase, degrade, demean, discredit, disgrace, dishonor, foul, humiliate, shame, sink, smirch
【近】 aggrandize, canonize, deify, elevate, exalt 提升(名譽，聲望等)
surpass .
【考法 1】 vt. 超越，強于： to become better, greater, or stronger than
【例】 She always tried to surpass her older brother at anything he did, which results in his diffidence. 她在任何一個方面都要比她哥哥優(yōu)秀，由此導致了他自信心的匱乏。
【近】 beat, better, eclipse, exceed, excel, outclass, outmatch, outshine, outstrip, overtop, transcend
【反】 fall behind 落后
【考法 2】 vt. 突破(界限，紀錄等)： to go beyond the limit of
【例】 The sales of the band's newest CD have surpassed the combined sales of its last two albums. 樂隊新專輯的發(fā)售量甚至超過了前兩張銷售量的總和。
【近】 break, outreach, outrun, overpass, overreach, overrun, overstep
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